The Experts below are selected from a list of 49119 Experts worldwide ranked by ideXlab platform
Nicholas Corsaro - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
-
the high point Drug Market intervention examining impact across target areas and offense types
Victims & Offenders, 2013Co-Authors: Nicholas CorsaroAbstract:Abstract The High Point Police Department in North Carolina was the first law enforcement agency to implement a series of “pulling levers” interventions in specific neighborhoods in order to reduce crime problems associated with street-level Drug Markets. The High Point Drug Market Intervention (DMI) has since received considerable attention among practitioner and researcher audiences given the promise of the strategy seen in prior research. However, no study to date has examined the relative impacts across the different target neighborhood contexts as well as among crime outcomes within High Point. A series of interrupted time series models indicates the initial neighborhood (West End) experienced the greatest offense reductions between the preintervention and postintervention period. The second site (Daniel Brooks) showed more modest crime declines, and the latter two sites (Southside and East Central) did not demonstrate significant crime changes. Potential explanations and directions for future studie...
-
are suppression and deterrence mechanisms enough examining the pulling levers Drug Market intervention strategy in peoria illinois usa
International Journal of Drug Policy, 2013Co-Authors: Nicholas Corsaro, Rodney K BrunsonAbstract:Abstract Background Police agencies across the globe enforce laws that prohibit Drug transportation, distribution, and use with varying degrees of effectiveness. Within the United States, law enforcement strategies that rely on partnerships between criminal justice officials, neighbourhood residents, and social service providers (i.e., collaborative implementation) have shown considerable promise for reducing crime and disorder associated with open-air Drug Markets. The current study examines a comprehensive police enforcement strategy conducted in Peoria, Illinois (USA) designed to reduce patterns of crime and violence associated with an open-air Drug Market in a specific neighbourhood. Methods Change in neighbourhood crime was assessed using Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average (ARIMA) interrupted time series analysis. Further, target area residents were surveyed to gauge their awareness of the police intervention as well as perceived changes in local crime patterns. Results Analyses indicate that the intervention did not produce significant changes in neighbourhood crime offense rates between pre- and post-intervention periods. In addition, the majority of surveyed residents within the target area did not demonstrate an awareness of the intervention nor did they report perceived changes in local crime patterns. Conclusions Study findings suggest that police-led approaches in the absence of high levels of community awareness and involvement may have less capacity to generate crime-control when focusing on open-air Drug Markets. We propose that police agencies adopting this strategy invest considerable resources toward achieving community awareness and participation in order to increase the potential for attaining significant and substantive programmatic impact.
-
the impact of Drug Market pulling levers policing on neighborhood violence an evaluation of the high point Drug Market intervention
Criminology and public policy, 2012Co-Authors: Nicholas Corsaro, Eleazer D Hunt, Natalie Kroovand Hipple, Edmund F McgarrellAbstract:Research Summary Pulling levers policing draws upon the focused deterrence framework, which has shown considerable promise when directed at youth, gun, and gang offenders. However, much less is known about the viability of pulling levers when applied to different contexts as well as to diverse groups of offenders. We examine the High Point (North Carolina) Drug Market Intervention (DMI), the first site to use pulling levers as a place-based policing approach to disrupt a series of open-air Drug Markets across the city. Eleven years of longitudinal data are analyzed by using difference-in-difference panel regression analyses combined with finite mixture estimation as a means to test for divergence in violent crime patterns. Several key, although inconsistent, findings are presented. First, we found a statistically significant reduction in violent offenses in specific high-crime places (i.e., high-trajectory census blocks) located across the different targeted neighborhoods compared with the remainder of High Point, and relative to comparable nontargeted areas. Second, the citywide violent crime rate actually increased after a series of interventions unfolded, which may suggest limitations with the approach. Finally, trend analyses indicated the strategy had different levels of violent crime impact throughout unique geographic contexts. Policy Implications Rather than arresting every offender identified as having participated in illicit Drug trafficking across various geographic contexts within the city, officials in High Point decided to invite low-risk Drug offenders to community notification sessions in order to change their perceived risk of punishment as well as to mobilize community members across the different targeted neighborhoods. The suggestive evidence of potential, although limited, violent crime impact illustrates that this type of policing strategy may hold considerable promise. This interpretation gains credence when considered with prior evaluations of the DMI approach that illustrated the potential for reducing Drug-related crime and in light of reports of improved police–community relations. The inconsistent findings across all locations and the overall city increase in violent crime toward the end of the study period, however, raise several concerns when interpreting study results. Additionally, our findings suggest that further replications should include systematic problem-identification, process measures, and more precise research designs.
