The Experts below are selected from a list of 696948 Experts worldwide ranked by ideXlab platform
Shelley Hymel - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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understanding the psychology of bullying moving toward a social ecological diathesis stress Model
American Psychologist, 2015Co-Authors: Susan M Swearer, Shelley HymelAbstract:With growing recognition that bullying is a complex phenomenon, influenced by multiple factors, research findings to date have been understood within a social-ecological framework. Consistent with this Model, we review research on the known correlates and contributing factors in bullying/victimization within the individual, family, peer group, school and community. Recognizing the fluid and dynamic nature of involvement in bullying, we then expand on this Model and consider research on the consequences of bullying involvement, as either victim or bully or both, and propose a social-ecological, Diathesis-Stress Model for understanding the bullying dynamic and its impact. Specifically, we frame involvement in bullying as a stressful life event for both children who bully and those who are victimized, serving as a catalyst for a Diathesis-Stress connection between bullying, victimization, and psychosocial difficulties. Against this backdrop, we suggest that effective bullying prevention and intervention efforts must take into account the complexities of the human experience, addressing both individual characteristics and history of involvement in bullying, risk and protective factors, and the contexts in which bullying occurs, in order to promote healthier social relationships. (PsycINFO Database Record Language: en
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understanding the psychology of bullying moving toward a social ecological diathesis stress Model
American Psychologist, 2015Co-Authors: Susan M Swearer, Shelley HymelAbstract:With growing recognition that bullying is a complex phenomenon, influenced by multiple factors, research findings to date have been understood within a social-ecological framework. Consistent with this Model, we review research on the known correlates and contributing factors in bullying/victimization within the individual, family, peer group, school and community. Recognizing the fluid and dynamic nature of involvement in bullying, we then expand on this Model and consider research on the consequences of bullying involvement, as either victim or bully or both, and propose a social-ecological, Diathesis-Stress Model for understanding the bullying dynamic and its impact. Specifically, we frame involvement in bullying as a stressful life event for both children who bully and those who are victimized, serving as a catalyst for a Diathesis-Stress connection between bullying, victimization, and psychosocial difficulties. Against this backdrop, we suggest that effective bullying prevention and intervention efforts must take into account the complexities of the human experience, addressing both individual characteristics and history of involvement in bullying, risk and protective factors, and the contexts in which bullying occurs, in order to promote healthier social relationships.
Sven Barnow - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Testing the Diathesis-Stress Model: 5-HTTLPR, childhood emotional maltreatment, and vulnerability to social anxiety disorder.
American journal of medical genetics. Part B Neuropsychiatric genetics : the official publication of the International Society of Psychiatric Genetics, 2013Co-Authors: Eva Reinelt, Malte Stopsack, Maren Aldinger, Ulrich John, Hans Jörgen Grabe, Sven BarnowAbstract:Regarding the development of social anxiety disorder (SAD), a Diathesis-Stress paradigm including biological vulnerabilities and environmental stressors can be assumed. However, studies dealing with the etiology of SAD did not integrate both aspects so far. We examined a particular Diathesis-Stress Model for SAD in which we included a functional polymorphism of the serotonin transporter (5-HTTLPR) as a genetic vulnerability factor and childhood emotional maltreatment (CEM) as an environmental stressor. Current analyses were based on individuals who participated in the Study of Health in Pomerania. Psychiatric disorders were assessed with diagnostic interviews according to DSM-IV criteria. The triallelic genotype of 5-HTTLPR was determined. Statistical analyses were performed in 78 individuals with SAD and 1,035 without an axis I disorder. Logistic regression analysis revealed that the experience of CEM (odds ratio [OR] 4.56; 95% confidence interval [CI] 2.65-7.84), the l/l genotype of 5-HTTLPR (OR 2.13; 95% CI 1.31-3.48), female gender (OR 3.03; 95% CI 1.80-5.08) and younger age (OR 1.04; 95% CI 1.02-1.06) increased the odds for SAD. The data suggest that CEM, the l/l genotype of 5-HTTLPR, female gender and younger age are risk factors for SAD. This is in favor of the tested Diathesis-Stress Model.
