Drug Dose

14,000,000 Leading Edge Experts on the ideXlab platform

Scan Science and Technology

Contact Leading Edge Experts & Companies

Scan Science and Technology

Contact Leading Edge Experts & Companies

The Experts below are selected from a list of 249186 Experts worldwide ranked by ideXlab platform

Samir S Taneja - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • re determination of optimal Drug Dose and light Dose index to achieve minimally invasive focal ablation of localized prostate cancer using wst11 vascular targeted photodynamic vtp therapy
    The Journal of Urology, 2014
    Co-Authors: Samir S Taneja
    Abstract:

    for this article http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.juro.2014.07.071 available at http://jurology.com/ Editorial Comment: This study of photodynamic therapy for focal treatment of prostate cancer reflects the findings in men treated in a phase I/II Dose escalation study of a vascular targeted photodynamic therapy using an agent, WST11, which largely remains in the vascular space. The Drug, when exposed to a specific wavelength of light, causes vascular thrombosis and tissue necrosis. In this study men with unilateral cancer on biopsy were subjected to gland hemiablation by vascular targeted photodynamic therapy. At increasing Doses of Drug, laser energy and number of laser fibers an optimal combination of Drug Dose and light energy was defined. At this Dose confluent necrosis of the desired treatment volume was achieved in the majority of men treated. A previous version of the Drug, WST09, was associated with considerable toxicity, resulting in cessation of its clinical development. None of the previous toxicity was observed with the current Drug. A number of men in this and subsequent studies had residual cancer on biopsy, typically in untreated regions of the prostate. This finding illustrates the importance of 2 separate issues in evaluating the efficacy of focal therapy. First, the best method for candidate selection and cancer localization must be determined. This study falls short in addressing that issue. Systematic biopsy is clearly inadequate. The other concern, ie how to achieve confluent, complete zonal necrosis, is well addressed in this subset evaluation.

H C Standiford - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • pharmacodynamics of a fluoroquinolone antimicrobial agent in a neutropenic rat model of pseudomonas sepsis
    Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, 1993
    Co-Authors: G L Drusano, D E Johnson, M Rosen, H C Standiford
    Abstract:

    We examined the impact of Dose fractionation and altered MICs on survivorship in a neutropenic rat model of Pseudomonas aeruginosa sepsis employing the new fluoroquinolone antibiotic lomefloxacin. Once-daily administration of a Drug Dose which produced a high peak concentration/MIC (peak/MIC) ratio (ca. 20/1) produced significantly better survivorship compared with regimens employing the same daily Dose but on a more fractionated schedule. The use of a smaller Dose, producing lower (< 10/1) peak/MIC ratios, did not show this effect, as once-daily and twice-daily regimens produced equivalent results (the area under the concentration-time curve/MIC ratio was linked to survivorship). Challenge with resistant mutants selected for altered MICs of fluoroquinolones (two and four times the MIC for the parent strain, respectively) resulted in markedly diminished survivorship. Challenge with the parent strain and use of a Drug Dose which produced a peak/MIC ratio identical to that for animals challenged with the mutant for which the MIC was four times that for the parent strain and treated with the larger Drug Dose produced survivorship curves which were not different. For this animal model, peak/MIC ratio was linked to survivorship, particularly when high ratios (10/1 to 20/1) were obtained. At lower Doses, producing peak/MIC ratios < 10/1, the area under the concentration-time curve relative to the MIC appeared to be most closely linked to outcome. The time that levels in plasma exceeded the MIC did not influence survivorship. The hypothesis most likely to explain these findings is that higher peak/MIC ratios can suppress the parent strain and mutant organisms (gyrA and transport mutants) for which the MIC is higher but limited (no more than eight times that for the parent strain).

  • pharmacodynamics of a fluoroquinolone antimicrobial agent in a neutropenic rat model of pseudomonas sepsis
    Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, 1993
    Co-Authors: G L Drusano, D E Johnson, M Rosen, H C Standiford
    Abstract:

    We examined the impact of Dose fractionation and altered MICs on survivorship in a neutropenic rat model of Pseudomonas aeruginosa sepsis employing the new fluoroquinolone antibiotic lomefloxacin. Once-daily administration of a Drug Dose which produced a high peak concentration/MIC (peak/MIC) ratio (ca. 20/1) produced significantly better survivorship compared with regimens employing the same daily Dose but on a more fractionated schedule. The use of a smaller Dose, producing lower (

Alessandra Cifra - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Incidence of oral thrush in patients with COPD prescribed inhaled corticosteroids : Effect of Drug, Dose, and device
    Respiratory medicine, 2016
    Co-Authors: P. N. Richard Dekhuijzen, Maria Batsiou, Leif Bjermer, Sinthia Bosnic-anticevich, Henry Chrystyn, Alberto Papi, Roberto Rodriguez-roisin, Monica Fletcher, Lucy Wood, Alessandra Cifra
    Abstract:

    Abstract Background and aims Little information is available on real-life occurrence of oral thrush in COPD patients treated with ICS. We investigated oral thrush incidence in COPD patients prescribed FDC ICS/LABA therapies and assessed whether it is modulated by the ICS type, Dose, and delivery device. Methods We conducted a historical, observational, matched cohort study (one baseline year before and one outcome year after initiation of therapy) using data from the UK Optimum Patient Care Research Database. We assessed oral thrush incidence in patients initiating long-acting bronchodilators or FDC ICS/LABA therapy. We then compared different combination therapies (budesonide/formoterol fumarate dihydrate [BUD/FOR] and fluticasone propionate/salmeterol xinafoate [FP/SAL]) and devices (DPI and pMDI). Results Patients prescribed FDC ICS/LABA had significantly greater odds of experiencing oral thrush than those prescribed long-acting bronchodilators alone (adjusted OR 2.18 [95% CI 1.84–2.59]). Significantly fewer patients prescribed BUD/FOR DPI developed oral thrush compared with FP/SAL DPI (OR 0.77 [0.63–0.94]) when allowing for differences in prescribed Doses between the Drugs. A significantly smaller proportion of patients developed oral thrush in the FP/SAL pMDI arm than in the FP/SAL DPI arm (OR 0.67 [0.55–0.82]). Additionally, in the FP/SAL cohort (both DPI and pMDI), increased risk of oral thrush was significantly associated with high ICS daily Dose (OR 1.97 [1.22–3.17] vs low daily Dose). Conclusions ICS use increases oral thrush incidence in COPD and this effect is Dose-dependent for FP/SAL therapies. Of the therapies assessed, FP/SAL pMDI and BUD/FOR DPI may be more protective against oral thrush.

Donald G. Grosset - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

Philip J Wiffen - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • single Dose oral analgesics for acute postoperative pain in adults
    Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 2011
    Co-Authors: R A Moore, Sheena Derry, Henry J Mcquay, Philip J Wiffen
    Abstract:

    Background Thirty-five Cochrane Reviews of randomised trials testing the analgesic efficacy of individual Drug interventions in acute postoperative pain have been published. This overview brings together the results of all those reviews and assesses the reliability of available data. Objectives To summarise data from all Cochrane Reviews that have assessed the effects of pharmaceutical interventions for acute pain in adults with at least moderate pain following surgery, who have been given a single Dose of oral analgesic taken alone. Methods We identified systematic reviews in The Cochrane Library through a simple search strategy. All reviews were overseen by a single Review Group, had a standard title, and had as their primary outcome numbers of participants with at least 50% pain relief over four to six hours compared with placebo. For individual reviews we extracted the number needed to treat (NNT) for this outcome for each Drug/Dose combination, and also the percentage of participants achieving at least 50% maximum pain relief, the mean of mean or median time to remedication, the percentage of participants remedicating by 6, 8, 12, or 24 hours, and results for participants experiencing at least one adverse event. Main results The overview included 35 separate Cochrane Reviews with 38 analyses of single Dose oral analgesics tested in acute postoperative pain models, with results from about 45,000 participants studied in approximately 350 individual studies. The individual reviews included only high-quality trials of standardised design and outcome reporting. The reviews used standardised methods and reporting for both efficacy and harm. Event rates with placebo were consistent in larger data sets. No statistical comparison was undertaken. There were reviews but no trial data were available for acemetacin, meloxicam, nabumetone, nefopam, sulindac, tenoxicam, and tiaprofenic acid. Inadequate amounts of data were available for dexibuprofen, dextropropoxyphene 130 mg, diflunisal 125 mg, etoricoxib 60 mg, fenbufen, and indometacin. Where there was adequate information for Drug/Dose combinations (at least 200 participants, in at least two studies), we defined the addition of four comparisons of typical size (400 participants in total) with zero effect as making the result potentially subject to publication bias and therefore unreliable. Reliable results were obtained for 46 Drug/Dose combinations in all painful postsurgical conditions; 45 in dental pain and 14 in other painful conditions. NNTs varied from about 1.5 to 20 for at least 50% maximum pain relief over four to six hours compared with placebo. The proportion of participants achieving this level of benefit varied from about 30% to over 70%, and the time to remedication varied from two hours (placebo) to over 20 hours in the same pain condition. Participants reporting at least one adverse event were few and generally no different between active Drug and placebo, with a few exceptions, principally for aspirin and opioids. Drug/Dose combinations with good (low) NNTs were ibuprofen 400 mg (2.5; 95% confidence interval (CI) 2.4 to 2.6), diclofenac 50 mg (2.7; 95% CI 2.4 to 3.0), etoricoxib 120 mg (1.9; 95% CI 1.7 to 2.1), codeine 60 mg + paracetamol 1000 mg (2.2; 95% CI 1.8 to 2.9), celecoxib 400 mg (2.5; 95% CI 2.2 to 2.9), and naproxen 500/550 mg (2.7; 95% CI 2.3 to 3.3). Long duration of action (≥ 8 hours) was found for etoricoxib 120 mg, diflunisal 500 mg, oxycodone 10 mg + paracetamol 650 mg, naproxen 500/550 mg, and celecoxib 400 mg. Not all participants had good pain relief and for many Drug/Dose combinations 50% or more did not achieve at last 50% maximum pain relief over four to six hours. Authors' conclusions There is a wealth of reliable evidence on the analgesic efficacy of single Dose oral analgesics. There is also important information on Drugs for which there are no data, inadequate data, or where results are unreliable due to susceptibility to publication bias. This should inform choices by professionals and consumers.

