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C. Figarella - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • pancreatitis associated protein hip pap gene expression is upregulated in nod mice pancreas and localized in exocrine tissue during diabetes
    Digestion, 2001
    Co-Authors: N. Baeza, D. Sanchez, L. Christa, Bernard Vialettes, O Guycrotte, C. Figarella
    Abstract:

    We have previously shown a specific significant overexpression in the exocrine pancreatic tissue of two members of the regenerating gene multifamily: reg I and reg II in the non-obese diabetic (NOD) mouse during active Diabetogenesis. To strengthen the hypothesis that the overexpression of these genes may represent a defence of the acinar cell against pancreatic endocrine agression, we studied the pancreatic expression and the localization of another member of this family: the pancreatitis-associated protein (PAP) in NOD mice under the same conditions. We found that NOD mice present significantly higher PAP mRNA levels than control IOPS-OF1 mice. There is no difference between female NOD mice which progressively develop type I diabetes between 100 and 200 days and male NOD mice which are protected. The only difference observed was in function of the age of onset of diabetes. Before 180 days, the PAP mRNA levels were similar to those found in NOD males and nondiabetic females, but above 180 days the levels of PAP mRNA increased significantly. More importantly immunohistological studies demonstrate a striking difference in the protein localization between normal or nondiabetic NOD mice and diabetic NOD mice. If the protein is mainly detected in the islet cells in the absence of diabetes, a specific and intense expression of PAP was observed in the acinar cells of diabetic NOD mice. In conclusion, our data demonstrates that the acinar cells may react to a long-lasting pancreatic endocrine aggression by an induction of PAP and underlines the existence of a symbiotic relationship between endocrine and exocrine tissue.

  • overexpression of the reg gene in non obese diabetic mouse pancreas during active Diabetogenesis is restricted to exocrine tissue
    Journal of Histochemistry and Cytochemistry, 2000
    Co-Authors: D. Sanchez, N. Baeza, Richard Blouin, Christiane Devaux, Gilles Grondin, Kamel Mabrouk, Odette Guy Crotte, C. Figarella
    Abstract:

    We demonstrated pancreatic reg gene overexpression in non-obese diabetic (NOD) mice during active Diabetogenesis. The aim of this study was to determine in which part of the pancreas (endocrine and/or exocrine) the gene(s) and the protein(s) were expressed and if their localization changed with progression of the disease. In situ hybridization analysis and immunocytochemical studies were carried out on pancreas of female and male NOD mice. Both develop insulitis but diabetes develops only in females and in males only when treated by cyclophosphamide. Our results show that whatever the age, sex, and presence of insulitis and/or diabetes, the expression of reg mRNAs and of the corresponding protein(s) was restricted to exocrine tissue. Moreover, reg remains localized in acinar cells in the two opposite situations of (a) cyclophosphamide-treated males in a prediabetic stage presenting a high level of both insulin and reg mRNAs, and (b) the overtly diabetic females with no insulin but a high level of reg mRNA...

  • serum reg protein level is not related to the beta cell destruction regeneration process during early phases of Diabetogenesis in type i diabetes
    European Journal of Endocrinology, 1999
    Co-Authors: M A Christofilis, C. Figarella, J Carrere, C Atlangepner, C Zevacomattei, C Thivolet, N Baeza, Bernard Vialettes
    Abstract:

    Objective: In type I diabetes mellitus, early markers of beta cell damage are needed in order to detect the infraclinical development of the disease. The reg protein may be a good candidate, as the reg gene has been proposed to play a role in the pancreatic beta cell destruction/regeneration process during Diabetogenesis in animal models of autoimmune diabetes. The aim of this study was to test the hypothesis whether serum reg protein level could be representative of either the destructive or regenerative process at the beta cell level during the early phases of type I diabetes in humans. Design and methods: We used a highly specific immunoassay to measure serum reg protein level in controls and in three groups of either diabetes prone or diabetic subjects: recently diagnosed diabetic patients, long-standing diabetic patients and islet cell antibody-positive non-diabetic subjects. Results: We found no significant difference between the values observed in these three groups in comparison with control group (90.7 6 18.1 ng/ml, 83.1 6 5.6 ng/ml, 98.7 6 24.5 ng/ml vs 85.5 6 5.6 ng/ml respectively). Moreover, when the insulin reserve was evaluated at 6 months in the recently diagnosed group, serum reg protein levels were not different between patients with or without residual insulin secretion (at onset: 103 6 42 vs 70.3 6 8.5 ng/ml respectively; at 6 months: 79.7 6 25.8 ng/ml vs 81.6 6 15 ng/ml respectively). In contrast, trypsin levels were significantly lower in every group of diabetic patients. Results were expressed as means 6s:e:m: and groups compared by Student’s t-test (P< 0.05). Conclusions: We conclude that serum reg protein level cannot be used as a marker for the progression of the diabetogenic process in type I diabetes.

