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Margarethe Hoenig - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • effects of the sodium glucose cotransporter 2 sglt2 inhibitor velagliflozin a new drug with therapeutic potential to treat Diabetes in Cats
    Journal of Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics, 2018
    Co-Authors: Margarethe Hoenig, M. Clark, D. J. Schaeffer, D. Reiche
    Abstract:

    Sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors are used in the treatment of human diabetics. They increase glucose excretion and correct hyperglycemia. We examined the investigational SGLT2 inhibitor velagliflozin in two groups of six neutered adult obese Cats (equal gender distribution). Placebo (Pl) or drug (D; 1 mg/kg) was administered for 35 days. Routine blood examinations, fructosamine, beta-hydroxybutyrate (BHB), nonesterified fatty acids (NEFA), glucagon, adiponectin, and leptin were measured before and after treatment, also water intake, and urinary electrolytes, glucose, and volume. indirect calorimetry, an intravenous glucose tolerance test (IVGTT; 0.8 g/kg) and insulin tolerance test (IVITT) were conducted. All Cats tolerated treatment well. Significant changes with D included a decrease in the respiratory exchange ratio, an increase in cholesterol, a small increase in albumin, and a rise in BHB and NEFA. Glucose clearance was unaltered, although less insulin was secreted during the IVGTT (p = .056) suggesting improved insulin sensitivity. IVITT was unchanged. Treatment did not affect glucagon, leptin, or adiponectin. Water intake, urine output, urinary glucose excretion, and the glucose/creatinine ratio but not urinary electrolytes were significantly higher post-D. We conclude that velagliflozin is a promising drug, which increases urinary glucose excretion in Cats and could thereby be beneficial for the treatment of hyperglycemia.

  • Effects of the sodium‐glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitor velagliflozin, a new drug with therapeutic potential to treat Diabetes in Cats
    Journal of veterinary pharmacology and therapeutics, 2017
    Co-Authors: Margarethe Hoenig, M. Clark, D. J. Schaeffer, D. Reiche
    Abstract:

    Sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors are used in the treatment of human diabetics. They increase glucose excretion and correct hyperglycemia. We examined the investigational SGLT2 inhibitor velagliflozin in two groups of six neutered adult obese Cats (equal gender distribution). Placebo (Pl) or drug (D; 1 mg/kg) was administered for 35 days. Routine blood examinations, fructosamine, beta-hydroxybutyrate (BHB), nonesterified fatty acids (NEFA), glucagon, adiponectin, and leptin were measured before and after treatment, also water intake, and urinary electrolytes, glucose, and volume. indirect calorimetry, an intravenous glucose tolerance test (IVGTT; 0.8 g/kg) and insulin tolerance test (IVITT) were conducted. All Cats tolerated treatment well. Significant changes with D included a decrease in the respiratory exchange ratio, an increase in cholesterol, a small increase in albumin, and a rise in BHB and NEFA. Glucose clearance was unaltered, although less insulin was secreted during the IVGTT (p = .056) suggesting improved insulin sensitivity. IVITT was unchanged. Treatment did not affect glucagon, leptin, or adiponectin. Water intake, urine output, urinary glucose excretion, and the glucose/creatinine ratio but not urinary electrolytes were significantly higher post-D. We conclude that velagliflozin is a promising drug, which increases urinary glucose excretion in Cats and could thereby be beneficial for the treatment of hyperglycemia.

