The Experts below are selected from a list of 618 Experts worldwide ranked by ideXlab platform
A Barneveld - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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A quantitative analysis of skin displacement in the trotting horse
Equine Veterinary Journal, 2010Co-Authors: P R Van Weeren, A J Van Den Bogert, A BarneveldAbstract:Summary Skin displacement was investigated at 16 sites in the front and hind limbs of four Dutch Warmblood horses at the trot. For visualisation of the bone under the skin, a measuring device mounted on a Steinmann pin driven into the bone under investigation, was employed. Mean displacements ranged from 8 mm (X-displacements proximal and distal metacarpus) to 142 mm (Y-displacement caudal part of greater trochanter). When compared with previously determined skin displacement patterns at walk, mean displacements at trot were of the same magnitude whereas the shape of the time-displacement curve was different. The latter may be attributed to differences in relative duration of stance and swing phases between the walk and the trot.
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Longitudinal development of the kinematics of 4‐, 10‐, 18‐ and 26‐month‐old Dutch Warmblood horses
Equine Veterinary Journal, 2010Co-Authors: W Back, G Bruin, A Barneveld, H C Schamhardt, W HartmanAbstract:Summary The forelimb kinematics of 24 Dutch Warmbloods were recorded at the trot on a treadmill (4m/s) at the age of 4, 10, 18 and 26 months using a modified CODA-3 apparatus to study the development of the equine locomotor apparatus. Stride and stance duration increased with age, but swing duration and pro-/retraction angle were consistent. The timing of maximal fetlock extension during the stance phase and carpal flexion during the swing phase did not change significantly as horses grew older. Moreover, individual angle-time and angle-angle diagrams recorded at 4 and 26 months showed a remarkable resemblance, both visually and numerically. From these data it can be concluded that horses seem to have an inherent intralimb coordination pattern.
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Habituation of horses to treadmill locomotion
Equine Veterinary Journal, 2010Co-Authors: H H F Buchner, H H C M Savelberg, H C Schamhardt, H W Merkens, A BarneveldAbstract:Summary Habituation to treadmill locomotion was investigated in ten Dutch Warmblood horses during a one-week training programme. Kinematics of the horses were recorded using a CODA-3 system and unidirectional accelerometers attached to all hooves. Horses were exercised for five days, twice a day at the walk and trot for five minutes at both gaits. Temporal and spatial stride variables and vertical trunk movement were analysed. The results indicate differences in habituation between different variables and gaits. At the walk, changes in stride duration and limb movement angle were found up to the last measurement. At the trot, all variables including constancy of stride approached constant values by the third session. At the beginning of each training session rapid adaptation occurred, disregarding the first minute of a session for locomotion studies. In conclusion, locomotion analysis at the trot requires training for a minimum of two sessions. For measurements at the walk, longer periods are recommended.
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Quantification of skin displacement in the proximal parts of the limbs of the walking horse
Equine Veterinary Journal, 2010Co-Authors: P R Van Weeren, A J Van Den Bogert, A BarneveldAbstract:Summary Displacement of skin over the underlying skeletal structures in the proximal parts of the limbs was investigated in four walking Dutch Warmblood horses. Movement of the skin was visualised with self adhesive spot labels whereas that of the skeletal parts was visualised indirectly by means of a plastic strip connected to a transcutaneous Steinmann pin, driven into the bone of interest. Consistent results for all four horses were found. Individual and mean total displacements ranged from 1 to 4 cm (distal scapula) to 13 to 17 cm (caudal part of the greater trochanter of the femur). Displacements of this magnitude are of considerable importance to the interpretation of results of modern gait analysis techniques.
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longitudinal development of the kinematics of 4 10 18 and 26 month old Dutch Warmblood horses
Equine Veterinary Journal, 2010Co-Authors: W Back, G Bruin, A Barneveld, H C Schamhardt, W HartmanAbstract:Summary The forelimb kinematics of 24 Dutch Warmbloods were recorded at the trot on a treadmill (4m/s) at the age of 4, 10, 18 and 26 months using a modified CODA-3 apparatus to study the development of the equine locomotor apparatus. Stride and stance duration increased with age, but swing duration and pro-/retraction angle were consistent. The timing of maximal fetlock extension during the stance phase and carpal flexion during the swing phase did not change significantly as horses grew older. Moreover, individual angle-time and angle-angle diagrams recorded at 4 and 26 months showed a remarkable resemblance, both visually and numerically. From these data it can be concluded that horses seem to have an inherent intralimb coordination pattern.
