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Andrew J Sinclair - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • n 3 Docosapentaenoic Acid the iceberg n 3 fatty Acid
    Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition and Metabolic Care, 2021
    Co-Authors: Samaneh Ghasemi Fard, David Cameronsmith, Andrew J Sinclair
    Abstract:

    Purpose of review Docosapentaenoic Acid (DPA) is a minor omega-3 fatty Acid (FA) which has been frequently overlooked in lipid research. This review examines the biochemical and physiological outcomes of human trials which have used pure preparations of DPA (n - 3 DPA) and also recent developments in specialized proresolving lipid mediators (SPMs) derived from n - 3 DPA. Recent findings There have been only been two human studies and eleven animal studies with pure n - 3 DPA. The doses of n - 3 DPA used in the human trials have been 1-2 g/day. n - 3 DPA abundance is increased in blood lipid fractions within 3-4 days of supplementation. n - 3 DPA has the potential for unique properties, with a greater similarity in biological functioning with docosahexaenoic Acid (DHA), than eicosapentaenoic Acid (EPA). Despite the typically low levels of n - 3 DPA in most tissue lipids relative to EPA and DHA, unique SPMs, such as resolvins, maresins and protectins of the n - 3 DPA type, are involved in resolution of inflammation and regulating immune function. Summary We suggest that measurement of blood levels of n - 3 DPA gives no indication of its broad biological roles, but that the true functionality of this enigmatic n - 3 polyunsaturated fatty Acid (PUFA) remains obscure until more is known about the properties of the unique DPA-derived SPMs.

  • short update on Docosapentaenoic Acid a bioactive long chain n 3 fatty Acid
    Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition and Metabolic Care, 2016
    Co-Authors: Gunveen Kaur, Andrew J Sinclair, Xiao Fei Guo
    Abstract:

    Purpose of review Docosapentaenoic Acid (DPA) is a long-chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty Acid that is intermediary between eicosapentaenoic Acid and docosahexaenoic Acid in the n-3 synthesis pathway. DPA is part of our normal diet through fish and lean red meat. In recent years, DPA has received increasing attention as an important bioactive fatty Acid in light of its potential beneficial health effects, which include anti-inflammatory actions, antiplatelet aggregation, and improved plasma lipid prolife. This review provides a short summary of the most recent research on DPA. Recent findings In this review, we report on the latest association data as well as data generated from in-vitro and in-vivo studies on DPA and cardiovascular health, mental health, inflammation, and cancer. We also report on the newly identified DPA metabolites and their effects on exacerbation of inflammation in animal models. Summary Although there is a growing body of evidence supporting DPA's role as an important bioactive fatty Acid, there is a need for more 'cause and effect studies', clinical trials and studies which can reveal whether DPA plays separate roles to those identified for eicosapentaenoic Acid and docosahexaenoic Acid.

  • dietary sources current intakes and nutritional role of omega 3 Docosapentaenoic Acid
    Lipid Technology, 2015
    Co-Authors: Oleksandr A Byelashov, Andrew J Sinclair, Gunveen Kaur
    Abstract:

    Fish oils and long-chain omega-3 fatty Acids are well recognized for their critical role in human diets. Docosapentaenoic Acid (DPA, 22 : 5n-3) has always been a part of healthy nutrition, since infants obtain almost as much DPA as DHA from human milk. Fish oil supplements and ingredients, oily fish, and grass-fed beef can serve as the primary DPA sources for the general population. Although the DPA levels in fish oils are substantially lower than those of EPA and DHA, concentrated DPA products are now becoming commercially available, and DPA-based drugs are under development. Epidemiological studies show that similar to eicosapentaenoic (EPA, 20 : 5n-3) and docosahexaenoic (DHA, 22 : 6n-3) Acids, DPA is linked to various improvements in human health, perhaps owing to its structural similarity to the other two molecules. Studies in mammals, platelets, and cell cultures have demonstrated that DPA reduces platelet aggregation, and improves lipid metabolism, endothelial cell migration, and resolution of chronic inflammation. Further, other in vivo and in vitro studies have shown that DPA can improve neural health. A human supplementation trial with 99.8% pure DPA suggested that it serves as a storage depot for EPA and DHA in the human body. Future randomized controlled human trials with purified DPA will help clarify its effects on human health. They may confirm the available evidence pointing to its nutritional and biological functions, unique or overlapping with those of EPA and DHA.

