The Experts below are selected from a list of 31824 Experts worldwide ranked by ideXlab platform

Walter R Dowdle - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • the principles and feasibility of Disease Eradication
    Vaccine, 2011
    Co-Authors: Walter R Dowdle, Stephen L Cochi
    Abstract:

    Smallpox Eradication framed Disease Eradication as a monumental public health achievement in global health equity. The principles of Disease Eradication are encapsulated in a constellation of four conditions: biologic feasibility, adequate public health infrastructure, sufficient funding, and sustained political/societal will. Where the constellation exists, national Eradication occurs in the absence of a global initiative. Assessing the feasibility of global Eradication requires determining the constellation gaps for nations of all regions and identifying the human and financial resources to fill the gaps. The economic and humanitarian benefits of Eradication have strong appeal. Global polio and guinea worm efforts are underway. Regional Eradication of measles and rubella has been achieved in the Americas and other Diseases have been proposed. Global decisions on Disease Eradication should include careful consideration of opportunity costs and prioritization of limited global health resources, with the objective of providing the most appropriate, cost-beneficial, and equitable outcome of Disease control.

  • the role of research in viral Disease Eradication and elimination programs lessons for malaria Eradication
    PLOS Medicine, 2011
    Co-Authors: J G Breman, Walter R Dowdle, Ciro A De Quadros, William H Foege, Donald A Henderson, Jacob T John, Myron M Levine
    Abstract:

    By examining the role research has played in Eradication or regional elimination initiatives for three viral Diseases—smallpox, poliomyelitis, and measles—we derive nine cross-cutting lessons applicable to malaria Eradication. In these initiatives, some types of research commenced as the programs began and proceeded in parallel. Basic laboratory, clinical, and field research all contributed notably to progress made in the viral programs. For each program, vaccine was the lynchpin intervention, but as the programs progressed, research was required to improve vaccine formulations, delivery methods, and immunization schedules. Surveillance was fundamental to all three programs, whilst polio Eradication also required improved diagnostic methods to identify asymptomatic infections. Molecular characterization of pathogen isolates strengthened surveillance and allowed insights into the geographic source of infections and their spread. Anthropologic, sociologic, and behavioural research were needed to address cultural and religious beliefs to expand community acceptance. The last phases of elimination and Eradication became increasingly difficult, as a nil incidence was approached. Any Eradication initiative for malaria must incorporate flexible research agendas that can adapt to changing epidemiologic contingencies and allow planning for postEradication scenarios.

  • the principles of Disease elimination and Eradication
    Bulletin of The World Health Organization, 1998
    Co-Authors: Walter R Dowdle
    Abstract:

    The Dahlem Workshop discussed the hierarchy of possible public health interventions in dealing with infectious Diseases, which were defined as control, elimination of Disease, elimination of infections, Eradication, and extinction. The indicators of eradicability were the availability of effective interventions and practical diagnostic tools and the essential need for humans in the life-cycle of the agent. Since health resources are limited, decisions have to be made as to whether their use for an elimination or Eradication programme is preferable to their use elsewhere. The costs and benefits of global Eradication programmes concern direct effects on morbidity and mortality and consequent effects on the health care system. The success of any Disease Eradication initiative depends strongly on the level of societal and political commitment, with a key role for the World Health Assembly. Eradication and ongoing programmes constitute potentially complementary approaches to public health. Elimination and Eradication are the ultimate goals of public health, evolving naturally from Disease control. The basic question is whether these goals are to be achieved in the present or some future generation.

Stuart D Blacksell - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • peste des petits ruminants ppr virus serological surveillance in goats in lao pdr issues for Disease Eradication in a low resource Disease free setting
    Transboundary and Emerging Diseases, 2019
    Co-Authors: Rebekah J L Burns, Bounlom Douangngeun, Watthana Theppangna, Mavuto Mukaka, Matthew D Wegner, P A Windsor, Stuart D Blacksell
    Abstract:

    Peste des Petits ruminants (PPR) is an economically important transboundary viral Disease of goats. This study aimed to determine a baseline of serological evidence for Peste des petits ruminants virus (PPRV) in Lao goats. A total of 1,072 serum samples were collected by convenience sampling across five provinces in Laos and tested for antibody response to PPRV using a commercially available competitive ELISA. Positive antibody responses were found in 2.2% (95% CI 1.4, 3.2) of the samples. True prevalence calculations indicated a total overall sample prevalence of 1.7% (95% CI 0.9, 2.8). The highest provincial seroprevalences were Xiangkhouang (3.5%, 95% CI 1.6, 6.9) and Xayaboury (2.9% (95% CI 1.3, 5.7). There was no association between antibody response and each of the following factors: location, breed, gender or age. Considering the apparent absence of Disease manifestation of PPR in Laos, likely explanations for the antibody positivity could include cross reaction to other Morbilliviruses such as Measles or Canine Distemper, importation of pre-vaccinated goats, need for test cut-off re-evaluation to be region specific, or a subclinical and a less virulent circulating virus. This study highlights that the sampled Lao goat population is highly likely to be naive to PPRV and therefore at risk of an outbreak, possibly by transboundary incursion of livestock from PPR endemic China. Further work is required in the testing of small ruminants in Laos that may eventually provide evidence for a status of freedom from Disease, particularly in support of programs aimed at global PPR Eradication.