B J Ducro - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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genetic correlations between dressage show jumping and studbook entry inspection traits in a process of specialization in Dutch Warmblood horses
Journal of Animal Breeding and Genetics, 2017Co-Authors: G Rovere, E Norberg, J A M Van Arendonk, B J Ducro, P MadsenAbstract:Sport performance in dressage and show jumping are two important traits in the breeding goals of many studbooks. To determine the optimum selection scheme for jumping and dressage, knowledge is needed on the genetic correlation between both disciplines and between traits measured early in life and performance in competition in each discipline. This study aimed to estimate genetic parameters to support decision-making on specialization of breeding horses for dressage and show jumping in Dutch Warmblood horses. Genetic correlations between performance of horses in dressage and show jumping were estimated as well as the genetic correlation between traits recorded during studbook-entry inspections and performance in dressage and show jumping competitions. The information on competition comprised the performance of 82 694 horses in dressage and 62 072 horses in show jumping, recorded in the period 1993-2012. For 26 056 horses, information was available for both disciplines. The information on traits recorded at studbook-entry inspections comprised 62 628 horses, recorded in the period 1992-2013. Genetic parameters were estimated from the whole dataset and from a subset without horses recorded in both disciplines. Additionally, the genetic parameters were estimated in three different time periods defined by horses' birth year. The genetic correlation between dressage and show jumping in the whole dataset was -0.23, and it was -0.03 when it was estimated from horses recorded in only one discipline. The genetic correlation between dressage and show jumping was more negative in the most recent time period in all the cases. The more negative correlation between disciplines in more recent time periods was not reflected in changes in the correlations between competitions traits and the traits recorded in the studbook-first inspection. These results suggest that a breeding programme under specialization might be most effective defining two separate aggregate breeding goals for each of the disciplines.
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analysis of competition performance in dressage and show jumping of Dutch Warmblood horses
Journal of Animal Breeding and Genetics, 2016Co-Authors: G Rovere, E Norberg, J A M Van Arendonk, B J Ducro, P MadsenAbstract:Summary Most Warmblood horse studbooks aim to improve the performance in dressage and show jumping. The Dutch Royal Warmblood Studbook (KWPN) includes the highest score achieved in competition by a horse to evaluate its genetic ability of performance. However, the records collected during competition are associated with some aspects that might affect the quality of the genetic evaluation based on these records. These aspects include the influence of rider, censoring and preselection of the data. The aim of this study was to quantify the impact of rider effect, censoring and preselection on the genetic analysis of competition data of dressage and show jumping of KWPN. Different models including rider effect were evaluated. To assess the impact of censoring, genetic parameters were estimated in data sets that differed in the degree of censoring. The effect of preselection on variance components was analysed by defining a binary trait (sport-status) depending on whether the horse has a competition record or not. This trait was included in a bivariate model with the competition trait and used all horses registered by KWPN since 1984. Results showed that performance in competition for dressage and show jumping is a heritable trait (h2 ~ 0.11–0.13) and that it is important to account for the effect of rider in the genetic analysis. Censoring had a small effect on the genetic parameter for highest performance achieved by the horse. A moderate heritability obtained for sport-status indicates that preselection has a genetic basis, but the effect on genetic parameters was relatively small.
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effect of specialization on genetic parameters of studbook entry inspection in Dutch Warmblood horses
Journal of Animal Breeding and Genetics, 2015Co-Authors: G Rovere, E Norberg, J A M Van Arendonk, P Madsen, B J DucroAbstract:Recent studies on data from the Dutch Warmblood Studbook (KWPN) have shown that the ongoing specialization of horses for either dressage (DH) or show jumping (JH) has led to a decreasing genetic relationship between the two subpopulations. The aim of this study was to analyse the effect of the specialization process on the genetic parameters of traits measured in the studbook-entry inspection of KWPN during the last fifteen years. Data from 18 125 DH and 23 800 JH recorded from 1998 until 2013 were used to analyse 13 traits scored in both DH and JH. Analyses were performed in a Bayesian framework. Firstly, variance components were estimated based on the whole data set. Secondly, genetic correlations between traits measured in DH or JH were estimated using bivariate analyses. Thirdly, three time periods were defined and genetic correlations between subpopulations were estimated within each period. Heritability was moderate (0.17-0.39) for both DH and JH. Genetic correlations between traits measured in DH or JH were not different from one considering the posterior standard deviation of the estimation; however, in most of the traits, a clear trend in reduction of the genetic correlation for traits expressed in DH and JH and an increase in their posterior standard deviation for recent years was observed. These results suggest that specialization could lead to differences in traits measured in DH and JH in the recent years.