  • Docosapentaenoic Acid 22 5n 3 down regulates the expression of genes involved in fat synthesis in liver cells
    Prostaglandins Leukotrienes and Essential Fatty Acids, 2011
    Co-Authors: Gunveen Kaur, Daniel P Barr, David Cameronsmith, Andrew J Sinclair, Juan C Moleronavajas, Nicky Konstantopoulos
    Abstract:

    n-3 Polyunsaturated fatty Acids (PUFA) Docosapentaenoic Acid (DPA) Eicosapentaenoic Acid (EPA) Docosahexaenoic Acid (DHA) Fatty Acid synthesis Lipogenic genes abstract Previous studies have shown that Eicosapentaenoic Acid (EPA) and Docosahexaenoic Acid (DHA) exhibit triacylglycerol (TAG) lowering effect in vitro and in vivo by down-regulating the Sterol Regulating Element Binding Protein (SREBP-1c) and reducing the expression levels of lipogenic genes. However, there is no evidence on the effect of Docosapentaenoic Acid (DPA) on SREBP-1c expression levels. DPA is a long chain n-3 fatty Acid present in our diet through fish, red meat and milk of ruminant animals. Therefore, this study aimed to elucidate the effect of DPA on liver fatty Acid synthesis in an in vitro model using rat liver cells. Our results suggested that DPA incubation (50 mM) for 48 h (like EPA and DHA) caused a significant decrease in the mRNA expression levels of SREBP-1c, 3-Hydroxy-3- Methyl-Glutaryl-Coenzyme A reductase (HMG-CoA reductase), Acetyl Coenzyme A Carboxylase (ACC-1) and Fatty Acid Synthase (FASn) compared with Oleic Acid (OA) and also a decrease in the protein levels of SREBP-1 and ACC-1. A time-course fatty Acid analysis showed that DPA and EPA are interconvertable in the cells; however, after 8 h of incubation with DPA, the cell phospholipids contained mainly DPA. The gene expression profiling of the lipogenic genes repeated at 8 h confirmed that the inhibitory effect of DPA on mRNA expression levels of the lipogenic genes was most likely due to DPA itself and not due to its conversion into EPA.

  • Docosapentaenoic Acid 22 5n 3 a review of its biological effects
    Progress in Lipid Research, 2011
    Co-Authors: Gunveen Kaur, Manohar L Garg, David Cameronsmith, Andrew J Sinclair
    Abstract:

    This article summarizes the current knowledge available on metabolism and the biological effects of n-3 Docosapentaenoic Acid (DPA). n-3 DPA has not been extensively studied because of the limited availability of the pure compound. n-3 DPA is an elongated metabolite of EPA and is an intermediary product between EPA and DHA. The literature on n-3 DPA is limited, however the available data suggests it has beneficial health effects. In vitro n-3 DPA is retro-converted back to EPA, however it does not appear to be readily metabolised to DHA. In vivo studies have shown limited conversion of n-3 DPA to DHA, mainly in liver, but in addition retro-conversion to EPA is evident in a number of tissues. n-3 DPA can be metabolised by lipoxygenase, in platelets, to form ll-hydroxy-7,9,13,16,19- and 14-hydroxy-7,10,12,16,19-DPA. It has also been reported that n-3 DPA is effective (more so than EPA and DHA) in inhibition of aggregation in platelets obtained from rabbit blood. In addition, there is evidence that n-3 DPA possesses 10-fold greater endothelial cell migration ability than EPA, which is important in wound-healing processes. An in vivo study has reported that n-3 DPA reduces the fatty Acid synthase and malic enzyme activity levels in n-3 DPA-supplemented mice and these effects were stronger than the EPA-supplemented mice. Another recent in vivo study has reported that n-3 DPA may have a role in attenuating age-related decrease in spatial learning and long-term potentiation. However, more research remains to be done to further investigate the biological effects of this n-3 VLCPUFA.

Gunveen Kaur - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • short update on Docosapentaenoic Acid a bioactive long chain n 3 fatty Acid
    Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition and Metabolic Care, 2016
    Co-Authors: Gunveen Kaur, Andrew J Sinclair, Xiao Fei Guo
    Abstract:

    Purpose of review Docosapentaenoic Acid (DPA) is a long-chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty Acid that is intermediary between eicosapentaenoic Acid and docosahexaenoic Acid in the n-3 synthesis pathway. DPA is part of our normal diet through fish and lean red meat. In recent years, DPA has received increasing attention as an important bioactive fatty Acid in light of its potential beneficial health effects, which include anti-inflammatory actions, antiplatelet aggregation, and improved plasma lipid prolife. This review provides a short summary of the most recent research on DPA. Recent findings In this review, we report on the latest association data as well as data generated from in-vitro and in-vivo studies on DPA and cardiovascular health, mental health, inflammation, and cancer. We also report on the newly identified DPA metabolites and their effects on exacerbation of inflammation in animal models. Summary Although there is a growing body of evidence supporting DPA's role as an important bioactive fatty Acid, there is a need for more 'cause and effect studies', clinical trials and studies which can reveal whether DPA plays separate roles to those identified for eicosapentaenoic Acid and docosahexaenoic Acid.