  • specific reg ii gene overexpression in the non obese diabetic mouse pancreas during active Diabetogenesis
    FEBS Letters, 1997
    Co-Authors: N. Baeza, D. Sanchez, Bernard Vialettes, C. Figarella
    Abstract:

    The reg gene, previously described in islets of 90% pancreatectomized and nicotinamide-treated rats, has been shown to be expressed in many pharmacological or surgical animal models of beta cell regeneration. We have studied the non-obese diabetic (NOD) mouse, which represents a good model of spontaneous autoimmune diabetes in which regenerative processes have recently been demonstrated. Two reg genes have been described in the mouse genome, both recognized by the human reg cDNA. In a previous work, using the human probe, we have demonstrated a strong correlation between pancreatic reg gene expression and the likelihood of developing diabetes. In the present study, we have examined the respective levels of both mouse reg I and reg II mRNA in the NOD mouse pancreas using their specific cDNA probes. We found that reg II expression was specifically prevalent compared to reg I, irrespective of sex or state of the disease. Reg II mRNA was particularly increased in overtly diabetic female mice and in cyclophosphamide-treated male mice. These data underline the need to study separately the reg genes using specific probes and show that both reg genes are subjected to various regulations, strongly suggesting that their physiological functions may be different.

  • pancreatic regenerating gene overexpression in the nonobese diabetic mouse during active Diabetogenesis
    Diabetes, 1996
    Co-Authors: N. Baeza, C. Figarella, Christine Moriscot, Wanda Renaud, Hiroshi Okamoto, Bernard Vialettes
    Abstract:

    The reg gene has previously been shown to be associated with regeneration of pancreatic islets. Strategies for influencing the replication and the growth of the β-cell mass may be important for prevention and/or treatment of type I diabetes. In this study, we have examined the level of reg gene expression at various degrees of Diabetogenesis in the pancreas of the NOD mouse (male, female, and cyclophosphamide-treated male) using both human reg cDNA as the probe and dot blot analysis. The expression of the reg gene was found to be significantly increased in female mice compared with male mice, and in both cases, the expression level was not influenced by age. Nondiabetic female mice have a significantly higher expression of the gene than diabetic female mice, and there was a positive correlation between the age of diabetes onset and the reg mRNA level. In addition, overexpression of the reg gene was found in male mice treated by cyclophosphamide, an agent known to be a potent inducer of diabetes in male NOD mice. None of these results were found in the diabetes-resistant control OF1 mice, in which pancreatic reg gene expression did not differ between female and male mice treated or untreated with cyclophosphamide. All of these data suggest that there is a strong correlation between reg gene expression in the pancreas of the NOD mouse and the likelihood of developing diabetes.

N. Baeza - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • pancreatitis associated protein hip pap gene expression is upregulated in nod mice pancreas and localized in exocrine tissue during diabetes
    Digestion, 2001
    Co-Authors: N. Baeza, D. Sanchez, L. Christa, Bernard Vialettes, O Guycrotte, C. Figarella
    Abstract:

    We have previously shown a specific significant overexpression in the exocrine pancreatic tissue of two members of the regenerating gene multifamily: reg I and reg II in the non-obese diabetic (NOD) mouse during active Diabetogenesis. To strengthen the hypothesis that the overexpression of these genes may represent a defence of the acinar cell against pancreatic endocrine agression, we studied the pancreatic expression and the localization of another member of this family: the pancreatitis-associated protein (PAP) in NOD mice under the same conditions. We found that NOD mice present significantly higher PAP mRNA levels than control IOPS-OF1 mice. There is no difference between female NOD mice which progressively develop type I diabetes between 100 and 200 days and male NOD mice which are protected. The only difference observed was in function of the age of onset of diabetes. Before 180 days, the PAP mRNA levels were similar to those found in NOD males and nondiabetic females, but above 180 days the levels of PAP mRNA increased significantly. More importantly immunohistological studies demonstrate a striking difference in the protein localization between normal or nondiabetic NOD mice and diabetic NOD mice. If the protein is mainly detected in the islet cells in the absence of diabetes, a specific and intense expression of PAP was observed in the acinar cells of diabetic NOD mice. In conclusion, our data demonstrates that the acinar cells may react to a long-lasting pancreatic endocrine aggression by an induction of PAP and underlines the existence of a symbiotic relationship between endocrine and exocrine tissue.