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genetic connections between dressage and show jumping horses in Dutch Warmblood horses
Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica Section A-animal Science, 2014Co-Authors: G Rovere, O Madsen, E Norberg, J A M Van Arendonk, B J DucroAbstract:During the last decades, the breeding practice within the Dutch Warmblood studbook (KWPN) has resulted in an increasing specialisation of horses into show-jumping (JH) and dressage (DH). The objective of this study was to describe the effect of the specialisation on the connectedness between the subpopulations of JH and DH horses registered by KWPN. The subpopulations comprised 23,800 JH horses and 18,125 DH horses, born between 1995 and 2009. Genetic similarity (GS), genetic pool in common (GCx) based on the marginal genetic contribution of common ancestors and coefficient of relationship (r) between and within subpopulations were analysed in three periods of time to describe changes in genetic connectedness between subpopulations. A decline in GS (0.97–0.45), GC0.5 (0.69–0.13) and r (0.018–0.014) in the recent years was observed. Both subpopulations have a common genetic pool; however, if the specialisation process continues, it will result in two unrelated (genetic) groups.
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genome wide association study of osteochondrosis in the tarsocrural joint of Dutch Warmblood horses identifies susceptibility loci on chromosomes 3 and 10
Animal Genetics, 2013Co-Authors: Emmeline W Hill, P R Van Weeren, J A M Van Arendonk, B J Ducro, Jingjing Gu, Preethi Govindarajan, Judith Conroy, E M Van Grevenhof, J Knaap, David E MachughAbstract:Equine osteochondrosis is a developmental joint disease that is a significant source of morbidity affecting multiple breeds of horse. The genetic variants underlying osteochondrosis susceptibility have not been established. Here, we describe the results of a genome-wide association study of osteochondrosis using 90 cases and 111 controls from a population of Dutch Warmblood horses. We report putative associations between osteochondrosis and loci on chromosome 3 (BIEC2-808543; P = 5.03 × 10(-7) ) and chromosome 10 (BIEC2-121323; P = 2.62 × 10(-7) ).
Willem Back - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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effect of head and neck position on intrathoracic pressure and arterial blood gas values in Dutch Warmblood riding horses during moderate exercise
American Journal of Veterinary Research, 2012Co-Authors: J Sleutjens, Willem Back, Johannes H. Van Der Kolk, E Smiet, Rene Van Weeren, I D WijnbergAbstract:Objective—To evaluate the effect of various head and neck positions on intrathoracic pressure and arterial oxygenation during exercise in horses. Animals—7 healthy Dutch Warmblood riding horses. Procedures—The horses were evaluated with the head and neck in the following predefined positions: position 1, free and unrestrained; position 2, neck raised with the bridge of the nose aligned vertically; position 4, neck lowered and extremely flexed with the nose pointing toward the pectoral muscles; position 5, neck raised and extended with the bridge of the nose in front of a vertical line perpendicular to the ground surface; and position 7, neck lowered and flexed with the nose pointing towards the carpus. The standard exercise protocol consisted of trotting for 10 minutes, cantering for 4 minutes, trotting again for 5 minutes, and walking for 5 minutes. An esophageal balloon catheter was used to indirectly measure intrathoracic pressure. Arterial blood samples were obtained for measurement of Pao 2 , Paco 2 , and arterial oxygen saturation. Results—Compared with when horses were in the unrestrained position, inspiratory intrathoracic pressure became more negative during the first trot (all positions), canter and second trot (position 4), and walk (positions 4 and 5). Compared with when horses were in position 1, intrathoracic pressure difference increased in positions 4, 2, 7, and 5; Pao 2 increased in position 5; and arterial oxygen saturation increased in positions 4 and 7. Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Position 4 was particularly influential on intrathoracic pressure during exercise in horses. The effects detected may have been caused by a dynamic upper airway obstruction and may be more profound in horses with upper airway disease. (Am J Vet Res 2012;73:522–528)