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Testing the diathesis‐stress Model: 5‐HTTLPR, childhood emotional maltreatment, and vulnerability to social anxiety disorder
American Journal of Medical Genetics Part B: Neuropsychiatric Genetics, 2013Co-Authors: Eva Reinelt, Malte Stopsack, Maren Aldinger, Ulrich John, Hans Jörgen Grabe, Sven BarnowAbstract:Regarding the development of social anxiety disorder (SAD), a Diathesis-Stress paradigm including biological vulnerabilities and environmental stressors can be assumed. However, studies dealing with the etiology of SAD did not integrate both aspects so far. We examined a particular Diathesis-Stress Model for SAD in which we included a functional polymorphism of the serotonin transporter (5-HTTLPR) as a genetic vulnerability factor and childhood emotional maltreatment (CEM) as an environmental stressor. Current analyses were based on individuals who participated in the Study of Health in Pomerania. Psychiatric disorders were assessed with diagnostic interviews according to DSM-IV criteria. The triallelic genotype of 5-HTTLPR was determined. Statistical analyses were performed in 78 individuals with SAD and 1,035 without an axis I disorder. Logistic regression analysis revealed that the experience of CEM (odds ratio [OR] 4.56; 95% confidence interval [CI] 2.65-7.84), the l/l genotype of 5-HTTLPR (OR 2.13; 95% CI 1.31-3.48), female gender (OR 3.03; 95% CI 1.80-5.08) and younger age (OR 1.04; 95% CI 1.02-1.06) increased the odds for SAD. The data suggest that CEM, the l/l genotype of 5-HTTLPR, female gender and younger age are risk factors for SAD. This is in favor of the tested Diathesis-Stress Model.
Susan M Swearer - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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understanding the psychology of bullying moving toward a social ecological diathesis stress Model
American Psychologist, 2015Co-Authors: Susan M Swearer, Shelley HymelAbstract:With growing recognition that bullying is a complex phenomenon, influenced by multiple factors, research findings to date have been understood within a social-ecological framework. Consistent with this Model, we review research on the known correlates and contributing factors in bullying/victimization within the individual, family, peer group, school and community. Recognizing the fluid and dynamic nature of involvement in bullying, we then expand on this Model and consider research on the consequences of bullying involvement, as either victim or bully or both, and propose a social-ecological, Diathesis-Stress Model for understanding the bullying dynamic and its impact. Specifically, we frame involvement in bullying as a stressful life event for both children who bully and those who are victimized, serving as a catalyst for a Diathesis-Stress connection between bullying, victimization, and psychosocial difficulties. Against this backdrop, we suggest that effective bullying prevention and intervention efforts must take into account the complexities of the human experience, addressing both individual characteristics and history of involvement in bullying, risk and protective factors, and the contexts in which bullying occurs, in order to promote healthier social relationships. (PsycINFO Database Record Language: en
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understanding the psychology of bullying moving toward a social ecological diathesis stress Model
American Psychologist, 2015Co-Authors: Susan M Swearer, Shelley HymelAbstract:With growing recognition that bullying is a complex phenomenon, influenced by multiple factors, research findings to date have been understood within a social-ecological framework. Consistent with this Model, we review research on the known correlates and contributing factors in bullying/victimization within the individual, family, peer group, school and community. Recognizing the fluid and dynamic nature of involvement in bullying, we then expand on this Model and consider research on the consequences of bullying involvement, as either victim or bully or both, and propose a social-ecological, Diathesis-Stress Model for understanding the bullying dynamic and its impact. Specifically, we frame involvement in bullying as a stressful life event for both children who bully and those who are victimized, serving as a catalyst for a Diathesis-Stress connection between bullying, victimization, and psychosocial difficulties. Against this backdrop, we suggest that effective bullying prevention and intervention efforts must take into account the complexities of the human experience, addressing both individual characteristics and history of involvement in bullying, risk and protective factors, and the contexts in which bullying occurs, in order to promote healthier social relationships.
Elaine F. Walker - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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The neural Diathesis-Stress Model of schizophrenia revisited: An update on recent findings considering illness stage and neurobiological and methodological complexities.