  • overexpression of the reg gene in non obese diabetic mouse pancreas during active Diabetogenesis is restricted to exocrine tissue
    Journal of Histochemistry and Cytochemistry, 2000
    Co-Authors: D. Sanchez, N. Baeza, Richard Blouin, Christiane Devaux, Gilles Grondin, Kamel Mabrouk, Odette Guy Crotte, C. Figarella
    Abstract:

    We demonstrated pancreatic reg gene overexpression in non-obese diabetic (NOD) mice during active Diabetogenesis. The aim of this study was to determine in which part of the pancreas (endocrine and/or exocrine) the gene(s) and the protein(s) were expressed and if their localization changed with progression of the disease. In situ hybridization analysis and immunocytochemical studies were carried out on pancreas of female and male NOD mice. Both develop insulitis but diabetes develops only in females and in males only when treated by cyclophosphamide. Our results show that whatever the age, sex, and presence of insulitis and/or diabetes, the expression of reg mRNAs and of the corresponding protein(s) was restricted to exocrine tissue. Moreover, reg remains localized in acinar cells in the two opposite situations of (a) cyclophosphamide-treated males in a prediabetic stage presenting a high level of both insulin and reg mRNAs, and (b) the overtly diabetic females with no insulin but a high level of reg mRNA...

  • specific reg ii gene overexpression in the non obese diabetic mouse pancreas during active Diabetogenesis
    FEBS Letters, 1997
    Co-Authors: N. Baeza, D. Sanchez, Bernard Vialettes, C. Figarella
    Abstract:

    The reg gene, previously described in islets of 90% pancreatectomized and nicotinamide-treated rats, has been shown to be expressed in many pharmacological or surgical animal models of beta cell regeneration. We have studied the non-obese diabetic (NOD) mouse, which represents a good model of spontaneous autoimmune diabetes in which regenerative processes have recently been demonstrated. Two reg genes have been described in the mouse genome, both recognized by the human reg cDNA. In a previous work, using the human probe, we have demonstrated a strong correlation between pancreatic reg gene expression and the likelihood of developing diabetes. In the present study, we have examined the respective levels of both mouse reg I and reg II mRNA in the NOD mouse pancreas using their specific cDNA probes. We found that reg II expression was specifically prevalent compared to reg I, irrespective of sex or state of the disease. Reg II mRNA was particularly increased in overtly diabetic female mice and in cyclophosphamide-treated male mice. These data underline the need to study separately the reg genes using specific probes and show that both reg genes are subjected to various regulations, strongly suggesting that their physiological functions may be different.

  • pancreatic regenerating gene overexpression in the nonobese diabetic mouse during active Diabetogenesis
    Diabetes, 1996
    Co-Authors: N. Baeza, C. Figarella, Christine Moriscot, Wanda Renaud, Hiroshi Okamoto, Bernard Vialettes
    Abstract:

    The reg gene has previously been shown to be associated with regeneration of pancreatic islets. Strategies for influencing the replication and the growth of the β-cell mass may be important for prevention and/or treatment of type I diabetes. In this study, we have examined the level of reg gene expression at various degrees of Diabetogenesis in the pancreas of the NOD mouse (male, female, and cyclophosphamide-treated male) using both human reg cDNA as the probe and dot blot analysis. The expression of the reg gene was found to be significantly increased in female mice compared with male mice, and in both cases, the expression level was not influenced by age. Nondiabetic female mice have a significantly higher expression of the gene than diabetic female mice, and there was a positive correlation between the age of diabetes onset and the reg mRNA level. In addition, overexpression of the reg gene was found in male mice treated by cyclophosphamide, an agent known to be a potent inducer of diabetes in male NOD mice. None of these results were found in the diabetes-resistant control OF1 mice, in which pancreatic reg gene expression did not differ between female and male mice treated or untreated with cyclophosphamide. All of these data suggest that there is a strong correlation between reg gene expression in the pancreas of the NOD mouse and the likelihood of developing diabetes.