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influence of foot conformation on duration of competitive life in a Dutch Warmblood horse population
Equine Veterinary Journal, 2009Co-Authors: B J Ducro, B M C Gorissen, P Van Eldik, Willem BackAbstract:Summary Reasons for performing study: Warmblood horse studbooks aim to breed horses with a conformation that will enable elite future sports performance, but reduce the risk of early retirement due to lameness. Negative conformational traits, such as asymmetrical or ‘uneven’ forefeet may possibly shorten the career of sporthorses. Objectives: To investigate the significance of foot conformation at young age to duration of the career of sporthorses. Methods: Databases of the Royal Dutch Warmblood Studbook (KWPN) and of the Royal Dutch Equestrian Sports Federation (KNHS) were matched and resulted in a dataset comprising 23,116 records of horses for which their conformation scores and duration of their sports career were available. Survival analysis was used to determine which of the conformation traits had a significant effect on duration of sports career in dressage and jumping at basic and elite level. Results: Duration of competitive life was shorter for jumping than for dressage. A different set of risk factors was found for each level and discipline. The trait ‘uneven feet’ tended to shorten the competitive life in dressage, but was a significant risk factor at the elite level of jumping. Conclusions: Limb conformation and, in particular, the conformation of the distal limb, are important for duration of competitive life. From the prevalence of uneven feet in sports disciplines, it may be concluded that this is an undesirable trait, particularly at the elite level of jumping, since uneven feet have a detrimental effect on the duration of competitive life in a sporthorse population. Potential relevance: This study provided evidence that the conformation trait uneven feet has a negative effect on Warmblood jumping performance and, therefore, breeders should be encouraged to avoid this phenomenon at foal age.
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heritability of foot conformation and its relationship to sports performance in a Dutch Warmblood horse population
Equine Veterinary Journal, 2009Co-Authors: Willem Back, B J Ducro, H BovenhuisAbstract:Reasons for performing study: Warmblood horse studbooks aim to breed horses with a conformation that will enable elite future performance, but reduce the risk of injuries and lameness. Negative conformational traits, such as asymmetrical or 'uneven' forefeet would possibly diminish performance. Objectives: To assess the prevalence and heritability of uneven feet and its genetic relationship to other conformation traits as well as to sporting performance later in life in Warmblood riding horses. Methods: The databases of the Royal Dutch Warmblood Studbook (KWPN, n = 44,840 horses) and Royal Dutch Equestrian Sports Federation (KNHS, n = 33,459 horses in dressage and n = 30,474 horses in showjumping) were linked through the unique number of each registered horse. Therefore, heritabilities and genetic and phenotypic correlations could be estimated from the scores of the jury at studbook admission and the sports performance of that population in dressage and jumping over the period 1990-2002. Results: The prevalence of uneven feet was 5.3% on average, and increased from under 4.5% during the first 3 years of recording to over 8% in the years from 2000 onwards. Heritability estimates of foot conformation traits were moderate and ranged from 0.16 for heel height to 0.27 for hoof shape. The genetic correlation between the trait of uneven feet and performance in competition was negative but weak: -0.09 with dressage and -0.12 with showjumping. Conclusions: Predisposition to uneven feet can be reduced by selection. Because of weak genetic correlations, the increased prevalence is not directly associated with selection for better sports performance or higher conformation grade. If the trait 'uneven feet' arises from a disproportionate relationship between height at the withers and neck length, then selection on conformation grade might result in development of uneven feet. In general, limb conformation has a moderate genetic relationship to conformation grade and foot conformation traits have a genetic relationship to sporting performance. Reducing occurrence of uneven feet by selection is possible, without limiting progress in sport performance.
