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Ioannis Konstantinou - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Worldwide occurrence and effects of antifouling paint booster biocides in the aquatic environment: a review
Environment International, 2004Co-Authors: Ioannis Konstantinou, T.a. AlbanisAbstract:Organic booster biocides were recently introduced as alternatives to organotin compounds in antifouling products, after restrictions imposed on the use of tributyltin (TBT) in 1987. Replacement products are generally based on copper metal oxides and organic biocides. This ban has led to an increase in alternative coating products containing the above biocides. The most commonly used biocides in antifouling paints are: Irgarol 1051, diuron, Sea-nine 211, Dichlofluanid, chlorothalonil, zinc pyrithione, TCMS (2,3,3,6-tetrachloro-4-methylsulfonyl) pyridine, TCMTB [2-(thiocyanomethylthio) benzothiazole], and zineb. Since 1993, several studies have demonstrated the presence of these biocides in European coastal environment as a result of their increased use. More recently, the presence of these biocides was also revealed in waters from Japan, United States, Singapore, Australia and Bermuda. This paper reviews the currently available data on the occurrence of these biocides in the aquatic environment. Some data dealing with the environmental fate, partitioning, behaviour and risk assessment of antifouling paint booster biocides are also reported in order to discuss the detected levels of contamination.
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antifouling paint booster biocide contamination in greek marine sediments
Chemosphere, 2002Co-Authors: Triantafyllos A Albanis, Vasilios A. Sakkas, Dimitra A Lambropoulou, Ioannis KonstantinouAbstract:Abstract Organic booster biocides were recently introduced as alternatives to organotin compounds in antifouling products, after restrictions imposed on the use of tributyltin in 1987. In this study, the concentrations of three biocides commonly used as antifoulants, Irgarol 1051 (2-methylthio-4-tertiary-butylamino-6-cyclopropylamino- s -triazine), Dichlofluanid ( N -dichlorofluoromethylthio- N ′ , N ′ -dimethyl- N -phenyl sulphamide) and chlorothalonil (2,4,5,6-tetrachloro isophthalonitrile) were determined in sediments from ports and marinas of Greece. Piraeus (Central port, Mikrolimano and Pasalimani marinas), Thessaloniki (Central port and marina), Patras (Central port and marina), Elefsina, Igoumenitsa, Aktio and Chalkida marinas were chosen as representative study sites for comparison with previous monitoring surveys of biocides in coastal sediments from other European countries. Samples were collected at the end of one boating season (October 1999), as well before and during the 2000 boating season. All the compounds monitored were detected at most of sites and seasonal dependence of biocide concentrations were found, with maxima during the period June–September, while the winter period (December–February) lower values were encountered. The concentrations levels ranged from 3 to 690 ng/g dw (dry weight). Highest levels of the biocides were found in marinas (690, 195 and 165 ng/g dw, for Irgarol, Dichlofluanid and chlorothalonil respectively) while in ports lower concentrations were observed. Antifouling paints are implicated as the likely sources of biocides since agricultural applications possibly contributed for chlorothalonil and Dichlofluanid inputs in a few sampling sites.
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antifouling paint booster biocide contamination in greek marine sediments
Chemosphere, 2002Co-Authors: Triantafyllos A Albanis, Vasilios A. Sakkas, Dimitra A Lambropoulou, Ioannis KonstantinouAbstract:Abstract Organic booster biocides were recently introduced as alternatives to organotin compounds in antifouling products, after restrictions imposed on the use of tributyltin in 1987. In this study, the concentrations of three biocides commonly used as antifoulants, Irgarol 1051 (2-methylthio-4-tertiary-butylamino-6-cyclopropylamino- s -triazine), Dichlofluanid ( N -dichlorofluoromethylthio- N ′ , N ′ -dimethyl- N -phenyl sulphamide) and chlorothalonil (2,4,5,6-tetrachloro isophthalonitrile) were determined in sediments from ports and marinas of Greece. Piraeus (Central port, Mikrolimano and Pasalimani marinas), Thessaloniki (Central port and marina), Patras (Central port and marina), Elefsina, Igoumenitsa, Aktio and Chalkida marinas were chosen as representative study sites for comparison with previous monitoring surveys of biocides in coastal sediments from other European countries. Samples were collected at the end of one boating season (October 1999), as well before and during the 2000 boating season. All the compounds monitored were detected at most of sites and seasonal dependence of biocide concentrations were found, with maxima during the period June–September, while the winter period (December–February) lower values were encountered. The concentrations levels ranged from 3 to 690 ng/g dw (dry weight). Highest levels of the biocides were found in marinas (690, 195 and 165 ng/g dw, for Irgarol, Dichlofluanid and chlorothalonil respectively) while in ports lower concentrations were observed. Antifouling paints are implicated as the likely sources of biocides since agricultural applications possibly contributed for chlorothalonil and Dichlofluanid inputs in a few sampling sites.