  • dietary sources current intakes and nutritional role of omega 3 Docosapentaenoic Acid
    Lipid Technology, 2015
    Co-Authors: Oleksandr A Byelashov, Andrew J Sinclair, Gunveen Kaur
    Abstract:

    Fish oils and long-chain omega-3 fatty Acids are well recognized for their critical role in human diets. Docosapentaenoic Acid (DPA, 22 : 5n-3) has always been a part of healthy nutrition, since infants obtain almost as much DPA as DHA from human milk. Fish oil supplements and ingredients, oily fish, and grass-fed beef can serve as the primary DPA sources for the general population. Although the DPA levels in fish oils are substantially lower than those of EPA and DHA, concentrated DPA products are now becoming commercially available, and DPA-based drugs are under development. Epidemiological studies show that similar to eicosapentaenoic (EPA, 20 : 5n-3) and docosahexaenoic (DHA, 22 : 6n-3) Acids, DPA is linked to various improvements in human health, perhaps owing to its structural similarity to the other two molecules. Studies in mammals, platelets, and cell cultures have demonstrated that DPA reduces platelet aggregation, and improves lipid metabolism, endothelial cell migration, and resolution of chronic inflammation. Further, other in vivo and in vitro studies have shown that DPA can improve neural health. A human supplementation trial with 99.8% pure DPA suggested that it serves as a storage depot for EPA and DHA in the human body. Future randomized controlled human trials with purified DPA will help clarify its effects on human health. They may confirm the available evidence pointing to its nutritional and biological functions, unique or overlapping with those of EPA and DHA.

  • postprandial metabolism of Docosapentaenoic Acid dpa 22 5n 3 and eicosapentaenoic Acid epa 20 5n 3 in humans
    Prostaglandins Leukotrienes and Essential Fatty Acids, 2013
    Co-Authors: Kaisa M Linderborg, Gunveen Kaur, Eliza G Miller, Peter J Meikle, Amy E Larsen, Jacquelyn M Weir, Anu Nuora, Christopher K Barlow, Heikki Kallio, David Cameronsmith
    Abstract:

    The study of the metabolism of Docosapentaenoic Acid (DPA, 22:5n � 3) in humans has been limited by the unavailability of pure DPA and the fact that DPA is found in combination with eicosapentaenoic Acid (EPA, 20:5n � 3) and docosahexaenoic Acid (DHA, 22:6n � 3) in natural products. In this double blind cross over study, pure DPA and EPA were incorporated in meals served to healthy female volunteers. Mass spectrometric methods were used to study the chylomicron lipidomics. Plasma chylomicronemia was significantly reduced after the meal containing DPA compared with the meal containing EPA or olive oil only. Both EPA and DPA were incorporated into chylomicron TAGs, while there was less incorporation into chylomicron phospholipids. Lipidomic analysis of the chylomicron TAGs revealed the dynamic nature of chylomicron TAGs. The main TAG species that EPA and DPA were incorporated into were EPA/18:1/18:1, DPA/18:1/16:0 and DPA/18:1/18:1. There was very limited conversion of DPA and EPA to DHA and there were no increases in EPA levels during the 5 h postprandial period after the DPA meal. In conclusion, EPA and DPA showed different metabolic fates, and DPA hindered the digestion, ingestion or incorporation into chylomicrons of the olive oil present in the meal.

  • Docosapentaenoic Acid 22 5n 3 down regulates the expression of genes involved in fat synthesis in liver cells
    Prostaglandins Leukotrienes and Essential Fatty Acids, 2011
    Co-Authors: Gunveen Kaur, Daniel P Barr, David Cameronsmith, Andrew J Sinclair, Juan C Moleronavajas, Nicky Konstantopoulos
    Abstract:

    n-3 Polyunsaturated fatty Acids (PUFA) Docosapentaenoic Acid (DPA) Eicosapentaenoic Acid (EPA) Docosahexaenoic Acid (DHA) Fatty Acid synthesis Lipogenic genes abstract Previous studies have shown that Eicosapentaenoic Acid (EPA) and Docosahexaenoic Acid (DHA) exhibit triacylglycerol (TAG) lowering effect in vitro and in vivo by down-regulating the Sterol Regulating Element Binding Protein (SREBP-1c) and reducing the expression levels of lipogenic genes. However, there is no evidence on the effect of Docosapentaenoic Acid (DPA) on SREBP-1c expression levels. DPA is a long chain n-3 fatty Acid present in our diet through fish, red meat and milk of ruminant animals. Therefore, this study aimed to elucidate the effect of DPA on liver fatty Acid synthesis in an in vitro model using rat liver cells. Our results suggested that DPA incubation (50 mM) for 48 h (like EPA and DHA) caused a significant decrease in the mRNA expression levels of SREBP-1c, 3-Hydroxy-3- Methyl-Glutaryl-Coenzyme A reductase (HMG-CoA reductase), Acetyl Coenzyme A Carboxylase (ACC-1) and Fatty Acid Synthase (FASn) compared with Oleic Acid (OA) and also a decrease in the protein levels of SREBP-1 and ACC-1. A time-course fatty Acid analysis showed that DPA and EPA are interconvertable in the cells; however, after 8 h of incubation with DPA, the cell phospholipids contained mainly DPA. The gene expression profiling of the lipogenic genes repeated at 8 h confirmed that the inhibitory effect of DPA on mRNA expression levels of the lipogenic genes was most likely due to DPA itself and not due to its conversion into EPA.

  • Docosapentaenoic Acid 22 5n 3 a review of its biological effects
    Progress in Lipid Research, 2011
    Co-Authors: Gunveen Kaur, Manohar L Garg, David Cameronsmith, Andrew J Sinclair
    Abstract:

    This article summarizes the current knowledge available on metabolism and the biological effects of n-3 Docosapentaenoic Acid (DPA). n-3 DPA has not been extensively studied because of the limited availability of the pure compound. n-3 DPA is an elongated metabolite of EPA and is an intermediary product between EPA and DHA. The literature on n-3 DPA is limited, however the available data suggests it has beneficial health effects. In vitro n-3 DPA is retro-converted back to EPA, however it does not appear to be readily metabolised to DHA. In vivo studies have shown limited conversion of n-3 DPA to DHA, mainly in liver, but in addition retro-conversion to EPA is evident in a number of tissues. n-3 DPA can be metabolised by lipoxygenase, in platelets, to form ll-hydroxy-7,9,13,16,19- and 14-hydroxy-7,10,12,16,19-DPA. It has also been reported that n-3 DPA is effective (more so than EPA and DHA) in inhibition of aggregation in platelets obtained from rabbit blood. In addition, there is evidence that n-3 DPA possesses 10-fold greater endothelial cell migration ability than EPA, which is important in wound-healing processes. An in vivo study has reported that n-3 DPA reduces the fatty Acid synthase and malic enzyme activity levels in n-3 DPA-supplemented mice and these effects were stronger than the EPA-supplemented mice. Another recent in vivo study has reported that n-3 DPA may have a role in attenuating age-related decrease in spatial learning and long-term potentiation. However, more research remains to be done to further investigate the biological effects of this n-3 VLCPUFA.

Fereidoon Shahidi - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Two step-production of acylglycerols containing a high proportion of Docosapentaenoic Acid from marine omega-3 oil and their oxidative stability
    Journal of Food Bioactives, 2018
    Co-Authors: Zhongshui Yu, Jiankang Wang, Fereidoon Shahidi
    Abstract:

    The objective of this study was to concentrate polyunsaturated fatty Acid (PUFA) from seal blubber oil in an innovative manner to produce a high content of Docosapentaenoic Acid (DPA) in the resultant product. It also aimed at investigating the use of lipases as catalysts for synthesizing acylglycerols from glycerol and polyunsaturated fatty Acid concentrates. Additionally, study of the oxidative stability of acylglycerols synthesized by lipases was intended. A two-stage urea complexation process was used to concentrate PUFA from seal blubber oil, giving rise to a DPA content of up to 24.0% in the product. Enzymatic synthesis of acyglycerols directly from glycerol and fatty Acid concentrate was studied. Three lipases were used as biocatalysts for esterification. Lipase SP435 from Candida antarctica showed the highest activity for esterification. Effects of reaction parameters, namely temperature, time course and mole ratio of glycerol to fatty Acid were followed with all three lipases. The optimal reaction time was 24 hr at 30 °C at a mole ratio of glycerol to fatty Acid of 14:1. The maximum degree of acylglycerol synthesis was > 90%. The effect of time course and mole ratio of glycerol to fatty Acid on acylglycerols distribution was also determined. The oxidative stability of different samples under Schaal-oven conditions at 60 °C showed that the oxidative stability of acylglycerols was better than that of the corresponding fatty Acid esters.