Neuroscience and biobehavioral reviews, 2016Co-Authors: Marita Pruessner, Alexis E. Cullen, Monica Aas, Elaine F. WalkerAbstract:Over the past decade, our understanding of the role of stress in serious mental illness has become more sophisticated. In this paper, we revisit the neural Diathesis-Stress Model of schizophrenia that was initially proposed in 1997 and updated in 2008. In light of cumulative research findings, we must now encompass evidence on the premorbid periods of psychosis, and our more nuanced understanding of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis function and its association with neurodevelopmental, epigenetic, neurotransmitter, and inflammatory processes, as well as brain structure and function. Giving consideration to the methodological complexities that have become more apparent as research in this area has burgeoned, the various indices of HPA axis function, and the different stages of illness, we review relevant research published since the 2008 update of the Model. We conclude by proposing an extended neural Diathesis-Stress Model that addresses the broader neurobiological context of stress psychobiology in psychosis progression. Implications of this Model for best practice, with regards to both future research and treatment strategies, are discussed.
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stress and the hypothalamic pituitary adrenal axis in the developmental course of schizophrenia
Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 2008Co-Authors: Elaine F. Walker, Vijay A Mittal, Kevin D TessnerAbstract:Diathesis-Stress Models of schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders have dominated theorizing about etiology for over three decades. More recently, with advances in our understanding of the biological processes mediating the effects of stress, these Models have incorporated mechanisms to account for the adverse impact of stress on brain function. This review examines recent scientific findings on the role of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, one of the primary neural systems triggered by stress exposure, in the expression of vulnerability for schizophrenia. The results indicate that psychotic disorders are associated with elevated baseline and challenge-induced HPA activity, that antipsychotic medications reduce HPA activation, and that agents that augment stress hormone (cortisol) release exacerbate psychotic symptoms. The cumulative findings are discussed in light of a neural Diathesis-Stress Model that postulates that cortisol has the potential to increase activity of dopamine pathways ...
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Stress and the hypothalamic pituitary adrenal axis in the developmental course of schizophrenia.
Annual review of clinical psychology, 2008Co-Authors: Elaine F. Walker, Vijay A Mittal, Kevin D TessnerAbstract:Diathesis-Stress Models of schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders have dominated theorizing about etiology for over three decades. More recently, with advances in our understanding of the biological processes mediating the effects of stress, these Models have incorporated mechanisms to account for the adverse impact of stress on brain function. This review examines recent scientific findings on the role of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, one of the primary neural systems triggered by stress exposure, in the expression of vulnerability for schizophrenia. The results indicate that psychotic disorders are associated with elevated baseline and challenge-induced HPA activity, that antipsychotic medications reduce HPA activation, and that agents that augment stress hormone (cortisol) release exacerbate psychotic symptoms. The cumulative findings are discussed in light of a neural Diathesis-Stress Model that postulates that cortisol has the potential to increase activity of dopamine pathways that have been implicated in schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders.
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Obstetrical complications and stress-responsitivity in adolescents at-risk for schizophrenia
Schizophrenia Research, 1997Co-Authors: Dana Davis Weinstein, Rachel Lowey, Donald Diforio, Elaine F. WalkerAbstract:terized by heightened sensitivity to stress. Recent findings from our research will be presented, indicating that cortisol release is also heightened in subjects with schizotypal disorder, and that biological stress sensitivity may be a triggering factor for psychotic symptoms. A neural mechanism for these phenomena is suggested by preclinical findings that there are augmenting effects of the HPA axis on dopamine (DA) synthesis and receptors. Conversely, DA activation stimulates the HPA axis. Drawing on evidence that the diathesis for schizophrenia involves an abnormality in DA neurotransmission, it is proposed that the HPA axis acts as a potentiating system which moderates the expression of the diathesis via its effects on DA-mediated circuitry. Concomitantly, the DA abnormality and hippocampal damage can render the individual hypersensitive to stress. This neural Diathesis-Stress Model is consistent with findings on prenatal factors and hippocampal abnormalities in schizophrenia, and it provides a frame-work for explaining some key developmental and clinical features of the illness.
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Schizophrenia: A neural Diathesis-Stress Model.