Evan Wood - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
-
effect of Drug law enforcement on Drug Market violence a systematic review
International Journal of Drug Policy, 2011Co-Authors: Dan Werb, Greg Rowell, Gordon H Guyatt, Thomas Kerr, Julio S G Montaner, Evan WoodAbstract:Violence is amongst the primary concerns of communities around the world and research has demon- strated links between violence and the illicit Drug trade, particularly in urban settings. Given the growing emphasis on evidence-based policy-making, and the ongoing severe Drug Market violence in Mexico and other settings, we conducted a systematic review to examine the impacts of Drug law enforcement on Drug Market violence. We conducted a systematic review using Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. Specifically, we undertook a search of English language electronic databases (Academic Search Complete, PubMed, PsycINFO, EMBASE, Web of Science, Sociolog- ical Abstracts, Social Service Abstracts, PAIS International and Lexis-Nexis), the Internet (Google, Google Scholar), and article reference lists, from database inception to January 24, 2011. Overall, 15 studies were identified that evaluated the impact of Drug law enforcement on Drug Market violence, including 11 (73%) longitudinal analyses using linear regression, 2 (13%) mathematical Drug Market models, and 2 (13%) qualitative studies. Fourteen (93%) studies reported an adverse impact of Drug law enforcement on levels of violence. Ten of the 11 (91%) studies employing longitudinal qualitative analyses found a significant association between Drug law enforcement and Drug Market violence. Our findings suggest that increasing Drug law enforcement is unlikely to reduce Drug Market violence. Instead, the existing evidence base suggests that gun violence and high homicide rates may be an inevitable consequence of Drug prohibition and that disrupting Drug Markets can paradoxically increase violence. In this context, and since Drug prohibition has not meaningfully reduced Drug supply, alternative regulatory models will be required if Drug supply and Drug Market violence are to be meaningfully reduced.
-
the public health and social impacts of Drug Market enforcement a review of the evidence
International Journal of Drug Policy, 2005Co-Authors: Thomas Kerr, Evan Wood, Will SmallAbstract:The primary response to the harms associated with illicit injection Drug use in most settings has involved intensifying law enforcement in an effort to limit the supply and use of Drugs. Policing approaches have been increasingly applied within illicit Drug Markets since the 1980s despite limited scientific confirmation of their efficacy. On the contrary, a growing body of research indicates that these approaches have substantial potential to produce harmful health and social impacts, including disrupting the provision of health care to injection Drug users (IDU), increasing risk behaviour associated with infectious disease transmission and overdose, and exposing previously unaffected communities to the harms associated illicit with Drug use. There are, however, alternatives to traditional targeted enforcement approaches that may have substantially less potential for negative health and social consequences and greater potential for net community benefit. Some of these approaches involve modifying policing practices, fostering partnerships between policing and public health agencies, and developing systems to monitor policing practices. Other alternatives involve the provision of harm reduction services, such as safer injecting facilities, that help to minimize Drug-related harms, and addiction treatment services which ultimately help to reduce the demand for illicit Drugs. © 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Ross Coomber - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
-
Do online illicit Drug Market exchanges afford rationality
Contemporary Drug Problems, 2020Co-Authors: Andrew Childs, Ross Coomber, Melissa BullAbstract:Rational choice perspectives have been the dominant models used for conceptualizing the nature of exchanges in illicit Drug Markets, but various critiques have found these abstracted assumptions inadequate for understanding concrete illicit Drug Market activity. Considerably less, however, is known about key aspects of rationality in exchanges within online Drug Markets. Recognizing the inadequacies of an underlying homo economicus, we instead conceive Drug Market exchanges as complex assemblages, noting how exchanges are reconstructed in online spaces, and technological affordances may facilitate elements of rationality in Drug exchanges. Adopting these notions allows us to argue that aspects of rationality can potentially contribute to an understanding of exchange practices in online Markets, and that online channels can afford assumptions of utility-maximization, rich Market information to guide decision-making, and anonymity in the exchange. In addition, consideration is given to the structural variability of online illicit Drug Markets, and that the affordance of rationality should be considered across a spectrum of applicability that takes into account the specifics of each dimension of online Drug Market (i.e. Drug cryptoMarkets, illicit online pharmacies, and “app-based” Drug Markets).
-
a tale of two cities understanding differences in levels of heroin crack Market related violence a two city comparison
Criminal Justice Review, 2015Co-Authors: Ross CoomberAbstract:Despite increasing evidence of greatly differentiated illicit Drug Markets, common depictions and conceptualizations of “the” Drug Market remain subject to overhomogenization. As regards Drug marke...