  • Effects of pioglitazone on insulin sensitivity and serum lipids in obese Cats.
    Journal of veterinary internal medicine, 2013
    Co-Authors: Melissa A. Clark, Duncan C. Ferguson, Karl Thomaseth, Levent Dirikolu, Margarethe Hoenig
    Abstract:

    Background Pioglitazone is a thiazolidinedione (TZD) insulin sensitizer approved for use in human type 2 Diabetes mellitus. Therapeutic options for Diabetes in Cats are limited. Objective To evaluate the effects of pioglitazone in obese Cats, which are predisposed to insulin resistance, to assess its potential for future use in feline Diabetes mellitus. Animals A total of 12 obese purpose-bred research Cats (6 neutered males and 6 spayed females, 5–7 years of age, weighing 5.4–9.8 kg). Methods Randomized, placebo-controlled 3-way crossover study. Oral placebo or pioglitazone (Actos™; 1 or 3 mg/kg) was administered daily for 7-week periods, with IV glucose tolerance testing before and after each period. Results Three mg/kg pioglitazone significantly improved insulin sensitivity (geometric mean [95% CI] 0.90 [0.64–1.28] to 2.03 [1.49–2.78] min −1pmol−1L; P = .0014 versus change with placebo), reduced insulin area under the curve during IVGTT (geometric mean [range] 27 [9–64] to 18 [6–54] min∙nmol/L; P = .0031 versus change with placebo), and lowered serum triglyceride (geometric mean [range] 71 [29–271] to 48 [27–75] mg/dL; P = .047 versus change with placebo) and cholesterol (geometric mean [range] 187 [133–294] to 162 [107–249] mg/dL; P = .0042 versus change with placebo) concentrations in the obese Cats. No adverse effects attributable to pioglitazone were evident in the otherwise healthy obese Cats at this dosage and duration. Conclusions and Clinical Importance Results of this study support a positive effect of pioglitazone on insulin sensitivity and lipid metabolism in obese Cats, and suggest that further evaluation of the drug in Cats with Diabetes mellitus or other metabolic disorders might be warranted.

  • The impact of obesity, sex, and diet on hepatic glucose production in Cats.
    American journal of physiology. Regulatory integrative and comparative physiology, 2009
    Co-Authors: Saskia Kley, Margarethe Hoenig, John Glushka, Eunsook S. Jin, Shawn C. Burgess, Mark K. Waldron, Erin T. Jordan, James H. Prestegard, Duncan C. Ferguson
    Abstract:

    Obesity is a risk factor for type 2 Diabetes in Cats. The risk of developing Diabetes is severalfold greater for male Cats than for females, even after having been neutered early in life. The purpo...

D. Reiche - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • effects of the sodium glucose cotransporter 2 sglt2 inhibitor velagliflozin a new drug with therapeutic potential to treat Diabetes in Cats
    Journal of Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics, 2018
    Co-Authors: Margarethe Hoenig, M. Clark, D. J. Schaeffer, D. Reiche
    Abstract:

    Sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors are used in the treatment of human diabetics. They increase glucose excretion and correct hyperglycemia. We examined the investigational SGLT2 inhibitor velagliflozin in two groups of six neutered adult obese Cats (equal gender distribution). Placebo (Pl) or drug (D; 1 mg/kg) was administered for 35 days. Routine blood examinations, fructosamine, beta-hydroxybutyrate (BHB), nonesterified fatty acids (NEFA), glucagon, adiponectin, and leptin were measured before and after treatment, also water intake, and urinary electrolytes, glucose, and volume. indirect calorimetry, an intravenous glucose tolerance test (IVGTT; 0.8 g/kg) and insulin tolerance test (IVITT) were conducted. All Cats tolerated treatment well. Significant changes with D included a decrease in the respiratory exchange ratio, an increase in cholesterol, a small increase in albumin, and a rise in BHB and NEFA. Glucose clearance was unaltered, although less insulin was secreted during the IVGTT (p = .056) suggesting improved insulin sensitivity. IVITT was unchanged. Treatment did not affect glucagon, leptin, or adiponectin. Water intake, urine output, urinary glucose excretion, and the glucose/creatinine ratio but not urinary electrolytes were significantly higher post-D. We conclude that velagliflozin is a promising drug, which increases urinary glucose excretion in Cats and could thereby be beneficial for the treatment of hyperglycemia.