Scott Barrett - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • optimal Disease Eradication
    Environment and Development Economics, 2007
    Co-Authors: Scott Barrett, Michael Hoel
    Abstract:

    Using a dynamic model of the control of an infectious Disease, we derive the conditions under which Eradication will be optimal. When Eradication is feasible, the optimal program requires either a low vaccination rate or Eradication. A high vaccination rate is never optimal. Under special conditions, the results are especially stark: the optimal policy is either not to vaccinate at all or to eradicate. Our analysis yields a cost–benefit rule for Eradication, which we apply to the current initiative to eradicate polio.

  • global Disease Eradication
    Journal of the European Economic Association, 2003
    Co-Authors: Scott Barrett
    Abstract:

    An infectious Disease can only be eradicated globally if it is eliminated in every country. But does this require only international coordination, or does it require cooperation? Using a model that blends epidemiology, economics, and game theory, this paper shows that coordination will not always suffice, even when the global benefits of Eradication exceed the costs. In general, Eradication will require strong international institutions. (JEL: H41, I18, K33, O19)

Donald R. Hopkins - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • dracunculiasis guinea worm Disease Eradication
    Advances in Parasitology, 2006
    Co-Authors: Ernesto Ruiztiben, Donald R. Hopkins
    Abstract:

    Abstract Since the seminal review by Ralph Muller about Dracunculus and dracunculiasis in this serial publication in 1971, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and The Carter Center forged, during the 1980s, a coalition of organizations to support a campaign to eradicate dracunculiasis. Eighteen of 20 countries were known in 1986 to have endemic dracunculiasis, i.e., Benin, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Chad, Cote d’Ivoire, Ethiopia, Ghana, India, Kenya, Mali, Mauritania, Niger, Nigeria, Pakistan, Senegal, Sudan, Togo, and Uganda. Transmission of the Disease in Yemen was documented in 1995, and the World Health Organization (WHO) declared Central African Republic endemic in 1995. As of the end of 2004, a total of 16 026 cases of dracunculiasis were reported from 12 endemic countries (91% of these cases were reported from Ghana and Sudan, combined), a reduction greater than 99% from the 3.5 million cases of dracunculiasis estimated in 1986 to occur annually; the number of endemic villages has been reduced by >91%, from the 23 475 endemic villages in 1991; Disease transmission has been interrupted in 9 of the 20 endemic countries; and WHO has certified 168 countries free of dracunculiasis, including Pakistan (1996), India (2000), Senegal and Yemen (2004). Asia is now free of dracunculiasis. “ The public interest requires doing today those things that men of intelligence and good will would wish, five or ten years hence, had been done ” Edmund Burke

  • Disease Eradication elimination and control the need for accurate and consistent usage
    Trends in Parasitology, 2004
    Co-Authors: David H Molyneux, Donald R. Hopkins, Nevio Zagaria
    Abstract:

    This article seeks to clarify the terminology associated with Disease control, elimination and Eradication programmes. There are several global activities under way, which are initiated and guided by resolutions of the World Health Assembly. Scrutiny of the feasibility of achieving Eradication goals by bodies such as the International Task Force for Disease Eradication has identified Diseases that could be eradicated. The criteria for this attribution as eradicable, the definitions guiding policy, and examples of programmes and strategies are provided here. This article pleads for scientific, health policy and editorial communities to be more consistent in the use of the terms control, elimination and Eradication, and to adhere to published definitions.

Suo Yaohong - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • qualitative analysis of a sir epidemic model with saturated treatment rate
    Journal of Applied Mathematics and Computing, 2010
    Co-Authors: Zhang Zhonghua, Suo Yaohong
    Abstract:

    On account of the effect of limited treatment resources on the control of epidemic Disease, a saturated removal rate is incorporated into Hethcote’s SIR epidemiological model (Hethcote, SIAM Rev. 42:599–653, 2000). Unlike the original model, the model has two endemic equilibria when R0<1. Furthermore, under some conditions, both the Disease free equilibrium and one of the two endemic equilibria are asymptotically stable, i.e., the model has bistable equilibria. Therefore, Disease Eradication not only depends on R0 but also on the initial sizes of all sub-populations. By the Poincare-Bendixson theorem, Poincare index, center manifold theorem, Hopf bifurcation theorem and Lyapunov-Lasalle theorem, etc., the existence and asymptotical stability of the equilibria, the existence, stability and direction of Hopf bifurcation are discussed, respectively.