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Effect of early training on the jumping technique of horses
American Journal of Veterinary Research, 2005Co-Authors: Susana Santamaría, Willem Back, Maarten F. Bobbert, Barneveld, P. René Van WeerenAbstract:Objective—To investigate the effects of early training for jumping by comparing the jumping technique of horses that had received early training with that of horses raised conventionally. Animals—40 Dutch Warmblood horses. Procedure—The horses were analyzed kinematically during free jumping at 6 months of age. Subsequently, they were allocated into a control group that was raised conventionally and an experimental group that received 30 months of early training starting at 6 months of age. At 4 years of age, after a period of rest in pasture and a short period of training with a rider, both groups were analyzed kinematically during free jumping. Subsequently, both groups started a 1-year intensive training for jumping, and at 5 years of age, they were again analyzed kinematically during free jumping. In addition, the horses competed in a puissance competition to test maximal performance. Results—Whereas there were no differences in jumping technique between experimental and control horses at 6 months of a...
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Variation in free jumping technique within and among horses with little experience in show jumping.
American Journal of Veterinary Research, 2004Co-Authors: Susana Santamaría, Willem Back, Maarten F. Bobbert, Barneveld, P. René Van WeerenAbstract:Objective—To quantify variation in the jumping technique within and among young horses with little jumping experience, establish relationships between kinetic and kinematic variables, and identify a limited set of variables characteristic for detecting differences in jumping performance among horses. Animals—Fifteen 4-year-old Dutch Warmblood horses. Procedure—The horses were raised under standardized conditions and trained in accordance with a fixed protocol for a short period. Subsequently, horses were analyzed kinematically during free jumping over a fence with a height of 1.05 m. Results—Within-horse variation in all variables that quantified jumping technique was smaller than variation among horses. However, some horses had less variation than others. Height of the center of gravity (CG) at the apex of the jump ranged from 1.80 to 2.01 m among horses; this variation could be explained by the variation in vertical velocity of the CG at takeoff ( r, 0.78). Horses that had higher vertical velocity at ta...
Krzysztof Marycz - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Microvesicles isolated from 5-azacytidine-and-resveratrol-treated mesenchymal stem cells for the treatment of suspensory ligament injury in horse—a case report
Stem Cell Research & Therapy, 2019Co-Authors: Katarzyna Kornicka-garbowska, Rafał Pędziwiatr, Paulina Woźniak, Katarzyna Kucharczyk, Krzysztof MaryczAbstract:Background In athlete horses, suspensory ligament (SL) injuries are the most common cause of lameness. Healing of SL injury is still problematic, and even proper rehabilitation and pharmacological therapy do not guarantee returning to the initial performance level. In our previous studies, we have shown that a combination of 5-azacytidine (AZA) and resveratrol (RES) exerts beneficial, rejuvenating effects on metabolic syndrome derived adipose-derived stem cells (ASCs). Thus, in the presented research, we investigate whether not only rejuvenated ASC but also microvesicles (MVs_AZA/RES) secreted by them possess enhanced regenerative properties in SL injury. Methods In the presented study, a 6-year-old Dutch Warmblood gelding, working in jumping, was diagnosed with SL injury using ultrasonography, Doppler, real-time elastography and thermography. As a therapeutic strategy, the affected animal was treated with extracellular microvesicles derived from ASC treated with the combination of 5-azacytydine (AZA) and resveratrol (RES) (MVs_AZA/RES)_. Results First, anti-apoptotic effects of MVs_AZA/RES were tested in co-culture with metabolic syndrome derived ASC. The proliferation of cells and expression of pro-apoptotic genes were investigated. Then, MVs_AZA/RES were injected directly into the injured SL of the Dutch Warmblood gelding. In vitro assays revealed that MVs_AZA/RES enhance the proliferation of ASC and exert an anti-apoptotic effect. In the affected horse, the application of MVs_AZA/RES resulted in increased lesion filling and improvement of angiogenesis and elasticity in injured tissue. Conclusions As MVs_AZA/RES mimic several of the biological actions exerted by ASC, they have become an alternative for stem cell-based therapies and can be effectively applied for the treatment of SL injury in horses.