  • Effects of the sodium‐glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitor velagliflozin, a new drug with therapeutic potential to treat Diabetes in Cats
    Journal of veterinary pharmacology and therapeutics, 2017
    Co-Authors: Margarethe Hoenig, M. Clark, D. J. Schaeffer, D. Reiche
    Abstract:

    Sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors are used in the treatment of human diabetics. They increase glucose excretion and correct hyperglycemia. We examined the investigational SGLT2 inhibitor velagliflozin in two groups of six neutered adult obese Cats (equal gender distribution). Placebo (Pl) or drug (D; 1 mg/kg) was administered for 35 days. Routine blood examinations, fructosamine, beta-hydroxybutyrate (BHB), nonesterified fatty acids (NEFA), glucagon, adiponectin, and leptin were measured before and after treatment, also water intake, and urinary electrolytes, glucose, and volume. indirect calorimetry, an intravenous glucose tolerance test (IVGTT; 0.8 g/kg) and insulin tolerance test (IVITT) were conducted. All Cats tolerated treatment well. Significant changes with D included a decrease in the respiratory exchange ratio, an increase in cholesterol, a small increase in albumin, and a rise in BHB and NEFA. Glucose clearance was unaltered, although less insulin was secreted during the IVGTT (p = .056) suggesting improved insulin sensitivity. IVITT was unchanged. Treatment did not affect glucagon, leptin, or adiponectin. Water intake, urine output, urinary glucose excretion, and the glucose/creatinine ratio but not urinary electrolytes were significantly higher post-D. We conclude that velagliflozin is a promising drug, which increases urinary glucose excretion in Cats and could thereby be beneficial for the treatment of hyperglycemia.

Duncan C. Ferguson - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Effects of pioglitazone on insulin sensitivity and serum lipids in obese Cats.
    Journal of veterinary internal medicine, 2013
    Co-Authors: Melissa A. Clark, Duncan C. Ferguson, Karl Thomaseth, Levent Dirikolu, Margarethe Hoenig
    Abstract:

    Background Pioglitazone is a thiazolidinedione (TZD) insulin sensitizer approved for use in human type 2 Diabetes mellitus. Therapeutic options for Diabetes in Cats are limited. Objective To evaluate the effects of pioglitazone in obese Cats, which are predisposed to insulin resistance, to assess its potential for future use in feline Diabetes mellitus. Animals A total of 12 obese purpose-bred research Cats (6 neutered males and 6 spayed females, 5–7 years of age, weighing 5.4–9.8 kg). Methods Randomized, placebo-controlled 3-way crossover study. Oral placebo or pioglitazone (Actos™; 1 or 3 mg/kg) was administered daily for 7-week periods, with IV glucose tolerance testing before and after each period. Results Three mg/kg pioglitazone significantly improved insulin sensitivity (geometric mean [95% CI] 0.90 [0.64–1.28] to 2.03 [1.49–2.78] min −1pmol−1L; P = .0014 versus change with placebo), reduced insulin area under the curve during IVGTT (geometric mean [range] 27 [9–64] to 18 [6–54] min∙nmol/L; P = .0031 versus change with placebo), and lowered serum triglyceride (geometric mean [range] 71 [29–271] to 48 [27–75] mg/dL; P = .047 versus change with placebo) and cholesterol (geometric mean [range] 187 [133–294] to 162 [107–249] mg/dL; P = .0042 versus change with placebo) concentrations in the obese Cats. No adverse effects attributable to pioglitazone were evident in the otherwise healthy obese Cats at this dosage and duration. Conclusions and Clinical Importance Results of this study support a positive effect of pioglitazone on insulin sensitivity and lipid metabolism in obese Cats, and suggest that further evaluation of the drug in Cats with Diabetes mellitus or other metabolic disorders might be warranted.

