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Zoe Argento - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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killing the golden goose the dangers of strengthening Domestic Trade secret rights in response to cyber misappropriation
Social Science Research Network, 2014Co-Authors: Zoe ArgentoAbstract:Hackers all over the world exploit our reliance on computer systems to take American Trade secrets. The response will likely be a dramatic strengthening of Trade secret law. Congress has already passed statutes strengthening Trade secret law, and more bills are pending. The alarmist rhetoric on cyber-risks to Trade secrets, however, ignores the most dangerous risk. By over-reacting to the threat of cyber-misappropriation, we may suppress the innovation and competition that produce our Trade secrets in the first place. This paper uses an array of studies on cyber-risks and Trade secret litigation to show that bolstering Trade secret rights will have little effect on cyber-misappropriation. The evidence indicates that Trade secret holders cannot and will not pursue cyber-misappropriators in court for technological and business reasons, not for legal reasons. Worse, strengthening Trade secret law will cause significant collateral damage. Trade secret holders will use stronger Trade secret rights in other types of misappropriation cases to impede follow-on innovation, restrict worker mobility, dampen competition, and hamper public access to useful information. In short, the costs outweigh the benefits of bolstering Trade secret law to combat cyber-misappropriation of Trade secrets.
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killing the golden goose the dangers of strengthening Domestic Trade secret rights in response to cyber misappropriation
Yale Journal of Law and Technology, 2014Co-Authors: Zoe ArgentoAbstract:2. Strengthening Trade Secret Rights through Federal Law The combination of cyber-risks and protectionism may lead to a radical strengthening of Trade secret law. Congress has already enacted statutes increasing Trade secret protection under criminal law. The logical next step is to strengthen civil Trade secret law through a federal law. A federal civil Trade secret law could provide advantages over the current state system, but it need not grant stronger rights to Trade secret holders than state law to provide the advantages of federalization. Nevertheless, due to Congress's one-sided concern with protecting Trade secrets, any federal civil Trade secret law enacted now is likely to grant much stronger rights to Trade secret holders than existing state law. In 2012, Congress upped the penalties for violating the EEA and broadened its reach to apply to a broader range of interstate activity. (191) More legislation appears likely. The Obama administration is now conducting a legislative review to determine if additional legislation is needed to enhance enforcement against Trade secret theft. (192) Meanwhile, a number of bills have been proposed or are now pending in Congress to provide additional protection to Trade secret holders. (193) One obvious legislative change would be to create a private party cause of action for Trade secret misappropriation under federal law. Some commentators on Trade secret law have advocated a federal civil Trade secret law for years. (194) Now, however, due to concerns about cybersecurity, advocacy for federalizing Trade secret law has intensified. Four bills in Congress propose federalizing civil Trade secret law. (195) And more than half of the parties that responded to the Obama administration's request for public comments on legislation to combat foreign Trade secret theft specifically recommended a federal civil Trade secret law. (196) More recently, the IP Commission, a bipartisan commission on the theft of American intellectual property, advocated a federal civil Trade secret law in May 2013. (197) Trade secret law is now the only one of the four major branches of intellectual property law lacking a federal private party cause of action. (198) Congress could do so under its Commerce Clause power, in the same way that the federal Trademark law and the EEA are enacted under Congress's power to regulate interstate commerce. (199) Ever since the UTSA was adopted, there has been a law review article written every decade or so that advocates for a civil cause of action under federal law. (200) The EEA has not satisfied this demand, since it is only a criminal federal Trade secret law. (201) A civil federal Trade secret law, according to advocates, could decrease both transactional and enforcement costs for many Trade secret holders by improving uniformity in Trade secret law across the country. (202) Although all but two states have adopted the Uniform Trade Secrets Act (UTSA) in some form, (203) almost every state has adopted a slightly different version. (204) As a result, supporters