Bernard Vialettes - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • pancreatitis associated protein hip pap gene expression is upregulated in nod mice pancreas and localized in exocrine tissue during diabetes
    Digestion, 2001
    Co-Authors: N. Baeza, D. Sanchez, L. Christa, Bernard Vialettes, O Guycrotte, C. Figarella
    Abstract:

    We have previously shown a specific significant overexpression in the exocrine pancreatic tissue of two members of the regenerating gene multifamily: reg I and reg II in the non-obese diabetic (NOD) mouse during active Diabetogenesis. To strengthen the hypothesis that the overexpression of these genes may represent a defence of the acinar cell against pancreatic endocrine agression, we studied the pancreatic expression and the localization of another member of this family: the pancreatitis-associated protein (PAP) in NOD mice under the same conditions. We found that NOD mice present significantly higher PAP mRNA levels than control IOPS-OF1 mice. There is no difference between female NOD mice which progressively develop type I diabetes between 100 and 200 days and male NOD mice which are protected. The only difference observed was in function of the age of onset of diabetes. Before 180 days, the PAP mRNA levels were similar to those found in NOD males and nondiabetic females, but above 180 days the levels of PAP mRNA increased significantly. More importantly immunohistological studies demonstrate a striking difference in the protein localization between normal or nondiabetic NOD mice and diabetic NOD mice. If the protein is mainly detected in the islet cells in the absence of diabetes, a specific and intense expression of PAP was observed in the acinar cells of diabetic NOD mice. In conclusion, our data demonstrates that the acinar cells may react to a long-lasting pancreatic endocrine aggression by an induction of PAP and underlines the existence of a symbiotic relationship between endocrine and exocrine tissue.

  • serum reg protein level is not related to the beta cell destruction regeneration process during early phases of Diabetogenesis in type i diabetes
    European Journal of Endocrinology, 1999
    Co-Authors: M A Christofilis, C. Figarella, J Carrere, C Atlangepner, C Zevacomattei, C Thivolet, N Baeza, Bernard Vialettes
    Abstract:

    Objective: In type I diabetes mellitus, early markers of beta cell damage are needed in order to detect the infraclinical development of the disease. The reg protein may be a good candidate, as the reg gene has been proposed to play a role in the pancreatic beta cell destruction/regeneration process during Diabetogenesis in animal models of autoimmune diabetes. The aim of this study was to test the hypothesis whether serum reg protein level could be representative of either the destructive or regenerative process at the beta cell level during the early phases of type I diabetes in humans. Design and methods: We used a highly specific immunoassay to measure serum reg protein level in controls and in three groups of either diabetes prone or diabetic subjects: recently diagnosed diabetic patients, long-standing diabetic patients and islet cell antibody-positive non-diabetic subjects. Results: We found no significant difference between the values observed in these three groups in comparison with control group (90.7 6 18.1 ng/ml, 83.1 6 5.6 ng/ml, 98.7 6 24.5 ng/ml vs 85.5 6 5.6 ng/ml respectively). Moreover, when the insulin reserve was evaluated at 6 months in the recently diagnosed group, serum reg protein levels were not different between patients with or without residual insulin secretion (at onset: 103 6 42 vs 70.3 6 8.5 ng/ml respectively; at 6 months: 79.7 6 25.8 ng/ml vs 81.6 6 15 ng/ml respectively). In contrast, trypsin levels were significantly lower in every group of diabetic patients. Results were expressed as means 6s:e:m: and groups compared by Student’s t-test (P< 0.05). Conclusions: We conclude that serum reg protein level cannot be used as a marker for the progression of the diabetogenic process in type I diabetes.