  • The impact of obesity, sex, and diet on hepatic glucose production in Cats.
    American journal of physiology. Regulatory integrative and comparative physiology, 2009
    Co-Authors: Saskia Kley, Margarethe Hoenig, John Glushka, Eunsook S. Jin, Shawn C. Burgess, Mark K. Waldron, Erin T. Jordan, James H. Prestegard, Duncan C. Ferguson
    Abstract:

    Obesity is a risk factor for type 2 Diabetes in Cats. The risk of developing Diabetes is severalfold greater for male Cats than for females, even after having been neutered early in life. The purpo...

Jacquie Rand - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Pathogenesis of feline Diabetes.
    The Veterinary clinics of North America. Small animal practice, 2013
    Co-Authors: Jacquie Rand
    Abstract:

    Diabetes mellitus is the result of inadequate insulin secretion. in Cats this is often associated with conditions that reduce insulin sensitivity and increase the requirement for insulin secretion. Obesity, and acromegaly, and pancreatitis are common predisposing causes of Diabetes in Cats. The mechanisms that prevent the pancreatic β cells from secreting adequate amounts of insulin are not well understood, but may include inflammatory mediators, reactive oxygen species, toxic intracellular protein oligomers, and toxicity from increased blood glucose concentrations.

  • Effects of two commercially available feline diets on glucose and insulin concentrations, insulin sensitivity and energetic efficiency of weight gain
    British Journal of Nutrition, 2011
    Co-Authors: M. Coradini, Jacquie Rand, John M. Morton, J. M. Rawlings
    Abstract:

    A low-carbohydrate, high-protein (LCHP) diet is often recommended for the prevention and management of Diabetes in Cats; however, the effect of macronutrient composition on insulin sensitivity and energetic efficiency for weight gain is not known. The present study compared the effect in adult Cats (n 32) of feeding a LCHP (23 and 47 % metabolisable energy (ME)) and a high-carbohydrate, low-protein (HCLP) diet (51 and 21 % ME) on fasting and postprandial glucose and insulin concentrations, and on insulin sensitivity. Tests were done in the 4th week of maintenance feeding and after 8 weeks of ad libitum feeding, when weight gain and energetic efficiency of each diet were also measured. When fed at maintenance energy, the HCLP diet resulted in higher postprandial glucose and insulin concentrations. When fed ad libitum, the LCHP diet resulted in greater weight gain (P < 0.01), and was associated with higher energetic efficiency. Overweight Cats eating the LCHP diet had similar postprandial glucose concentrations to lean Cats eating the HCLP diet. insulin sensitivity was not different between the diets when Cats were lean or overweight, but glucose effectiveness was higher after weight gain in Cats fed the HCLP diet. According to the present results, LCHP diets fed at maintenance requirements might benefit Cats with multiple risk factors for developing Diabetes. However, ad libitum feeding of LCHP diets is not recommended as they have higher energetic efficiency and result in greater weight gain.

  • Chapter 20 – Options for Monitoring Diabetic Cats
    Consultations in Feline Internal Medicine, 2006
    Co-Authors: Linda M. Fleeman, Jacquie Rand
    Abstract:

    The key to successful long-term management of Diabetes in Cats is individualization of advice to suit cat and owner. A relationship based on trust and cooperation between veterinarian and client leads invariably to the most satisfactory outcome. Success requires knowledge of the options for monitoring diabetic Cats, selection and adaptation of appropriate techniques for each individual case, and provision of ongoing support and guidance for owners. The ongoing treatment of a diabetic cat can be one of the more rewarding experiences of feline practice, and many diabetic Cats and their owners come to occupy a special place within the clinic environment. This chapter provides a comprehensive overview of the current options for monitoring Diabetes in Cats and guidelines for application of the techniques to clinical cases.