of a civil federal Trade secret law argue that companies that operate across state lines must invest time and money to investigate the different rules in each state in which it operates. (205) They contend that enforcement costs are higher, too, because of the time involved in researching the specific laws of each state in which the misappropriation occurred and litigating choice-of-law issues. (206) They conclude that a uniform federal law would decrease these costs. (207) This argument may be overstated. Although the statutes differ in some details, state courts typically agree on the core principles of Trade secret law. (208) To the extent that Trade secret law varies between states, however, growth in cyber-misappropriation bolsters the argument for a federal civil Trade secret law. Due to the fact that cyber-hackers may misappropriate data from wherever they have internet access, the defendants in cases of cyber-misappropriation are more likely to reside in a different state or even a different country than traditional defendants. …
Bo Zhang - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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exports driven primary energy requirements and the structural paths of chinese regions
Frontiers in Earth Science, 2020Co-Authors: Ying Liu, Xudong Sun, Bo Zhang, Chenghe GuanAbstract:As the major primary energy importer in the world, China has engaged in considerable efforts to ensure energy security. However, little attention has been paid to China’s embodied primary energy exports. Separating the international export from regional final demand, this paper focuses on quantifying provincial primary energy requirement arising from China’s exports, and tracing its concrete interprovincial supply chains using multi-regional input-output analysis and structural path analysis. Results show that China’s embodied primary energy uses in exports (EEE) reached 633.01 Mtce in 2012, compared to 565.15 Mtce in 2007. Four fifths of the EEE were supplied through interprovincial Trade. Eastern coastal provinces accounted for nearly 70% of the national total EEE, while their primary energy supply mainly sourced from the central and western provinces. Most interprovincial supply chain paths of embodied primary energy exports were traced to the coal mining sectors of Shanxi, Inner Mongolia and Shaanxi. Critical receiving sectors in the final export provinces were Chemical industry, Metallurgy, Electronic equipment, Textile and other manufacturing sectors. Important transmission sectors were Electricity and hot water production and supply and Petroleum refining, coking, etc. In view of the specific role of exports in primary energy requirements, provincial energy uses are largely dependent on its Domestic Trade position and degrees of industrial participation in the global economy. Managing critical industrial sectors and supply chain paths associated with the international exports provide new insights to ensure China’s energy security and to formulate targeted energy policies.
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energy implications of china s regional development new insights from multi regional input output analysis
Applied Energy, 2017Co-Authors: Xudong Sun, Han Qiao, Bo ZhangAbstract:Abstract Regional imbalance in development is amongst the most important challenges for China. As the country’s leading economic engines, three major economic circles representing 6.5% of the national land territory contributed to more than 2/5 of national gross Domestic product (GDP). This paper focuses on the impact of these three growth poles in China’s regional development, particularly for their embodied energy uses in light of multi-regional input-output analysis. Significantly, the three developed areas generated huge demands for embodied energy, 1237.52 Mtce and 40.1% of the total Domestic supply in 2010, but far from self-sufficient. In Yangtze-River-Delta , Pearl-River-Delta and Jing-Jin-Ji , 93.1%, 85.1% and 63.4% of their embodied energy uses respectively can be traced back to the energy-supply provinces such as Shanxi, Inner Mongolia and Shaanxi and other Trade partners. Over a half of the national interregional transfers of embodied energy via Domestic Trade were induced by the three economic circles’ final demand, largely resulted from their large-scale infrastructure construction, upgraded consumption structures, high export dependency and ongoing urbanization process. The results indicate that demand-driven embodied energy is a comprehensive indicator to reflect the real energy use patterns of developed regions or megacities and reveal their industrial positions in Domestic and even global supply chains. Understanding the temporal and spatial energy transition along with regional development from consumption-based insights is a vital step toward appropriately targeted policy making for the nationwide energy saving and emission reduction.