  • oxidative stability of algal oils as affected by their minor components
    Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 2006
    Co-Authors: Reem Abuzaytoun, Fereidoon Shahidi
    Abstract:

    Algal oils, namely, arachidonic Acid single-cell oil (ARASCO), docosahexaenoic Acid single-cell oil (DHASCO), and a single-cell oil rich in both docosahexaenoic Acid and Docosapentaenoic Acid (OMEG...

  • enzymatic incorporation of capric Acid into a single cell oil rich in docosahexaenoic Acid and Docosapentaenoic Acid and oxidative stability of the resultant structured lipid
    Food Chemistry, 2005
    Co-Authors: Fayez Hamam, Fereidoon Shahidi
    Abstract:

    Lipase-assisted Acidolysis of a single cell oil rich in docosahexaenoic Acid (DHA, C22: 6n−3) and Docosapentaenoic Acid (DPA, C22:5n−6), commerically known as the OMEGA-GOLD oil, with capric Acid (CA, C10:0) was carried out. Screening of five commercially available lipases was carried out for oil to CA mole ratio of 1:3 at a temperature of 45 °C, a reaction time of 24 h, 4% (w/w of substrates) PS-30 lipase from Pseudomonas sp. and 2% (w/w of substrates and enzyme) water content. Stereospecific analysis indicated that CA was present mainly in the sn-1,3 positions of the triacylglycerol (TAG) molecules while DHA and DPA were mainly esterified to the sn-2 position. Enzymatically modified oil generally had higher conjugated diene (CD) and 2-thiobarbituric Acid (TBA) values than its unmodified counterpart. However, the oil subjected to the same reaction steps in the absence of any enzyme, exhibited a significantly (p<0.05) lower oxidative stability. Therefore, removal or alteration of endogenous antioxidants during the process may be primarily responsible for the compromised stability of the modified oil.

Philippe Legrand - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • The n-3 Docosapentaenoic Acid (DPA): A new player in the n-3 long chain polyunsaturated fatty Acid family
    Biochimie, 2019
    Co-Authors: Gaëtan Drouin, Vincent Rioux, Philippe Legrand
    Abstract:

    The n-3 Docosapentaenoic Acid (n-3 DPA) is less studied n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty Acid (LCPUFA), compared to its counterparts eicosapentaenoic Acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic Acid (DHA). Present in food sources in non-negligible quantities, as well as in human milk, dietary n-3 DPA is of current interest both for its ability to increase EPA and DHA tissue status and for its specific or shared biological effects. Indeed, some evidence showed that dietary n-3 DPA is a source of EPA and slightly DHA in the major metabolic organs. n-3 DPA is also the precursor of a large panel of lipid mediators (protectins, resolvins, maresins, isoprostanes) principally implicated in the pro-resolution of the inflammation with specific effects compared to the other n-3 LCPUFA. Recent results showed that n-3 DPA is implied in the improvement of cardiovascular and metabolic disease risk markers, especially plasma lipid parameters, platelet aggregation, insulin sensitivity and cellular plasticity. Moreover, n-3 DPA is the most abundant n-3 LCPUFA in the brain after DHA and it could be specifically beneficial for elderly neuroprotection, and early-life development. These results led to the development of two drugs specifically containing n-3 DPA. This review summarizes the different knowledge about n-3 DPA direct and indirect sources, availability and purification methods, focusing thereafter on the recent findings showing n-3 DPA relationship with fatty Acid metabolism, lipid mediators, Finally, the n-3 DPA biological and pharmacological effects are described.

  • Comparative effects of dietary n-3 Docosapentaenoic Acid (DPA), DHA and EPA on plasma lipid parameters, oxidative status and fatty Acid tissue composition
    The Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry, 2019
    Co-Authors: Gaëtan Drouin, Vincent Rioux, Etienne Guillocheau, Daniel Catheline, Charlotte Baudry, Pierre Guéret, Pascale Le Ruyet, Philippe Legrand
    Abstract:

    The specific and shared physiologic and metabolic effects of eicosapentaenoic Acid (EPA), docosahexaenoic Acid (DHA) and even more of n-3 Docosapentaenoic Acid (DPA) are poorly known. We investigated the physiological effects and the overall fatty Acid tissue composition of a nutritional supplementation of DPA compared both to EPA and DHA in healthy adult rats. Rats (n=32) were fed with semisynthetic diets supplemented or not with 1% of total lipids as EPA, DPA or DHA in ethyl esters form from weaning for 6 weeks. Fatty Acid tissue composition was determined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, and blood assays were performed. The DPA supplementation was the only one that led to a decrease in plasma triglycerides, total cholesterol, non-high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol, cholesterol esters and total cholesterol/HDL-cholesterol ratio compared to the nonsupplemented control group. The three supplemented groups had increased plasma total antioxidant status and superoxide dismutase activity. In all supplemented groups, the n-3 polyunsaturated fatty Acid level increased in all studied tissues (liver, heart, lung, spleen, kidney, red blood cells, splenocytes, peripheral mononucleated cells) except in the brain. We showed that the DPA supplementation affected the overall fatty Acid composition and increased DPA, EPA and DHA tissue contents in a similar way than with EPA. However, liver and heart DHA contents increased in DPA-fed rats at the same levels than in DHA-fed rats. Moreover, a large part of DPA seemed to be retroconverted into EPA in the liver (38.5%) and in the kidney (68.6%). In addition, the digestibility of DPA was lower than that of DHA and EPA.

  • impact of n 3 Docosapentaenoic Acid supplementation on fatty Acid composition in rat differs depending upon tissues and is influenced by the presence of dairy lipids in the diet
    Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 2018
    Co-Authors: Gaëtan Drouin, Vincent Rioux, Etienne Guillocheau, Daniel Catheline, Charlotte Baudry, Pascale Le Ruyet, Philippe Legrand
    Abstract:

    The n-3 Docosapentaenoic Acid (n-3 DPA) could be a novel source of n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty Acids (LCPUFA) with beneficial physiological effects. Following the supplementation of 0.5% p...

  • Impact of n-3 Docosapentaenoic Acid (DPA) supplementation on n-3 fatty Acid composition of tissues in rats
    2017
    Co-Authors: Gaëtan Drouin, Daniel Catheline, Charlotte Baudry, Pascale Le Ruyet, Philippe Legrand
    Abstract:

    Objectives and study The role of Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids (PUFA) n-3 on lipid metabolism is well known. However, most research focuses on docosahexaenoic Acid (DHA, C22:6 n-3) and eicosapentaenoic Acid (EPA, C20:5 n-3). Few studies concern Docosapentaenoic Acid n-3 (DPA n-3, C22:5 n-3), which is not commercially available in sufficient amount for in vivo studies. This fatty Acid is an intermediate between EPA and DHA in the n-3 PUFA conversion pathway from α-linolenic Acid (ALA, C18:3 n-3). It could be of interest both for DPA ability to be converted to EPA or DHA, mostly in the liver; and for its potential specific physiological effects. To our knowledge, no studies have been able to observe globally the specific enrichment of this fatty Acid in the tissues when it was supplemented in vivo. The objective of this study is therefore to examine the effect of DPA supplementation at a physiological dose on the PUFA composition of the main tissues in rats in order to guide future studies towards the search for physiological effects. Methods DPA was purified by preparative liquid chromatography. Two groups of Sprague Dawley male rats (n= 8 / group) were fed for 3 weeks from weaning with a 10% weight lipid diet supplemented or not with 0.5% DPA of total fatty Acids (TFA) and containing ALA (2.3% of TFA, ratio n-6/n-3= 5). The TFA composition of 20 tissues was investigated by gas chromatography coupled to a mass spectrometer. The two groups were compared by Student's t-test (p< 0.05). Results When supplemented, the proportion of DPA is significantly increased in the heart (x2.1), lung (x1.8), spleen (x1.6), bone marrow (x1.5) and kidney (X1.3). Its proportion tends to increase in the red blood cells (x1.4) and the pancreas (x1.2) but remains stable in the liver, plasma, brain and retina that are known to be impacted with diets supplemented with EPA or with DHA. DHA status was significantly increased in the spleen (x1.2), lung (x1.2) and tends to increase in the bone marrow (x1.6). DPA supplementation would therefore increase the conversion to DHA. The proportions of EPA were significantly increased in the liver (x2.0), plasma (x2.0), spleen (x1.5), lung (x1.3) and bone marrow (x1.1). This would confirm direct or indirect retroconversion through DHA from DPA to EPA. Concerning the n-6 series PUFAs in competition with the enzymes of the n-3 conversion pathway, the proportions of DPA n-6 (C22:5 n-6) and arachidonic Acid (C20:4 n- 6) decreased in some tissues specifically (red blood cells, heart, kidney, spleen, lung). Conclusion DPA supplementation at 0.5% of TFA results in enrichment of n-3 PUFA and depletion of n-6 PUFAs targeted in some tissues. This suggests a potential and specific action of this fatty Acid. Future studies are now scheduled to determine the potential physiological effects of DPA in these organs as compared to DHA and EPA.