  • Therapeutic goals for otherwise healthy diabetic Cats
    2005
    Co-Authors: Jacquie Rand, Gregory Martin
    Abstract:

    The principle goals of treating Diabetes in Cats are to correct the major clinical signs of Diabetes (weight loss, polydipsia / polyuria, and polyphagia or inappetence), and to prevent diabetic ketoacidosis. Additional goals are to minimize the risk of hypoglycaemia by appropriate dose adjustment of insulin or oral hypoglycaemic agents. Appropriate therapy of Cats may also lead to diabetic remission, although currently it is not possible at diagnosis to predict which Cats are more likely to go into remission. Treatment that is most effective in correcting hyperglycaemia is more likely to lead to remission by facilitating the recovery of the pancreatic cells from glucose toxicity.

  • Canine and Feline Diabetes Mellitus: Nature or Nurture?
    The Journal of Nutrition, 2004
    Co-Authors: Jacquie Rand, Linda M. Fleeman, H. A. Farrow, D. J. Appleton, R. Lederer
    Abstract:

    There is evidence for the role of genetic and environmental factors in feline and canine Diabetes. Type 2 Diabetes is the most common form of Diabetes in Cats. Evidence for genetic factors in feline Diabetes includes the overrepresentation of Burmese Cats with Diabetes. Environmental risk factors in domestic or Burmese Cats include advancing age, obesity, male gender, neutering, drug treatment, physical inactivity, and indoor confinement. High-carbohydrate diets increase blood glucose and insulin levels and may predispose Cats to obesity and Diabetes. Low-carbohydrate, high-protein diets may help prevent Diabetes in Cats at risk such as obese Cats or lean Cats with underlying low insulin sensitivity. Evidence exists for a genetic basis and altered immune response in the pathogenesis of canine Diabetes. Seasonal effects on the incidence of diagnosis indicate that there are environmental influences on disease progression. At least 50% of diabetic dogs have type 1 Diabetes based on present evidence of immune destruction of β-cells. Epidemiological factors closely match those of the latent autoimmune Diabetes of adults form of human type 1 Diabetes. Extensive pancreatic damage, likely from chronic pancreatitis, causes ∼28% of canine Diabetes cases. Environmental factors such as feeding of high-fat diets are potentially associated with pancreatitis and likely play a role in the development of pancreatitis in diabetic dogs. There are no published data showing that overt type 2 Diabetes occurs in dogs or that obesity is a risk factor for canine Diabetes. Diabetes diagnosed in a bitch during either pregnancy or diestrus is comparable to human gestational Diabetes.

Richard W Nelson - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Animal models of disease: classification and etiology of Diabetes in dogs and Cats
    The Journal of endocrinology, 2014
    Co-Authors: Richard W Nelson, Claudia E Reusch
    Abstract:

    Diabetes mellitus is a common disease in dogs and Cats. The most common form of Diabetes in dogs resembles type 1 Diabetes in humans. Studies suggest that genetics, an immune-mediated component, and environmental factors are involved in the development of Diabetes in dogs. A variant of gestational Diabetes also occurs in dogs. The most common form of Diabetes in Cats resembles type 2 Diabetes in humans. A major risk factor in Cats is obesity. Obese Cats have altered expression of several insulin signaling genes and glucose transporters and are leptin resistant. Cats also form amyloid deposits within the islets of the pancreas and develop glucotoxicity when exposed to prolonged hyperglycemia. This review will briefly summarize our current knowledge about the etiology of Diabetes in dogs and Cats and illustrate the similarities among dogs, Cats, and humans.