  • Single Dose oral analgesics for acute postoperative pain in adults.
    2011
    Co-Authors: R A Moore, Derry S, Hj Mcquay, Philip J Wiffen
    Abstract:

    Thirty-five Cochrane Reviews of randomised trials testing the analgesic efficacy of individual Drug interventions in acute postoperative pain have been published. This overview brings together the results of all those reviews and assesses the reliability of available data. To summarise data from all Cochrane Reviews that have assessed the effects of pharmaceutical interventions for acute pain in adults with at least moderate pain following surgery, who have been given a single Dose of oral analgesic taken alone. We identified systematic reviews in The Cochrane Library through a simple search strategy. All reviews were overseen by a single Review Group, had a standard title, and had as their primary outcome numbers of participants with at least 50% pain relief over four to six hours compared with placebo. For individual reviews we extracted the number needed to treat (NNT) for this outcome for each Drug/Dose combination, and also the percentage of participants achieving at least 50% maximum pain relief, the mean of mean or median time to remedication, the percentage of participants remedicating by 6, 8, 12, or 24 hours, and results for participants experiencing at least one adverse event. The overview included 35 separate Cochrane Reviews with 38 analyses of single Dose oral analgesics tested in acute postoperative pain models, with results from about 45,000 participants studied in approximately 350 individual studies. The individual reviews included only high-quality trials of standardised design and outcome reporting. The reviews used standardised methods and reporting for both efficacy and harm. Event rates with placebo were consistent in larger data sets. No statistical comparison was undertaken.There were reviews but no trial data were available for acemetacin, meloxicam, nabumetone, nefopam, sulindac, tenoxicam, and tiaprofenic acid. Inadequate amounts of data were available for dexibuprofen, dextropropoxyphene 130 mg, diflunisal 125 mg, etoricoxib 60 mg, fenbufen, and indometacin. Where there was adequate information for Drug/Dose combinations (at least 200 participants, in at least two studies), we defined the addition of four comparisons of typical size (400 participants in total) with zero effect as making the result potentially subject to publication bias and therefore unreliable. Reliable results were obtained for 46 Drug/Dose combinations in all painful postsurgical conditions; 45 in dental pain and 14 in other painful conditions.NNTs varied from about 1.5 to 20 for at least 50% maximum pain relief over four to six hours compared with placebo. The proportion of participants achieving this level of benefit varied from about 30% to over 70%, and the time to remedication varied from two hours (placebo) to over 20 hours in the same pain condition. Participants reporting at least one adverse event were few and generally no different between active Drug and placebo, with a few exceptions, principally for aspirin and opioids.Drug/Dose combinations with good (low) NNTs were ibuprofen 400 mg (2.5; 95% confidence interval (CI) 2.4 to 2.6), diclofenac 50 mg (2.7; 95% CI 2.4 to 3.0), etoricoxib 120 mg (1.9; 95% CI 1.7 to 2.1), codeine 60 mg + paracetamol 1000 mg (2.2; 95% CI 1.8 to 2.9), celecoxib 400 mg (2.5; 95% CI 2.2 to 2.9), and naproxen 500/550 mg (2.7; 95% CI 2.3 to 3.3). Long duration of action (≥ 8 hours) was found for etoricoxib 120 mg, diflunisal 500 mg, oxycodone 10 mg + paracetamol 650 mg, naproxen 500/550 mg, and celecoxib 400 mg.Not all participants had good pain relief and for many Drug/Dose combinations 50% or more did not achieve at last 50% maximum pain relief over four to six hours. There is a wealth of reliable evidence on the analgesic efficacy of single Dose oral analgesics. There is also important information on Drugs for which there are no data, inadequate data, or where results are unreliable due to susceptibility to publication bias. This should inform choices by professionals and consumers

Related terms

Drug Dose - 15 days free trial to Access Experts & Abstracts