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growth in embodied energy transfers via china s Domestic Trade evidence from multi regional input output analysis
Applied Energy, 2016Co-Authors: Bo Zhang, Zhanming Chen, Han Qiao, Bin ChenAbstract:This paper investigates the temporal and spatial changes of embodied energy transfers via China’s Domestic Trade over 2002–2007 based on the multi-regional input–output models. Interregional Trade of total embodied energy uses approximately tripled between 2002 and 2007, and the total Trade volumes in it were equivalent to 38.2% of the national total direct primary energy input in 2002 and 62.9% of that in 2007, respectively. Among all the eight regions, Northwest, Central, Northeast and Southwest were the interregional net exporters and deficit receivers of embodied energy in contrast to East Coast, South Coast, North Coast and Beijing–Tianjin as interregional net importers and surplus receivers. Significant growth of net embodied energy transfers can be identified from central and western inland regions to eastern coastal regions, and the Central region partly served as a “transmission channel”. By considering the interregional embodied energy transfers, regional energy use inventories changed largely, and the spatial and temporal differences between 2002 and 2007 were expanding. Industrial positions in Domestic and global supply chains and inherent economic driving factors such as increasing regional consumption level, accelerated investment in fixed assets and rapidly expanding export were the major driving forces for the embodied energy transfers among regions. To form a set of useful tool for controlling energy consumption and achieving the goals for energy saving and emission reduction, China’s governors at all levels deserve to understand the relationships between energy producers and users from the view of demand-driven energy requirements.
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the impact of Domestic Trade on china s regional energy uses a multi regional input output modeling
Energy Policy, 2013Co-Authors: Bo Zhang, Zhanming Chen, X H Xia, Y B ChenAbstract:To systematically reveal how Domestic Trade impacts on China's regional energy uses, an interprovincial input–output modeling is carried out to address demand-derived energy requirements for the regional economies in 2007 based on the recently available data. Both the energy uses embodied in final demand and interregional Trade are investigated from the regional and sectoral insights. Significant net transfers of embodied energy flows are identified from the central and western areas to the eastern area via interregional Trade. Shanxi is the largest energy producer and interregional embodied energy deficit receiver, in contrast to Guangdong as the largest energy user and surplus receiver. By considering the impacts of interregional Trade, the energy uses of most eastern regions increase remarkably. For instance, Shanghai, Hainan, Zhejiang, Beijing, Jiangsu and Guangdong have their embodied energy requirements 87.49, 19.97, 13.64, 12.60, 6.46 and 6.38 times of their direct energy inputs, respectively. In contrast, the embodied energy uses of some central and western regions such as Inner Mongolia, Shanxi, Xinjiang, Shaanxi and Guizhou decrease largely. The results help understand the hidden network linkages of interregional embodied energy flows and provide critical insight to amend China's current end-reduction-oriented energy policies by addressing the problem of regional responsibility transfer.