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Microvesicles isolated from 5-azacytidine-and-resveratrol-treated mesenchymal stem cells for the treatment of suspensory ligament injury in horse—a case report
Stem Cell Research & Therapy, 2019Co-Authors: Katarzyna Kornicka-garbowska, Rafał Pędziwiatr, Paulina Woźniak, Katarzyna Kucharczyk, Krzysztof MaryczAbstract:BACKGROUND: In athlete horses, suspensory ligament (SL) injuries are the most common cause of lameness. Healing of SL injury is still problematic, and even proper rehabilitation and pharmacological therapy do not guarantee returning to the initial performance level. In our previous studies, we have shown that a combination of 5-azacytidine (AZA) and resveratrol (RES) exerts beneficial, rejuvenating effects on metabolic syndrome derived adipose-derived stem cells (ASCs). Thus, in the presented research, we investigate whether not only rejuvenated ASC but also microvesicles (MVsAZA/RES) secreted by them possess enhanced regenerative properties in SL injury. METHODS: In the presented study, a 6-year-old Dutch Warmblood gelding, working in jumping, was diagnosed with SL injury using ultrasonography, Doppler, real-time elastography and thermography. As a therapeutic strategy, the affected animal was treated with extracellular microvesicles derived from ASC treated with the combination of 5-azacytydine (AZA) and resveratrol (RES) (MVsAZA/RES). RESULTS: First, anti-apoptotic effects of MVsAZA/RES were tested in co-culture with metabolic syndrome derived ASC. The proliferation of cells and expression of pro-apoptotic genes were investigated. Then, MVsAZA/RES were injected directly into the injured SL of the Dutch Warmblood gelding. In vitro assays revealed that MVsAZA/RES enhance the proliferation of ASC and exert an anti-apoptotic effect. In the affected horse, the application of MVsAZA/RES resulted in increased lesion filling and improvement of angiogenesis and elasticity in injured tissue. CONCLUSIONS: As MVsAZA/RES mimic several of the biological actions exerted by ASC, they have become an alternative for stem cell-based therapies and can be effectively applied for the treatment of SL injury in horses.
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Systemic Administration of Rejuvenated Adipose-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells Improves Liver Metabolism in Equine Metabolic Syndrome (EMS)- New Approach in Veterinary Regenerative Medicine
Stem Cell Reviews and Reports, 2019Co-Authors: Krzysztof Marycz, J. Szłapka-kosarzewska, F. Geburek, K. Kornicka-garbowskaAbstract:Equine metabolic syndrome (EMS) is characterized by adiposity, insulin dysregulation and increased risk for laminitis. Increased levels of specific liver enzymes in the peripheral blood are typical findings in horses diagnosed with EMS. Current management of EMS is based on caloric restriction and increased physical activity. However, new potential treatment options are arising such as the transplantation of autologous adipose stem cells (ASC). However, cytophysiological properties of ASC derived from EMS horses are impaired which strongly limits their therapeutic potential. We hypothesized, that in vitro pharmacotherapy of those cells with 5-azacytidine (AZA) and resveratrol (RES) before their clinical application can reverse the aged phenotype of those cells and improve clinical outcome of autologous therapy. A 9 year old Dutch Warmblood Horse used for driving, was presented with severe obesity, insulin resistance. After EMS diagnosis, the animal received three intravenous injections of autologous, AZA/RES treated ASCs at weekly intervals. The therapeutic effect was assessed by the analysis of liver specific enzymes in the blood. ASC-transplantation reduced levels of glutamate dehydrogenase (GLDH), gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and aspartate transaminase (AST). This case report demonstrates the therapeutic potential of this intervention for EMS as well as apt utility of autologous, rejuvenated ASC injections.
H C Schamhardt - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Ground reaction forces of elite dressage horses in collected trot and passage.
Veterinary Journal, 2017Co-Authors: Hilary M. Clayton, H C Schamhardt, Sarah Jane HobbsAbstract:Abstract In this study, sagittal plane ground reaction forces (GRFs) in ridden elite dressage horses performing ‘collected trot’ and in ‘passage’ over ground were determined. In-ground force plates captured GRF data from four Dutch Warmblood and four Lusitano horses ridden by their trainers. At least three stance phases were analysed for forelimbs and hind limbs per horse. The variables extracted were vertical and longitudinal (braking, propulsive) force maxima, their times of occurrence and the respective impulses for forelimbs and hind limbs. Lusitanos had lower vertical impulses than Dutch Warmbloods in collected trot. Across all horses, passage had larger vertical impulses than collected trot in the forelimbs and hind limbs. Propulsive impulse increased in the hind limbs in passage. Prolonged stance durations in passage contributed to higher vertical impulses that are needed to increase the vertical excursions of the centre of mass.