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photodegradation study of the antifouling booster biocide Dichlofluanid in aqueous media by gas chromatographic techniques
Journal of Chromatography A, 2001Co-Authors: Vasilios A. Sakkas, Ioannis Konstantinou, Triantafyllos A AlbanisAbstract:Abstract The aquatic photochemical behavior of the biocide Dichlofluanid has been studied under natural sunlight conditions as well as under artificial solar irradiation in different types of natural waters (sea, river and lake water) as well as in distilled water. In order to examine the effect of dissolved organic matter (DOM), the photodegradation of the tested biocide was investigated also in the presence of various concentrations of humic and fulvic acids. It was found that the photodegradation proceeds via first-order reaction in all cases and that the presence of various concentrations of DOM inhibits the photolysis reaction. Kinetic experiments are monitored with GC–ECD with half-lives varied between 8 and 83 h. The major photodecomposition products identified by GC–MS were dichlorofluoromethane, aniline, and DMSA. Based on this byproduct identification a possible degradation pathway is proposed for the photolysis of Dichlofluanid in aqueous media.
Hans Blanck - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Effects of Seven Antifouling Compounds on Photosynthesis and Inorganic Carbon Use in Sugar Kelp Saccharina latissima (Linnaeus)
Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 2012Co-Authors: Per Johansson, Karl Martin Eriksson, Lennart Axelsson, Hans BlanckAbstract:Macroalgae depend on carbon-concentrating mechanisms (CCMs) to maintain a high photosynthetic activity under conditions of low carbon dioxide (CO_2) availability. Because such conditions are prevalent in marine environments, CCMs are important for upholding the macroalgal primary productivity in coastal zones. This study evaluated the effects of seven antifouling compounds—chlorothalonil, DCOIT, Dichlofluanid, diuron, irgarol, tolylfluanid, and zinc pyrithione (ZnTP)—on the photosynthesis and CCM of sugar kelp ( Saccharina latissima (L.)). Concentration-response curves of these toxicants were established using inhibition of carbon incorporation, whereas their effects over time and their inhibition of the CCM were studied using inhibition of O_2 evolution. We demonstrate that exposure to all compounds except ZnTP (
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effects of seven antifouling compounds on photosynthesis and inorganic carbon use in sugar kelp saccharina latissima linnaeus
Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 2012Co-Authors: Per Johansson, Karl Martin Eriksson, Lennart Axelsson, Hans BlanckAbstract:Macroalgae depend on carbon-concentrating mechanisms (CCMs) to maintain a high photosynthetic activity under conditions of low carbon dioxide (CO2) availability. Because such conditions are prevalent in marine environments, CCMs are important for upholding the macroalgal primary productivity in coastal zones. This study evaluated the effects of seven antifouling compounds—chlorothalonil, DCOIT, Dichlofluanid, diuron, irgarol, tolylfluanid, and zinc pyrithione (ZnTP)—on the photosynthesis and CCM of sugar kelp (Saccharina latissima (L.)). Concentration-response curves of these toxicants were established using inhibition of carbon incorporation, whereas their effects over time and their inhibition of the CCM were studied using inhibition of O2 evolution. We demonstrate that exposure to all compounds except ZnTP (< 1000 nM) resulted in toxicity to photosynthesis of S. latissima. However, carbon incorporation and O2 evolution differed in their ability to detect toxicity from some of the compounds. Diuron, irgarol, DCOIT, tolylfluanid, and, to some extent, Dichlofluanid inhibited carbon incorporation. Chlorothalonil did not inhibit carbon incorporation but clearly inhibited oxygen (O2) evolution. Photosynthesis showed only little recovery during the 2-h postexposure period. Inhibition of photosynthesis even increased after the end of exposure to chlorothalonil and tolylfluanid. Through changes in pH of the medium, toxic effects on the CCM could be studied isolated from photosynthesis effects. The CCM of S. latissima was inhibited by chlorothalonil, DCOIT, Dichlofluanid, and tolylfluanid. Such inhibition of the CCM, or the absence thereof, deepens the understanding the mechanism of action of the studied compounds.