-
street level Drug Market activity in sydney s primary heroin Markets organization adulteration practices pricing Marketing and violence
Journal of Drug Issues, 2006Co-Authors: Ross Coomber, Lisa MaherAbstract:This study is a qualitative exploration of two distinctive high-profile street Drug Markets in Sydney, Australia. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 32 street-level heroin dealers about their experiences of selling Drugs in these areas, Market organization, Drug adulteration and quality assessment practices, and the extent and impact of violence associated with these Markets. Most dealers operated independently, working for themselves or in loosely defined groups of two or three with little or no hierarchy while others acted as “runners,” selling for others for a percentage of sales. A range of “folk” or nonscientific methods were employed for testing the quality of Drugs, and adulteration or “cutting” of Drugs was rare. Moreover, this research suggests that even during periods of heroin scarcity, increased adulteration is not an inevitable outcome. In contrast to popular perceptions, dealers in both areas cooperated with each other, and little intimidatory rivalry was reported or observed. In...
-
there s no such thing as a free lunch how freebies and credit operate as part of rational Drug Market activity
Journal of Drug Issues, 2003Co-Authors: Ross CoomberAbstract:Twenty-one incarcerated Drug dealers and 60 opiate users were questioned about the provision of “freebies” (free Drugs) and credit in Drug Market transactions in London and the UK. In particular, each group was asked about the context within which either of these activities might occur and the underlying rationales for them. In contradiction to the common image of Drug dealers providing “freebies” as an attempt to secure the custom of nonaddicted individuals (often portrayed as children), it emerged that the provision of free Drugs and credit took place within tightly circumscribed conditions. Primarily, the provision of free Drugs and credit (two distinct modes of operation with differing outcomes) were available to those known and “trusted” by the dealer and used to cultivate and bond customer relations (freebies) as well as facilitate continued business with the reliable (credit). Credit was not used to “trap” individuals into a dealing relationship. Rather, both parties approach it cautiously. How the...
Andrew T Ching - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
-
structural models of the prescription Drug Market
Social Science Research Network, 2019Co-Authors: Andrew T Ching, Manuel Hermosilla, Qiang LiuAbstract:Structural models have become a frontier tool in business and economics research. In this survey, we discuss the literature on structural models for the prescription Drug Market, which has attracted a significant attention from researchers in Marketing and economics, and related fields. The literature has evolved from adopting standard structural models developed for other Markets to models that are specifically designed to capture the nuance of Drug prescription behaviour. Along the way, these empirical frameworks have not only greatly improved in explaining stylized facts, but also at producing better (more reasonable) counterfactual predictions. Topics covered by this survey include the application of learning models to explain slow diffusion, post-patent expiry competition, pre-patent expiry competition, R&D and new Drug introduction, managerial and public policy analysis, and the economics of the Medicare Part-D program. We conclude by discussing future research directions.
-
structural models of the prescription Drug Market
2019Co-Authors: Andrew T Ching, Manuel Hermosilla, Qiang LiuAbstract:We survey the literature on structural models for the prescription Drug Market, which has attracted significant attention from researchers in Marketing and economics, and related fields. The literature has evolved from adopting standard structural models developed for other Markets to models that are specifically designed to capture the institutional details of the prescription Drug Market. Along the way, these empirical frameworks have not only greatly improved in terms of explaining stylized facts, but also in terms of producing better counterfactual predictions. Topics covered by this survey include the application of learning models to explain slow diffusion, post-patent expiry competition, prepatent expiry competition, R&D and new Drug introduction, managerial and public policy analysis, and the economics of the Medicare Part-D program. We conclude by discussing future research directions.
-
a dynamic oligopoly structural model for the prescription Drug Market after patent expiration
International Economic Review, 2010Co-Authors: Andrew T ChingAbstract:This article incorporates consumer learning and heterogeneity into a dynamic oligopoly model for the prescription Drug Market. In the model, both firms and patients need to learn the generic qualities via patients' experiences, generic firms' entry decisions are endogenous, but their entry timings depend on a random approval process. I apply the model to examine the impact of shortening the expected generic approval time. Although this policy experiment brings generics to the Market sooner, it increases a potential entrant's likelihood of entering a crowded Market and hence could reduce the total number of generic entrants and consumer welfare.