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effects of treadmill inclination on kinematics of the trot in Dutch Warmblood horses
Equine Veterinary Journal, 2010Co-Authors: Marianne Sloet M Van Oldruitenborghoosterbaan, A Barneveld, H C SchamhardtAbstract:Summary To evaluate the effects of uphill trotting on stride characteristics, 6 well trained Dutch Warmblood horses trotted at 4 m/s on a horizontal and on an inclined (6%) treadmill. This was done under 3 different conditions, unloaded, mounted by an experienced 90 kg rider and loaded with 90 kg of lead, to study whether extra weight provoked more or different alterations than the incline per se. In all 3 test situations (unloaded, mounted and lead-loaded), heart rates were significantly higher on the inclined treadmill than on the horizontal treadmill. Stride duration tended to increase on the inclined treadmill. Stance duration increased significantly on a slope, more in the hindlimbs than in the forelimbs. In the unloaded condition, maximal fetlock extension of the forelimb decreased on the incline, whereas maximal fetlock extension of the hindlimb and tarsal range of motion increased significantly on the slope in all 3 conditions. The overall effect was that on an inclined treadmill the hindlimbs seemed to carry more weight (higher maximal fetlock extension), and to provide greater propulsion (higher tarsal flexion and increased pro/retraction).
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Habituation of horses to treadmill locomotion
Equine Veterinary Journal, 2010Co-Authors: H H F Buchner, H H C M Savelberg, H C Schamhardt, H W Merkens, A BarneveldAbstract:Summary Habituation to treadmill locomotion was investigated in ten Dutch Warmblood horses during a one-week training programme. Kinematics of the horses were recorded using a CODA-3 system and unidirectional accelerometers attached to all hooves. Horses were exercised for five days, twice a day at the walk and trot for five minutes at both gaits. Temporal and spatial stride variables and vertical trunk movement were analysed. The results indicate differences in habituation between different variables and gaits. At the walk, changes in stride duration and limb movement angle were found up to the last measurement. At the trot, all variables including constancy of stride approached constant values by the third session. At the beginning of each training session rapid adaptation occurred, disregarding the first minute of a session for locomotion studies. In conclusion, locomotion analysis at the trot requires training for a minimum of two sessions. For measurements at the walk, longer periods are recommended.
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longitudinal development of the kinematics of 4 10 18 and 26 month old Dutch Warmblood horses
Equine Veterinary Journal, 2010Co-Authors: W Back, G Bruin, A Barneveld, H C Schamhardt, W HartmanAbstract:Summary The forelimb kinematics of 24 Dutch Warmbloods were recorded at the trot on a treadmill (4m/s) at the age of 4, 10, 18 and 26 months using a modified CODA-3 apparatus to study the development of the equine locomotor apparatus. Stride and stance duration increased with age, but swing duration and pro-/retraction angle were consistent. The timing of maximal fetlock extension during the stance phase and carpal flexion during the swing phase did not change significantly as horses grew older. Moreover, individual angle-time and angle-angle diagrams recorded at 4 and 26 months showed a remarkable resemblance, both visually and numerically. From these data it can be concluded that horses seem to have an inherent intralimb coordination pattern.
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Longitudinal development of the kinematics of 4‐, 10‐, 18‐ and 26‐month‐old Dutch Warmblood horses
Equine Veterinary Journal, 2010Co-Authors: W Back, G Bruin, A Barneveld, H C Schamhardt, W HartmanAbstract:Summary The forelimb kinematics of 24 Dutch Warmbloods were recorded at the trot on a treadmill (4m/s) at the age of 4, 10, 18 and 26 months using a modified CODA-3 apparatus to study the development of the equine locomotor apparatus. Stride and stance duration increased with age, but swing duration and pro-/retraction angle were consistent. The timing of maximal fetlock extension during the stance phase and carpal flexion during the swing phase did not change significantly as horses grew older. Moreover, individual angle-time and angle-angle diagrams recorded at 4 and 26 months showed a remarkable resemblance, both visually and numerically. From these data it can be concluded that horses seem to have an inherent intralimb coordination pattern.