Triantafyllos A Albanis - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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photocatalyzed degradation of the biocides chlorothalonil and Dichlofluanid over aqueous tio2 suspensions
Applied Catalysis B-environmental, 2003Co-Authors: Vasilios A. Sakkas, Triantafyllos A AlbanisAbstract:Abstract The photocatalyzed degradation of the biocides chlorothalonil and Dichlofluanid has been investigated in aqueous suspensions of titanium dioxide (TiO2) under simulated solar irradiation. The primary degradation of the micropollutants follows a pseudo-first-order kinetics following the Langmuir–Hinshelwood model. In our conditions, total disappearance of chlorothalonil and Dichlofluanid was achieved in 90 and 20 min, respectively, whereas the mineralization of organic carbon to carbon dioxide after 240 min of irradiation was found to be 100% for chlorothalonil and 78% for Dichlofluanid. The evolution of heteroatoms (Cl, N, S, F) followed by ion chromatography showed a mineralization into chloride, ammonium, nitrate, sulfate and fluoride anions, respectively. In addition, Microtox bioassay (Vibrio fischeri) was employed in evaluating the ecotoxicity of solutions treated by photocatalysis. Photocatalytic intermediates detected during the degradation of biocides were identified by GC–MS techniques. Based on this byproduct identification, a simple degradation scheme was proposed for both biocides including dechlorination, hydroxylation, dealkylation and decarboxylation reactions leading to the mineralization of the starting molecules.
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antifouling paint booster biocide contamination in greek marine sediments
Chemosphere, 2002Co-Authors: Triantafyllos A Albanis, Vasilios A. Sakkas, Dimitra A Lambropoulou, Ioannis KonstantinouAbstract:Abstract Organic booster biocides were recently introduced as alternatives to organotin compounds in antifouling products, after restrictions imposed on the use of tributyltin in 1987. In this study, the concentrations of three biocides commonly used as antifoulants, Irgarol 1051 (2-methylthio-4-tertiary-butylamino-6-cyclopropylamino- s -triazine), Dichlofluanid ( N -dichlorofluoromethylthio- N ′ , N ′ -dimethyl- N -phenyl sulphamide) and chlorothalonil (2,4,5,6-tetrachloro isophthalonitrile) were determined in sediments from ports and marinas of Greece. Piraeus (Central port, Mikrolimano and Pasalimani marinas), Thessaloniki (Central port and marina), Patras (Central port and marina), Elefsina, Igoumenitsa, Aktio and Chalkida marinas were chosen as representative study sites for comparison with previous monitoring surveys of biocides in coastal sediments from other European countries. Samples were collected at the end of one boating season (October 1999), as well before and during the 2000 boating season. All the compounds monitored were detected at most of sites and seasonal dependence of biocide concentrations were found, with maxima during the period June–September, while the winter period (December–February) lower values were encountered. The concentrations levels ranged from 3 to 690 ng/g dw (dry weight). Highest levels of the biocides were found in marinas (690, 195 and 165 ng/g dw, for Irgarol, Dichlofluanid and chlorothalonil respectively) while in ports lower concentrations were observed. Antifouling paints are implicated as the likely sources of biocides since agricultural applications possibly contributed for chlorothalonil and Dichlofluanid inputs in a few sampling sites.