Norman Salem - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • altered essential fatty Acid metabolism and composition in rat liver plasma heart and brain after microalgal dha addition to the diet
    Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry, 2011
    Co-Authors: Yu Hong Lin, Samit Shah, Norman Salem
    Abstract:

    To investigate the effect of docosahexaenoic Acid (DHA) without other highly unsaturated fatty Acids (HUFA) on n-3 and n-6 essential fatty Acid (EFA) metabolism and fatty Acid composition in mammals, a stable isotope tracer technique was used in adult rats fed diets with or without 1.3% of algal DHA in a base diet containing 15% of linoleic Acid and 3% of alpha-linolenic Acid over 8 weeks. The rats were administered orally a mixed oil containing 48 mg/kg body weight of deuterated linoleic and alpha-linolenic Acids and euthanized at 4, 8, 24, 96, 168, 240, 360 and 600 h after administration of the isotopes. Fatty Acid compositions and the concentrations of deuterated precursors and their respective metabolites were determined in rat liver, plasma, heart and brain as a function of time. DHA, Docosapentaenoic Acid and eicosapentaenoic Acid in the n-3 EFA family were significantly increased in all organs tested in the DHA-fed group, ranging from 5% to 200% greater in comparison with the control group. The accumulation of the metabolites, deuterated-DHA and deuterated-Docosapentaenoic Acid n-6 was greatly decreased by 1.5- to 2.5-fold in the dietary DHA group. In summary, feeding preformed DHA led to a marked increase in n-3 HUFA content of rat organs at the expense of n-6 HUFA and also prevented the accumulation of newly synthesized deuterated end products. This is the first study which has isolated the effects of DHA on the de novo metabolism on both the n-6 and n-3 EFA pathways.

  • artificial rearing with docosahexaenoic Acid and n 6 Docosapentaenoic Acid alters rat tissue fatty Acid composition
    Journal of Lipid Research, 2007
    Co-Authors: Ken D Stark, Sunyoung Lim, Norman Salem
    Abstract:

    Docosahexaenoic Acid (DHA; 22:6n-3) and n-6 Docosapentaenoic Acid (DPAn-6; 22:5n-6) are components of enriched animal feed and oil derived from Schizochytrium species microalgae. A one generation, artificial rearing model from day 2 after birth onward (AR) and a dam-reared control group (DAM) were used to examine DPAn-6 feeding on the fatty Acid composition of various rat tissues at 15 weeks of age. Four AR diets were based on an n-3 fatty Acid-deficient, 18:2n-6-based artificial milk with 22:6n-3 and/or 22:5n-6 added: AR-LA, AR-DHA, AR-DPAn-6, and AR-DHA+DPAn-6. The 22:6n-3 levels for the DAM, AR-DHA, and AR-DHA+DPAn-6 groups tended to be similar and higher than in the AR-LA and AR-DPAn-6 groups. The levels of 22:5n-6 tended to be higher only in the absence of dietary 22:6n-3. Adipose levels of 22:5n-6 was the only exception, as 22:5n-6 was significantly higher in AR-DHA+DPAn-6 than was observed in either the DAM or the AR-DHA group. There were no differences in 20:4n-6 levels within the tissues examined. In conclusion, 22:5n-6 replaces 22:6n-3 in the absence of 22:6n-3 only and does not appear to compete with 22:6n-3 in the presence of dietary 22:6n-3, suggesting that oils containing 22:5n-6 and 22:6n-3 may be a good dietary source of 22:6n-3.

  • docosahexaenoic Acid and n 6 Docosapentaenoic Acid supplementation alter rat skeletal muscle fatty Acid composition
    Lipids in Health and Disease, 2007
    Co-Authors: Ken D Stark, Sunyoung Lim, Norman Salem
    Abstract:

    Docosahexaenoic Acid (22:6n-3, DHA) and n-6 Docosapentaenoic Acid (22:5n-6, DPAn-6) are highly unsaturated fatty Acids (HUFA, ≥ 20 carbons, ≥ 3 double bonds) that differ by a single carbon-carbon double bond at the Δ19 position. Membrane 22:6n-3 may support skeletal muscle function through optimal ion pump activity of sarcoplasmic reticulum and electron transport in the mitochondria. Typically n-3 fatty Acid deficient feeding trials utilize linoleic Acid (18:2n-6, LA) as a comparison group, possibly introducing a lower level of HUFA in addition to n-3 fatty Acid deficiency. The use of 22:5n-6 as a dietary control is ideal for determining specific requirements for 22:6n-3 in various physiological processes. The incorporation of dietary 22:5n-6 into rat skeletal muscles has not been demonstrated previously. A one generation, artificial rearing model was utilized to supply 22:6n-3 and/or 22:5n-6 to rats from d2 after birth to adulthood. An n-3 fatty Acid deficient, artificial milk with 18:2n-6 was supplemented with 22:6n-3 and/or 22:5n-6 resulting in four artificially reared (AR) dietary groups; AR-LA, AR-DHA, AR-DPAn-6, AR-DHA+DPAn-6. A dam reared group (DAM) was included as an additional control. Animals were sacrificed at 15 wks and soleus, white gastrocnemius and red gastrocnemius muscles were collected for fatty Acid analyses. In all muscles of the DAM group, the concentration of 22:5n-6 was significantly lower than 22:6n-3 concentrations. While 22:5n-6 was elevated in the AR-LA group and the AR-DPAn-6 group, 20:4n-6 tended to be higher in the AR-LA muscles and not in the AR-DPAn-6 muscles. The AR-DHA+DPAn-6 had a slight, but non-significant increase in 22:5n-6 content. In the red gastrocnemius of the AR-DPAn-6 group, 22:5n-6 levels (8.1 ± 2.8 wt. %) did not reciprocally replace the 22:6n-3 levels observed in AR-DHA reared rats (12.2 ± 2.3 wt. %) suggesting a specific preference/requirement for 22:6n-3 in red gastrocnemius. Dietary 22:5n-6 is incorporated into skeletal muscles and appears to largely compete with 22:6n-3 for incorporation into lipids. In contrast, 18:2n-6 feeding tends to result in elevations of 20:4n-6 and restrained increases of 22:5n-6. As such, 22:5n-6 dietary comparison groups may be useful in elucidating specific requirements for 22:6n-3 to support optimal health and disease prevention.

  • incomplete replacement of docosahexaenoic Acid by n 6 Docosapentaenoic Acid in the rat retina after an n 3 fatty Acid deficient diet
    Experimental Eye Research, 2005
    Co-Authors: Norman Salem, Janice N Catalan, James Loewke, Sharon Majchrzak, Toru Moriguchi
    Abstract:

    When sources of n-3 fatty Acids are not present in the diet, nervous system docosahexaenoic Acid (22:6n3) is replaced by Docosapentaenoic Acid (22:5n6). Dams were fed either an n-3 deficient diet or one containing alpha-linolenic Acid (18:3n3) and 22:6n3 throughout pregnancy and lactation. Their male offspring at weaning also received either the n-3 deficient or n-3 adequate diets and were sacrificed at 5, 10, 20, 50 and 91 days of age. Retinal lipids were extracted and analysed by gas chromatography for fatty acyl content. The percentage of retinal 22:6n3 increased continuously over the 13 week course of the experiment but reached its maximal concentration around day 20. Non-reciprocal replacement of 22:6n3 by 22:5n6 was observed at postnatal day 20 and 50 but not at other time points. Complete replacement of 22:6n3 was apparent if elevations in both 22:5n6 and docosatetraenoic Acid (22:4n6) were considered. These data indicate that during the rapid period of accretion of retinal 22:6n3 around postnatal day 20, the supply of 22:5n6 to the retina was inadequate to completely replace 22:6n3 in n-3 deficient rats.

  • an extraordinary degree of structural specificity is required in neural phospholipids for optimal brain function n 6 Docosapentaenoic Acid substitution for docosahexaenoic Acid leads to a loss in spatial task performance
    Journal of Neurochemistry, 2005
    Co-Authors: Sunyoung Lim, Junji Hoshiba, Norman Salem
    Abstract:

    This study was conducted to determine whether provision of preformed dietary Docosapentaenoic Acid (DPAn-6) can replace docosahexaenoic Acid (DHA) for brain function as assessed by spatial task performance. A newly modified artificial rearing method was employed to generate n-3 fatty Acid-deficient rats. Newborn pups were separated from their mothers at 2 days of age and given artificial rat milk containing linoleic Acid (LA), or LA supplemented with 1% DHA (DHA), 1% DPAn-6 (DPA) or 1% DHA plus 0.4% DPAn-6 (DHA/DPA). The animals were then weaned onto similar pelleted diets. At adulthood, behavioural tasks were administered and then the brains were collected for fatty Acid analysis. The LA and DPA groups showed a lower (63-65%) brain DHA than the dam-reared, DHA and DHA/DPA groups and this loss was largely compensated for by an increase in brain DPAn-6. The brain fatty Acid composition in the DPA group was the same as that in the LA group at adulthood. In the Morris water maze, the LA and DPA groups exhibited a longer escape latency than the dam-reared and DHA groups and had a defect in spatial retention. In conclusion, DPAn-6 could not replace DHA for brain function, indicating a highly specific structural requirement for DHA.