-
a dynamic oligopoly structural model for the prescription Drug Market after patent expiration
2004Co-Authors: Andrew T ChingAbstract:Motivated by the slow diffusion of generic Drugs and the increase in prices of brand-name Drugs after generic entry, I incorporate consumer learning and consumer heterogeneity into an empirical dynamic oligopoly model. In the model, firms choose prices to maximize their expected total discounted profits. Moreover, generic firms make their entry decisions before patent expiration. The entry time of generics depends on the FDA random approval process. I apply this model to the Market of clonidine. The demand side parameters are estimated in a previous paper (Ching (2003)). The supply side parameters are estimated and calibrated here. The model replicates the stylized facts fairly well. I confirm that consumer heterogeneity in price sensitivity plays an important role in explaining the brand-name pricing pattern. I also apply the model to examine the impact of a policy experiment, which shortens the expected approval time for generics. Although this experiment brings generics to the Market sooner, it also reduces the number of generic entrants as the likelihood of entering a crowded Market in the early periods increases. Given the change in the magnitude of the policy parameter, the experiment improves the rate of learning, and lowers the equilibrium generic prices throughout the period. However, it hardly raises the overall welfare
Thomas Kerr - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
-
effect of Drug law enforcement on Drug Market violence a systematic review
International Journal of Drug Policy, 2011Co-Authors: Dan Werb, Greg Rowell, Gordon H Guyatt, Thomas Kerr, Julio S G Montaner, Evan WoodAbstract:Violence is amongst the primary concerns of communities around the world and research has demon- strated links between violence and the illicit Drug trade, particularly in urban settings. Given the growing emphasis on evidence-based policy-making, and the ongoing severe Drug Market violence in Mexico and other settings, we conducted a systematic review to examine the impacts of Drug law enforcement on Drug Market violence. We conducted a systematic review using Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. Specifically, we undertook a search of English language electronic databases (Academic Search Complete, PubMed, PsycINFO, EMBASE, Web of Science, Sociolog- ical Abstracts, Social Service Abstracts, PAIS International and Lexis-Nexis), the Internet (Google, Google Scholar), and article reference lists, from database inception to January 24, 2011. Overall, 15 studies were identified that evaluated the impact of Drug law enforcement on Drug Market violence, including 11 (73%) longitudinal analyses using linear regression, 2 (13%) mathematical Drug Market models, and 2 (13%) qualitative studies. Fourteen (93%) studies reported an adverse impact of Drug law enforcement on levels of violence. Ten of the 11 (91%) studies employing longitudinal qualitative analyses found a significant association between Drug law enforcement and Drug Market violence. Our findings suggest that increasing Drug law enforcement is unlikely to reduce Drug Market violence. Instead, the existing evidence base suggests that gun violence and high homicide rates may be an inevitable consequence of Drug prohibition and that disrupting Drug Markets can paradoxically increase violence. In this context, and since Drug prohibition has not meaningfully reduced Drug supply, alternative regulatory models will be required if Drug supply and Drug Market violence are to be meaningfully reduced.
-
impacts of intensified police activity on injection Drug users evidence from an ethnographic investigation
International Journal of Drug Policy, 2006Co-Authors: Will Small, Thomas Kerr, John Charette, Martin T Schechter, Patricia M SpittalAbstract:Abstract In an effort to dismantle the open Drug Market and improve public order, a large-scale police initiative named the Citywide Enforcement Team (CET), began in Vancouver's Downtown Eastside (DTES) on 7th April 2003. This research sought to assess the CET's impact upon Drug consumption activities as well as access to sterile syringes and health services among injection Drug users (IDUs). Ethnographic research methods including participant observation and semi-structured interviews were employed. Interviews were conducted with 30 individuals recruited from an ongoing cohort study of IDUs and nine individuals who provide health services to Drug users. In addition, an ongoing participant-observation program investigating public Drug use in the DTES yielded data during the period of the CET, as well as seven months prior to its commencement. With regard to Drug use patterns, intensified police presence prompted ‘rushed' injections, injecting in riskier environments, discouraged safer injection practices, and increased unsafe disposal of syringes. Service providers indicated that the CET negatively impacted contact between health services and IDUs, as outreach was compromised due to the displacement of IDUs. Police activities also negatively influenced IDUs' access to syringes and their willingness to carry syringes, and syringe confiscation was reported. The intensification of police activities led to less Drug related activity in the area where the Drug Market was traditionally concentrated, but widespread displacement of Drug use activities to other locations also occurred. The adverse impact of concentrated police activities upon urban Drug problems and the implications for both public order and public health should be recognized.
-
the public health and social impacts of Drug Market enforcement a review of the evidence
International Journal of Drug Policy, 2005Co-Authors: Thomas Kerr, Evan Wood, Will SmallAbstract:The primary response to the harms associated with illicit injection Drug use in most settings has involved intensifying law enforcement in an effort to limit the supply and use of Drugs. Policing approaches have been increasingly applied within illicit Drug Markets since the 1980s despite limited scientific confirmation of their efficacy. On the contrary, a growing body of research indicates that these approaches have substantial potential to produce harmful health and social impacts, including disrupting the provision of health care to injection Drug users (IDU), increasing risk behaviour associated with infectious disease transmission and overdose, and exposing previously unaffected communities to the harms associated illicit with Drug use. There are, however, alternatives to traditional targeted enforcement approaches that may have substantially less potential for negative health and social consequences and greater potential for net community benefit. Some of these approaches involve modifying policing practices, fostering partnerships between policing and public health agencies, and developing systems to monitor policing practices. Other alternatives involve the provision of harm reduction services, such as safer injecting facilities, that help to minimize Drug-related harms, and addiction treatment services which ultimately help to reduce the demand for illicit Drugs. © 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