Vincent Nijman - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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exploring cultural drivers for wildlife Trade via an ethnoprimatological approach a case study of slender and slow lorises loris and nycticebus in south and southeast asia
American Journal of Primatology, 2010Co-Authors: K A I Nekaris, Chris R Shepherd, C R Starr, Vincent NijmanAbstract:Illegal and unsustainable Trade in wildlife is a major conservation challenge. For Asian primates, economic and cultural traditions, and increased forest access mean that Trade may have become detrimental for certain species. Slow and slender lorises (Nycticebus and Loris) are primates particularly prevalent in Trade, determined until now by focused counts of lorises in regional markets. Here, we use international Trade statistics and a participant–observer approach to assess culturally specific drivers for Trade in lorises in South and Southeast Asia, to provide a broader context to help mitigate this practice. Analysis of international records for the last 30 years revealed that live animal Trade was more prevalent than Trade in body parts (slow lorises, 86.4%; slender lorises, 91.4%), with Laos, Cambodia, and Thailand the largest exporters. We then examine drivers of international and Domestic Trade based on long-term data from 1994–2009 in Sri Lanka, Cambodia, and Indonesia. We show that slender lorises are important in Sri Lankan folklore, but their use as pets and for traditional medicine is rare. Trade in Bengal slow and pygmy lorises in Cambodia for use in traditional medicines, a practice with deeply historical roots, is widespread. Despite its own set of myths about the magical and curative properties of lorises, Trade in Javan, Bornean, and greater slow lorises in Indonesia is largely for pets. Conservation practices in Asia are often generalized and linked with the region’s major religions and economies. We show here that, in the case of wildlife Trade, culturally specific patterns are evident among different ethnic groups, even within a country. Revealing such patterns is the foundation for developing conservation management plans for each species. We suggest some participatory methods for each country that may aid in this process. Am. J. Primatol. 72:877–886, 2010. r 2010 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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exploring cultural drivers for wildlife Trade via an ethnoprimatological approach a case study of slender and slow lorises loris and nycticebus in south and southeast asia
American Journal of Primatology, 2010Co-Authors: K A I Nekaris, Chris R Shepherd, C R Starr, Vincent NijmanAbstract:Illegal and unsustainable Trade in wildlife is a major conservation challenge. For Asian primates, economic and cultural traditions, and increased forest access mean that Trade may have become detrimental for certain species. Slow and slender lorises (Nycticebus and Loris) are primates particularly prevalent in Trade, determined until now by focused counts of lorises in regional markets. Here, we use international Trade statistics and a participant-observer approach to assess culturally specific drivers for Trade in lorises in South and Southeast Asia, to provide a broader context to help mitigate this practice. Analysis of international records for the last 30 years revealed that live animal Trade was more prevalent than Trade in body parts (slow lorises, 86.4%; slender lorises, 91.4%), with Laos, Cambodia, and Thailand the largest exporters. We then examine drivers of international and Domestic Trade based on long-term data from 1994-2009 in Sri Lanka, Cambodia, and Indonesia. We show that slender lorises are important in Sri Lankan folklore, but their use as pets and for traditional medicine is rare. Trade in Bengal slow and pygmy lorises in Cambodia for use in traditional medicines, a practice with deeply historical roots, is widespread. Despite its own set of myths about the magical and curative properties of lorises, Trade in Javan, Bornean, and greater slow lorises in Indonesia is largely for pets. Conservation practices in Asia are often generalized and linked with the region's major religions and economies. We show here that, in the case of wildlife Trade, culturally specific patterns are evident among different ethnic groups, even within a country. Revealing such patterns is the foundation for developing conservation management plans for each species. We suggest some participatory methods for each country that may aid in this process.
C R Starr - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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exploring cultural drivers for wildlife Trade via an ethnoprimatological approach a case study of slender and slow lorises loris and nycticebus in south and southeast asia