Psychological review, 1997Co-Authors: Elaine F. Walker, Donald DiforioAbstract:Abstract There is a substantive literature on the behavioral effects of psychosocial stressors on schizophrenia. More recently, research has been conducted on neurohormonal indicators of stress responsivity, particularly cortisol release resulting from activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. This article integrates the psychosocial and biological literatures on stress in schizophrenia, and it offers specific hypotheses about the neural mechanisms involved in the effects of stressors on the diathesis. Both the behavioral and biological data indicate that stress worsens symptoms and that the diathesis is associated with a heightened response to stressors. A neural mechanism for these phenomena is suggested by the augmenting effect of the HPA axis on dopamine (DA) synthesis and receptors. Assuming the diathesis for schizophrenia involves an abnormality in DA receptors, it is proposed that the HPA axis acts as a potentiating system by means of its effects on DA. At the same time, DA receptor abnormality and hippocampal damage render the patient hypersensitive to stress. This neural Diathesis-Stress Model is consistent with findings on prenatal factors and brain abnormalities in schizophrenia, and it provides a framework for explaining some key features of the developmental course and clinical presentation.
D Spiegel - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Hypnotizability and traumatic experience: A Diathesis-Stress Model of dissociative symptomatology.
American Journal of Psychiatry, 1996Co-Authors: L D Butler, R E Duran, P Jasiukaitis, C Koopman, D SpiegelAbstract:OBJECTIVE The authors propose a Diathesis-Stress Model to describe how pathological dissociation may arise from an interaction between innate hypnotizability and traumatic experience. METHOD To support the proposition that pathological dissociation may reflect autohypnotic process, the authors highlight clinical and research data indicating parallels between controlled hypnotic dissociative states and uncontrolled pathological dissociative symptoms and summarize evidence of hypnotizability in persons with psychiatric disorders that manifest these symptoms. The authors present this evidence by examining dissociative symptomatology in four psychological domains: perception, behavior and will, affect, and memory and identity. In addition, modern cognitive and neuropsychological Models of dissociation are briefly reviewed. RESULTS Several lines of evidence converge in support of the role of autohypnosis in pathological dissociation. There is considerable evidence that controlled formal hypnosis can produce a variety of dissociations of awareness and control that resemble many of the symptoms in uncontrolled pathological dissociative conditions; and it is possible to discern in dissociative pathology the features of absorption, dissociation, and suggestibility/automaticity that characterize formal hypnotic states. There is also accumulating evidence of high levels of hypnotic capacity in all groups with dissociative symptomatology that have been systematically assessed. In addition, the widespread and successful therapeutic use of hypnosis in the treatment of many dissociative symptoms and conditions (and the potential for hypnosis to induce dissociative symptomatology) also supports the assumption that hypnosis and pathological dissociation share an underlying process. CONCLUSIONS High hypnotizability may be a diathesis for pathological dissociative states, particularly under conditions of acute traumatic stress.
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Hypnotizability and traumatic experience: a Diathesis-Stress Model of dissociative symptomatology.
The American journal of psychiatry, 1996Co-Authors: L D Butler, R E Duran, P Jasiukaitis, C Koopman, D SpiegelAbstract:The authors propose a Diathesis-Stress Model to describe how pathological dissociation may arise from an interaction between innate hypnotizability and traumatic experience. To support the proposition that pathological dissociation may reflect autohypnotic process, the authors highlight clinical and research data indicating parallels between controlled hypnotic dissociative states and uncontrolled pathological dissociative symptoms and summarize evidence of hypnotizability in persons with psychiatric disorders that manifest these symptoms. The authors present this evidence by examining dissociative symptomatology in four psychological domains: perception, behavior and will, affect, and memory and identity. In addition, modern cognitive and neuropsychological Models of dissociation are briefly reviewed. Several lines of evidence converge in support of the role of autohypnosis in pathological dissociation. There is considerable evidence that controlled formal hypnosis can produce a variety of dissociations of awareness and control that resemble many of the symptoms in uncontrolled pathological dissociative conditions; and it is possible to discern in dissociative pathology the features of absorption, dissociation, and suggestibility/automaticity that characterize formal hypnotic states. There is also accumulating evidence of high levels of hypnotic capacity in all groups with dissociative symptomatology that have been systematically assessed. In addition, the widespread and successful therapeutic use of hypnosis in the treatment of many dissociative symptoms and conditions (and the potential for hypnosis to induce dissociative symptomatology) also supports the assumption that hypnosis and pathological dissociation share an underlying process. High hypnotizability may be a diathesis for pathological dissociative states, particularly under conditions of acute traumatic stress.