  • specific reg ii gene overexpression in the non obese diabetic mouse pancreas during active Diabetogenesis
    FEBS Letters, 1997
    Co-Authors: N. Baeza, D. Sanchez, Bernard Vialettes, C. Figarella
    Abstract:

    The reg gene, previously described in islets of 90% pancreatectomized and nicotinamide-treated rats, has been shown to be expressed in many pharmacological or surgical animal models of beta cell regeneration. We have studied the non-obese diabetic (NOD) mouse, which represents a good model of spontaneous autoimmune diabetes in which regenerative processes have recently been demonstrated. Two reg genes have been described in the mouse genome, both recognized by the human reg cDNA. In a previous work, using the human probe, we have demonstrated a strong correlation between pancreatic reg gene expression and the likelihood of developing diabetes. In the present study, we have examined the respective levels of both mouse reg I and reg II mRNA in the NOD mouse pancreas using their specific cDNA probes. We found that reg II expression was specifically prevalent compared to reg I, irrespective of sex or state of the disease. Reg II mRNA was particularly increased in overtly diabetic female mice and in cyclophosphamide-treated male mice. These data underline the need to study separately the reg genes using specific probes and show that both reg genes are subjected to various regulations, strongly suggesting that their physiological functions may be different.

  • pancreatic regenerating gene overexpression in the nonobese diabetic mouse during active Diabetogenesis
    Diabetes, 1996
    Co-Authors: N. Baeza, C. Figarella, Christine Moriscot, Wanda Renaud, Hiroshi Okamoto, Bernard Vialettes
    Abstract:

    The reg gene has previously been shown to be associated with regeneration of pancreatic islets. Strategies for influencing the replication and the growth of the β-cell mass may be important for prevention and/or treatment of type I diabetes. In this study, we have examined the level of reg gene expression at various degrees of Diabetogenesis in the pancreas of the NOD mouse (male, female, and cyclophosphamide-treated male) using both human reg cDNA as the probe and dot blot analysis. The expression of the reg gene was found to be significantly increased in female mice compared with male mice, and in both cases, the expression level was not influenced by age. Nondiabetic female mice have a significantly higher expression of the gene than diabetic female mice, and there was a positive correlation between the age of diabetes onset and the reg mRNA level. In addition, overexpression of the reg gene was found in male mice treated by cyclophosphamide, an agent known to be a potent inducer of diabetes in male NOD mice. None of these results were found in the diabetes-resistant control OF1 mice, in which pancreatic reg gene expression did not differ between female and male mice treated or untreated with cyclophosphamide. All of these data suggest that there is a strong correlation between reg gene expression in the pancreas of the NOD mouse and the likelihood of developing diabetes.

D. Sanchez - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • pancreatitis associated protein hip pap gene expression is upregulated in nod mice pancreas and localized in exocrine tissue during diabetes
    Digestion, 2001
    Co-Authors: N. Baeza, D. Sanchez, L. Christa, Bernard Vialettes, O Guycrotte, C. Figarella
    Abstract:

    We have previously shown a specific significant overexpression in the exocrine pancreatic tissue of two members of the regenerating gene multifamily: reg I and reg II in the non-obese diabetic (NOD) mouse during active Diabetogenesis. To strengthen the hypothesis that the overexpression of these genes may represent a defence of the acinar cell against pancreatic endocrine agression, we studied the pancreatic expression and the localization of another member of this family: the pancreatitis-associated protein (PAP) in NOD mice under the same conditions. We found that NOD mice present significantly higher PAP mRNA levels than control IOPS-OF1 mice. There is no difference between female NOD mice which progressively develop type I diabetes between 100 and 200 days and male NOD mice which are protected. The only difference observed was in function of the age of onset of diabetes. Before 180 days, the PAP mRNA levels were similar to those found in NOD males and nondiabetic females, but above 180 days the levels of PAP mRNA increased significantly. More importantly immunohistological studies demonstrate a striking difference in the protein localization between normal or nondiabetic NOD mice and diabetic NOD mice. If the protein is mainly detected in the islet cells in the absence of diabetes, a specific and intense expression of PAP was observed in the acinar cells of diabetic NOD mice. In conclusion, our data demonstrates that the acinar cells may react to a long-lasting pancreatic endocrine aggression by an induction of PAP and underlines the existence of a symbiotic relationship between endocrine and exocrine tissue.