  • oral medications for treating Diabetes mellitus in dogs and Cats
    Journal of Small Animal Practice, 2000
    Co-Authors: Richard W Nelson
    Abstract:

    Five classes of oral hypoglycaemic drugs and two trace minerals used to treat Diabetes mellitus in humans are reviewed and current knowledge on the use of these drugs in diabetic dogs and Cats is presented. Oral sulphonylurea drugs stimulate insulin secretion and have been used successfully to treat Diabetes in Cats but not dogs. Preliminary studies evaluating the efficacy of the biguanide, metformin, in diabetic Cats have not been promising. Pharmacokinetic studies have been performed in healthy Cats, but clinical studies evaluating the efficacy of the insulin-sensitising drugs, thiazolidinediones, have not been reported. Treatment with the alpha-glucosidase inhibitor, acarbose, improved control of glycaemia in diabetic dogs; similar studies have not been reported in Cats. Although chromium picolinate did not improve control of glycaemia in diabetic dogs, vanadium has improved control of the abnormality in diabetic Cats.

  • Glycosylated Hemoglobin Concentration for Assessment of Glycemic Control in Diabetic Cats
    Journal of veterinary internal medicine, 1997
    Co-Authors: Denise A. Elliott, Richard W Nelson, Edward C Feldman, Larry A. Nea
    Abstract:

    Blood glycosylated hemoglobin (GHb) concentration was quantified in 84 healthy Cats, 9 Cats with stress-induced hyperglycemia, 37 Cats with newly diagnosed Diabetes mellitus, and 122 diabetic Cats treated with insulin or glipizide. Diabetic control was classified as good or poor in insulin-treated or glipizide-treated Cats based on review of history, physical examination findings, changes in body weight, and measurement of blood glucose concentrations. Blood GHb concentration was determined using an affinity chromatography assay. Mean blood GHb concentration was similar for healthy normoglycemic Cats and Cats with transient, stress-induced hyperglycemia, but was significantly (P < .001) higher in untreated diabetic Cats when compared with healthy normoglycemic Cats. Mean blood GHb concentration was significantly (P < .001) higher in 84 Cats with poorly controlled Diabetes mellitus when compared with 38 Cats in which the disease was well controlled. Mean blood GHb concentration decreased significantly (P < .01) in 6 Cats with untreated Diabetes mellitus after insulin and dietary treatment. A similar significant (P < .01) decrease in mean blood GHb concentration occurred in 7 Cats with poorly controlled Diabetes mellitus after diabetic control was improved by an increase in insulin dosage from 1.1 +/- 0.9 to 1.4 +/- 0.6 U/kg/ 24 h and by feeding a diet containing increased fiber content and in 6 Cats with transient Diabetes mellitus 8.2 +/- 0.6 weeks after discontinuing insulin treatment. There was a significant (P < .01) stress-induced increase in mean fasting blood glucose concentration and mean blood glucose concentration for 12 hours after administration of insulin or glipizide but no change in mean blood GHb concentration in 5 docile diabetic Cats 12.2 +/- 0.4 weeks after the Cats became fractious as a result of frequent hospitalizations and blood samplings. Results of this study suggest that evaluation of blood GHb concentration may be a clinically useful tool for monitoring glycemic control of Diabetes in Cats.

  • Effect of lente insulin for treatment of Diabetes mellitus in 12 Cats.
    Javma-journal of The American Veterinary Medical Association, 1995
    Co-Authors: E. H. Bertoy, Richard W Nelson, Edward C Feldman
    Abstract:

    : Ultralente insulin has replaced protamine zinc insulin as the treatment of choice in treatment of Diabetes mellitus in Cats. There is variability in effectiveness of ultralente insulin and problems with glycemic control develop in some Cats. Alternative insulin preparations are sought when ultralente insulin is ineffective. Twelve Cats with insulin-dependent Diabetes mellitus were treated with lente insulin. Clinical signs improved in 8 Cats given lente insulin every 12 hours. Lente insulin was ineffective in 4 Cats. Three of these Cats were subsequently found to have an insulin resistant disorder. in 1 cat, lente insulin was ineffective because of short duration of action. Lente insulin is a viable treatment alternative when ultralente insulin is ineffective in achieving glycemic control. Ultralente insulin is still the insulin of choice for the initial treatment of Diabetes in Cats, because of the potential to establish glycemic control with once-a-day treatment.