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antifouling paint booster biocide contamination in greek marine sediments
Chemosphere, 2002Co-Authors: Triantafyllos A Albanis, Vasilios A. Sakkas, Dimitra A Lambropoulou, Ioannis KonstantinouAbstract:Abstract Organic booster biocides were recently introduced as alternatives to organotin compounds in antifouling products, after restrictions imposed on the use of tributyltin in 1987. In this study, the concentrations of three biocides commonly used as antifoulants, Irgarol 1051 (2-methylthio-4-tertiary-butylamino-6-cyclopropylamino- s -triazine), Dichlofluanid ( N -dichlorofluoromethylthio- N ′ , N ′ -dimethyl- N -phenyl sulphamide) and chlorothalonil (2,4,5,6-tetrachloro isophthalonitrile) were determined in sediments from ports and marinas of Greece. Piraeus (Central port, Mikrolimano and Pasalimani marinas), Thessaloniki (Central port and marina), Patras (Central port and marina), Elefsina, Igoumenitsa, Aktio and Chalkida marinas were chosen as representative study sites for comparison with previous monitoring surveys of biocides in coastal sediments from other European countries. Samples were collected at the end of one boating season (October 1999), as well before and during the 2000 boating season. All the compounds monitored were detected at most of sites and seasonal dependence of biocide concentrations were found, with maxima during the period June–September, while the winter period (December–February) lower values were encountered. The concentrations levels ranged from 3 to 690 ng/g dw (dry weight). Highest levels of the biocides were found in marinas (690, 195 and 165 ng/g dw, for Irgarol, Dichlofluanid and chlorothalonil respectively) while in ports lower concentrations were observed. Antifouling paints are implicated as the likely sources of biocides since agricultural applications possibly contributed for chlorothalonil and Dichlofluanid inputs in a few sampling sites.
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photodegradation study of the antifouling booster biocide Dichlofluanid in aqueous media by gas chromatographic techniques
Journal of Chromatography A, 2001Co-Authors: Vasilios A. Sakkas, Ioannis Konstantinou, Triantafyllos A AlbanisAbstract:Abstract The aquatic photochemical behavior of the biocide Dichlofluanid has been studied under natural sunlight conditions as well as under artificial solar irradiation in different types of natural waters (sea, river and lake water) as well as in distilled water. In order to examine the effect of dissolved organic matter (DOM), the photodegradation of the tested biocide was investigated also in the presence of various concentrations of humic and fulvic acids. It was found that the photodegradation proceeds via first-order reaction in all cases and that the presence of various concentrations of DOM inhibits the photolysis reaction. Kinetic experiments are monitored with GC–ECD with half-lives varied between 8 and 83 h. The major photodecomposition products identified by GC–MS were dichlorofluoromethane, aniline, and DMSA. Based on this byproduct identification a possible degradation pathway is proposed for the photolysis of Dichlofluanid in aqueous media.