  • overexpression of the reg gene in non obese diabetic mouse pancreas during active Diabetogenesis is restricted to exocrine tissue
    Journal of Histochemistry and Cytochemistry, 2000
    Co-Authors: D. Sanchez, N. Baeza, Richard Blouin, Christiane Devaux, Gilles Grondin, Kamel Mabrouk, Odette Guy Crotte, C. Figarella
    Abstract:

    We demonstrated pancreatic reg gene overexpression in non-obese diabetic (NOD) mice during active Diabetogenesis. The aim of this study was to determine in which part of the pancreas (endocrine and/or exocrine) the gene(s) and the protein(s) were expressed and if their localization changed with progression of the disease. In situ hybridization analysis and immunocytochemical studies were carried out on pancreas of female and male NOD mice. Both develop insulitis but diabetes develops only in females and in males only when treated by cyclophosphamide. Our results show that whatever the age, sex, and presence of insulitis and/or diabetes, the expression of reg mRNAs and of the corresponding protein(s) was restricted to exocrine tissue. Moreover, reg remains localized in acinar cells in the two opposite situations of (a) cyclophosphamide-treated males in a prediabetic stage presenting a high level of both insulin and reg mRNAs, and (b) the overtly diabetic females with no insulin but a high level of reg mRNA...

  • specific reg ii gene overexpression in the non obese diabetic mouse pancreas during active Diabetogenesis
    FEBS Letters, 1997
    Co-Authors: N. Baeza, D. Sanchez, Bernard Vialettes, C. Figarella
    Abstract:

    The reg gene, previously described in islets of 90% pancreatectomized and nicotinamide-treated rats, has been shown to be expressed in many pharmacological or surgical animal models of beta cell regeneration. We have studied the non-obese diabetic (NOD) mouse, which represents a good model of spontaneous autoimmune diabetes in which regenerative processes have recently been demonstrated. Two reg genes have been described in the mouse genome, both recognized by the human reg cDNA. In a previous work, using the human probe, we have demonstrated a strong correlation between pancreatic reg gene expression and the likelihood of developing diabetes. In the present study, we have examined the respective levels of both mouse reg I and reg II mRNA in the NOD mouse pancreas using their specific cDNA probes. We found that reg II expression was specifically prevalent compared to reg I, irrespective of sex or state of the disease. Reg II mRNA was particularly increased in overtly diabetic female mice and in cyclophosphamide-treated male mice. These data underline the need to study separately the reg genes using specific probes and show that both reg genes are subjected to various regulations, strongly suggesting that their physiological functions may be different.

Kristipati Ravi Ram - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • xenobiotic mediated Diabetogenesis developmental exposure to dichlorvos or atrazine leads to type 1 or type 2 diabetes in drosophila
    Free Radical Biology and Medicine, 2019
    Co-Authors: Himanshu Pawankumar Gupta, Rakesh Roshan Jha, Humaira Ahmad, Devendra Kumar Patel, Kristipati Ravi Ram
    Abstract:

    Abstract The increased incidence of diabetes to the magnitude of a global epidemic is attributed to non-traditional risk factors, including exposure to environmental chemicals. However, the contribution of xenobiotic exposure during the development of an organism to the etiology of diabetes is not fully addressed. Developing stages are more susceptible to chemical insult, but knowledge on the consequence of the same to the onset of diabetes is residual. In this context, by using Drosophila melanogaster having conserved Insulin/Insulin growth factor-like signaling (IIS) as well as glucose homeostasis as a model, we evaluated the potential of developmental exposure to dichlorvos (DDVP, an organophosphorus pesticide) or atrazine (herbicide) to cause diabetes in exposed organisms. Flies exposed to DDVP during their development display insulin deficiency or type 1 diabetes (T1D) while those exposed to atrazine show insulin resistance or type 2 diabetes (T2D), suggesting that exposure to these xenobiotics during organismal development can result in diabetes and that different mechanisms underlie pesticide mediated diabetes. We show that oxidative stress-mediated c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) signaling activation underlies insulin resistance in flies exposed to atrazine during their development while DDVP-mediated T1D involves activation of caspase-mediated cell death pathway. Mitigation of oxidative stress through over-expression of SOD2 in atrazine (20μg/ml) exposed flies, revealed significantly decreased oxidative stress levels and reduced phosphorylation of JNK. Moreover, glucose and Akt phosphorylation levels in SOD2 over-expression flies exposed to atrazine were comparable to those in controls, suggesting restoration in insulin sensitivity. Therefore, exposure to xenobiotics during development is a common risk factor for the development of type 1 or type 2 diabetes. Accordingly, the present study cautions against the use of such diabetogenic pesticides. Also, mitigation of oxidative stress or anti-oxidant supplementation could be a potential therapy for xenobiotic mediated type 2 diabetes.