American Journal of Primatology, 2010Co-Authors: K A I Nekaris, Chris R Shepherd, C R Starr, Vincent NijmanAbstract:Illegal and unsustainable Trade in wildlife is a major conservation challenge. For Asian primates, economic and cultural traditions, and increased forest access mean that Trade may have become detrimental for certain species. Slow and slender lorises (Nycticebus and Loris) are primates particularly prevalent in Trade, determined until now by focused counts of lorises in regional markets. Here, we use international Trade statistics and a participant–observer approach to assess culturally specific drivers for Trade in lorises in South and Southeast Asia, to provide a broader context to help mitigate this practice. Analysis of international records for the last 30 years revealed that live animal Trade was more prevalent than Trade in body parts (slow lorises, 86.4%; slender lorises, 91.4%), with Laos, Cambodia, and Thailand the largest exporters. We then examine drivers of international and Domestic Trade based on long-term data from 1994–2009 in Sri Lanka, Cambodia, and Indonesia. We show that slender lorises are important in Sri Lankan folklore, but their use as pets and for traditional medicine is rare. Trade in Bengal slow and pygmy lorises in Cambodia for use in traditional medicines, a practice with deeply historical roots, is widespread. Despite its own set of myths about the magical and curative properties of lorises, Trade in Javan, Bornean, and greater slow lorises in Indonesia is largely for pets. Conservation practices in Asia are often generalized and linked with the region’s major religions and economies. We show here that, in the case of wildlife Trade, culturally specific patterns are evident among different ethnic groups, even within a country. Revealing such patterns is the foundation for developing conservation management plans for each species. We suggest some participatory methods for each country that may aid in this process. Am. J. Primatol. 72:877–886, 2010. r 2010 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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exploring cultural drivers for wildlife Trade via an ethnoprimatological approach a case study of slender and slow lorises loris and nycticebus in south and southeast asia
American Journal of Primatology, 2010Co-Authors: K A I Nekaris, Chris R Shepherd, C R Starr, Vincent NijmanAbstract:Illegal and unsustainable Trade in wildlife is a major conservation challenge. For Asian primates, economic and cultural traditions, and increased forest access mean that Trade may have become detrimental for certain species. Slow and slender lorises (Nycticebus and Loris) are primates particularly prevalent in Trade, determined until now by focused counts of lorises in regional markets. Here, we use international Trade statistics and a participant-observer approach to assess culturally specific drivers for Trade in lorises in South and Southeast Asia, to provide a broader context to help mitigate this practice. Analysis of international records for the last 30 years revealed that live animal Trade was more prevalent than Trade in body parts (slow lorises, 86.4%; slender lorises, 91.4%), with Laos, Cambodia, and Thailand the largest exporters. We then examine drivers of international and Domestic Trade based on long-term data from 1994-2009 in Sri Lanka, Cambodia, and Indonesia. We show that slender lorises are important in Sri Lankan folklore, but their use as pets and for traditional medicine is rare. Trade in Bengal slow and pygmy lorises in Cambodia for use in traditional medicines, a practice with deeply historical roots, is widespread. Despite its own set of myths about the magical and curative properties of lorises, Trade in Javan, Bornean, and greater slow lorises in Indonesia is largely for pets. Conservation practices in Asia are often generalized and linked with the region's major religions and economies. We show here that, in the case of wildlife Trade, culturally specific patterns are evident among different ethnic groups, even within a country. Revealing such patterns is the foundation for developing conservation management plans for each species. We suggest some participatory methods for each country that may aid in this process.
Bin Chen - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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growth in embodied energy transfers via china s Domestic Trade evidence from multi regional input output analysis
Applied Energy, 2016Co-Authors: Bo Zhang, Zhanming Chen, Han Qiao, Bin ChenAbstract:This paper investigates the temporal and spatial changes of embodied energy transfers via China’s Domestic Trade over 2002–2007 based on the multi-regional input–output models. Interregional Trade of total embodied energy uses approximately tripled between 2002 and 2007, and the total Trade volumes in it were equivalent to 38.2% of the national total direct primary energy input in 2002 and 62.9% of that in 2007, respectively. Among all the eight regions, Northwest, Central, Northeast and Southwest were the interregional net exporters and deficit receivers of embodied energy in contrast to East Coast, South Coast, North Coast and Beijing–Tianjin as interregional net importers and surplus receivers. Significant growth of net embodied energy transfers can be identified from central and western inland regions to eastern coastal regions, and the Central region partly served as a “transmission channel”. By considering the interregional embodied energy transfers, regional energy use inventories changed largely, and the spatial and temporal differences between 2002 and 2007 were expanding. Industrial positions in Domestic and global supply chains and inherent economic driving factors such as increasing regional consumption level, accelerated investment in fixed assets and rapidly expanding export were the major driving forces for the embodied energy transfers among regions. To form a set of useful tool for controlling energy consumption and achieving the goals for energy saving and emission reduction, China’s governors at all levels deserve to understand the relationships between energy producers and users from the view of demand-driven energy requirements.