Per Johansson - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Effects of Seven Antifouling Compounds on Photosynthesis and Inorganic Carbon Use in Sugar Kelp Saccharina latissima (Linnaeus)
Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 2012Co-Authors: Per Johansson, Karl Martin Eriksson, Lennart Axelsson, Hans BlanckAbstract:Macroalgae depend on carbon-concentrating mechanisms (CCMs) to maintain a high photosynthetic activity under conditions of low carbon dioxide (CO_2) availability. Because such conditions are prevalent in marine environments, CCMs are important for upholding the macroalgal primary productivity in coastal zones. This study evaluated the effects of seven antifouling compounds—chlorothalonil, DCOIT, Dichlofluanid, diuron, irgarol, tolylfluanid, and zinc pyrithione (ZnTP)—on the photosynthesis and CCM of sugar kelp ( Saccharina latissima (L.)). Concentration-response curves of these toxicants were established using inhibition of carbon incorporation, whereas their effects over time and their inhibition of the CCM were studied using inhibition of O_2 evolution. We demonstrate that exposure to all compounds except ZnTP (
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effects of seven antifouling compounds on photosynthesis and inorganic carbon use in sugar kelp saccharina latissima linnaeus
Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 2012Co-Authors: Per Johansson, Karl Martin Eriksson, Lennart Axelsson, Hans BlanckAbstract:Macroalgae depend on carbon-concentrating mechanisms (CCMs) to maintain a high photosynthetic activity under conditions of low carbon dioxide (CO2) availability. Because such conditions are prevalent in marine environments, CCMs are important for upholding the macroalgal primary productivity in coastal zones. This study evaluated the effects of seven antifouling compounds—chlorothalonil, DCOIT, Dichlofluanid, diuron, irgarol, tolylfluanid, and zinc pyrithione (ZnTP)—on the photosynthesis and CCM of sugar kelp (Saccharina latissima (L.)). Concentration-response curves of these toxicants were established using inhibition of carbon incorporation, whereas their effects over time and their inhibition of the CCM were studied using inhibition of O2 evolution. We demonstrate that exposure to all compounds except ZnTP (< 1000 nM) resulted in toxicity to photosynthesis of S. latissima. However, carbon incorporation and O2 evolution differed in their ability to detect toxicity from some of the compounds. Diuron, irgarol, DCOIT, tolylfluanid, and, to some extent, Dichlofluanid inhibited carbon incorporation. Chlorothalonil did not inhibit carbon incorporation but clearly inhibited oxygen (O2) evolution. Photosynthesis showed only little recovery during the 2-h postexposure period. Inhibition of photosynthesis even increased after the end of exposure to chlorothalonil and tolylfluanid. Through changes in pH of the medium, toxic effects on the CCM could be studied isolated from photosynthesis effects. The CCM of S. latissima was inhibited by chlorothalonil, DCOIT, Dichlofluanid, and tolylfluanid. Such inhibition of the CCM, or the absence thereof, deepens the understanding the mechanism of action of the studied compounds.
Vasilios A. Sakkas - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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photocatalyzed degradation of the biocides chlorothalonil and Dichlofluanid over aqueous tio2 suspensions
Applied Catalysis B-environmental, 2003Co-Authors: Vasilios A. Sakkas, Triantafyllos A AlbanisAbstract:Abstract The photocatalyzed degradation of the biocides chlorothalonil and Dichlofluanid has been investigated in aqueous suspensions of titanium dioxide (TiO2) under simulated solar irradiation. The primary degradation of the micropollutants follows a pseudo-first-order kinetics following the Langmuir–Hinshelwood model. In our conditions, total disappearance of chlorothalonil and Dichlofluanid was achieved in 90 and 20 min, respectively, whereas the mineralization of organic carbon to carbon dioxide after 240 min of irradiation was found to be 100% for chlorothalonil and 78% for Dichlofluanid. The evolution of heteroatoms (Cl, N, S, F) followed by ion chromatography showed a mineralization into chloride, ammonium, nitrate, sulfate and fluoride anions, respectively. In addition, Microtox bioassay (Vibrio fischeri) was employed in evaluating the ecotoxicity of solutions treated by photocatalysis. Photocatalytic intermediates detected during the degradation of biocides were identified by GC–MS techniques. Based on this byproduct identification, a simple degradation scheme was proposed for both biocides including dechlorination, hydroxylation, dealkylation and decarboxylation reactions leading to the mineralization of the starting molecules.
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antifouling paint booster biocide contamination in greek marine sediments
Chemosphere, 2002Co-Authors: Triantafyllos A Albanis, Vasilios A. Sakkas, Dimitra A Lambropoulou, Ioannis KonstantinouAbstract:Abstract Organic booster biocides were recently introduced as alternatives to organotin compounds in antifouling products, after restrictions imposed on the use of tributyltin in 1987. In this study, the concentrations of three biocides commonly used as antifoulants, Irgarol 1051 (2-methylthio-4-tertiary-butylamino-6-cyclopropylamino- s -triazine), Dichlofluanid ( N -dichlorofluoromethylthio- N ′ , N ′ -dimethyl- N -phenyl sulphamide) and chlorothalonil (2,4,5,6-tetrachloro isophthalonitrile) were determined in sediments from ports and marinas of Greece. Piraeus (Central port, Mikrolimano and Pasalimani marinas), Thessaloniki (Central port and marina), Patras (Central port and marina), Elefsina, Igoumenitsa, Aktio and Chalkida marinas were chosen as representative study sites for comparison with previous monitoring surveys of biocides in coastal sediments from other European countries. Samples were collected at the end of one boating season (October 1999), as well before and during the 2000 boating season. All the compounds monitored were detected at most of sites and seasonal dependence of biocide concentrations were found, with maxima during the period June–September, while the winter period (December–February) lower values were encountered. The concentrations levels ranged from 3 to 690 ng/g dw (dry weight). Highest levels of the biocides were found in marinas (690, 195 and 165 ng/g dw, for Irgarol, Dichlofluanid and chlorothalonil respectively) while in ports lower concentrations were observed. Antifouling paints are implicated as the likely sources of biocides since agricultural applications possibly contributed for chlorothalonil and Dichlofluanid inputs in a few sampling sites.
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antifouling paint booster biocide contamination in greek marine sediments
Chemosphere, 2002Co-Authors: Triantafyllos A Albanis, Vasilios A. Sakkas, Dimitra A Lambropoulou, Ioannis KonstantinouAbstract:Abstract Organic booster biocides were recently introduced as alternatives to organotin compounds in antifouling products, after restrictions imposed on the use of tributyltin in 1987. In this study, the concentrations of three biocides commonly used as antifoulants, Irgarol 1051 (2-methylthio-4-tertiary-butylamino-6-cyclopropylamino- s -triazine), Dichlofluanid ( N -dichlorofluoromethylthio- N ′ , N ′ -dimethyl- N -phenyl sulphamide) and chlorothalonil (2,4,5,6-tetrachloro isophthalonitrile) were determined in sediments from ports and marinas of Greece. Piraeus (Central port, Mikrolimano and Pasalimani marinas), Thessaloniki (Central port and marina), Patras (Central port and marina), Elefsina, Igoumenitsa, Aktio and Chalkida marinas were chosen as representative study sites for comparison with previous monitoring surveys of biocides in coastal sediments from other European countries. Samples were collected at the end of one boating season (October 1999), as well before and during the 2000 boating season. All the compounds monitored were detected at most of sites and seasonal dependence of biocide concentrations were found, with maxima during the period June–September, while the winter period (December–February) lower values were encountered. The concentrations levels ranged from 3 to 690 ng/g dw (dry weight). Highest levels of the biocides were found in marinas (690, 195 and 165 ng/g dw, for Irgarol, Dichlofluanid and chlorothalonil respectively) while in ports lower concentrations were observed. Antifouling paints are implicated as the likely sources of biocides since agricultural applications possibly contributed for chlorothalonil and Dichlofluanid inputs in a few sampling sites.
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photodegradation study of the antifouling booster biocide Dichlofluanid in aqueous media by gas chromatographic techniques
Journal of Chromatography A, 2001Co-Authors: Vasilios A. Sakkas, Ioannis Konstantinou, Triantafyllos A AlbanisAbstract:Abstract The aquatic photochemical behavior of the biocide Dichlofluanid has been studied under natural sunlight conditions as well as under artificial solar irradiation in different types of natural waters (sea, river and lake water) as well as in distilled water. In order to examine the effect of dissolved organic matter (DOM), the photodegradation of the tested biocide was investigated also in the presence of various concentrations of humic and fulvic acids. It was found that the photodegradation proceeds via first-order reaction in all cases and that the presence of various concentrations of DOM inhibits the photolysis reaction. Kinetic experiments are monitored with GC–ECD with half-lives varied between 8 and 83 h. The major photodecomposition products identified by GC–MS were dichlorofluoromethane, aniline, and DMSA. Based on this byproduct identification a possible degradation pathway is proposed for the photolysis of Dichlofluanid in aqueous media.