The Experts below are selected from a list of 1020 Experts worldwide ranked by ideXlab platform
Atsuhiko Yamanaka - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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The Development of Composites with Negative Thermal Expansion Properties Using High Performance Fibers
Advanced Composite Materials, 2011Co-Authors: Yang Hua, Atsuhiko Yamanaka, Yoshihiko Teramoto, Toshiaki NatsukiAbstract:Almost all solid materials exhibit positive thermal expansivity. However, in many engineering designs, materials with negative thermal expansivity are desirable. The characteristics of high performance fibers, such as high strength, exceptional thermal conductivity and electrical insulation may also include negative thermal expansivity. Therefore, it should be possible to develop fiber reinforced composites with negative thermal expansivity by using an optimum combination of particular fiber reinforcements and a polymer matrix. This paper describes the development of such high performance fiber reinforced composites with negative or low thermal expansivity using four high strength fibers — polyethylene fiber (Dyneema), poly-p-phenylenebenzobisoxazole fiber (Zylon), aramid fiber (Technora) and carbon fiber (Torayca). The results showed that the newly developed Dyneema fiber and Zylon fiber composites exhibited significant negative thermal expansivity. Structural products of a stable size over a wide temper...
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Fiber-reinforced polymer composite materials with high specific strength and excellent solid particle erosion resistance
Wear, 2010Co-Authors: Danna Qian, Limin Bao, Masayuki Takatera, Kiyoshi Kemmochi, Atsuhiko YamanakaAbstract:Abstract It has been reported that reinforcement fiber such as carbon fiber (CF) and glass fiber (GF) can enhance the strength of polymer composites, but reduce the particle erosion resistance of the polymer composites. In our study, organic high-polymer fibers (Dyneema ® and Zylon ® ) were used as reinforcement to make fiber-reinforced polymers (FRPs). Tensile tests and particle erosion wear tests under various impact angles were carried out for comparison with carbon-fiber-reinforced polymer (CFRP), glass-fiber-reinforced polymer (GFRP), and unsaturated polyester (UP) resin. The damaged surfaces of the Dyneema-fiber-reinforced polymer (DFRP) and Zylon-fiber-reinforced polymer (ZFRP) were analyzed with a scanning electron microscope, and the erosion wear mechanisms of the composites were discussed. It was concluded that it was feasible to develop the FRP materials with low density, high strength, and excellent particle erosion resistance.
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Development of High Performance Fiber Reinforced Composite with Negative Thermal Expansion Property
Advanced Materials Research, 2008Co-Authors: Hua Yang, Atsuhiko Yamanaka, Qing-qing Ni, Toshiaki NatsukiAbstract:There are exists positive thermal expansion property for almost all materials. However, in many cases, the material property with negative thermal expansion is requested for engineering applications. This work is to develop high performance fiber-reinforced composites with negative thermal expansion by using high strength polyethylene fiber Dyneema®, high strength PBO fiber ZYLON®, aramid fiber Technora ® and carbon fibers.
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Influence of Mechanical Vibration and Losses in Bi-2223 Coils on Thermal Expansion Properties of Bobbin Materials
IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity, 2007Co-Authors: Tomoaki Takao, Yu Yamada, Minoru Arikawa, Arata Nishimura, Takayuki Goto, Yuta Furumura, S. Fukui, Kozo Yamamoto, Atsuhiko YamanakaAbstract:We fabricated small superconducting coils whose bobbins were made of a Dyneema fiber reinforced plastic (DFRP), a Dyneema and glass fiber reinforced plastic (DGFRP), and a glass fiber reinforced plastic (GFRP). Because Dyneema fibers in the FRP expand, we are able to control thermal expansion/contraction property in a circumferential direction of the DFRP and the DGFRP pipes during a cooling process from room temperature to low temperature. We fabricated two kinds of the DFRP and the DGFRP coils whose properties were expansion and contraction. The GFRP has always a characteristic of contraction during cool-down. We measured a mechanical loss that occurred in the coil during AC excitation of those coils. The mechanical losses decreased with increasing winding tension of the conductor in the coils according to the experimental data. And the mechanical loss of the coils whose bobbins had characteristic of expansion was considerably smaller than that of contraction. It was experimentally shown that the bobbins with expansion property during the cooling down were effective to decrease the mechanical loss of the AC coils.
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Technique for reduction of mechanical losses in AC superconducting coils due to thermal expansion properties of various FRP bobbins
Physica C-superconductivity and Its Applications, 2005Co-Authors: N. Sekine, S. Tada, Yuta Furumura, Tomoaki Takao, T Higuchi, Atsuhiko YamanakaAbstract:Abstract We reported about reduction of mechanical losses in AC superconducting coils. The method is the use of FRP bobbins fabricated with special fibers. Since their FRPs have negative thermal expansion coefficient to the fiber direction, the FRP bobbins expand to the circumferential direction during cooling down. In case of the superconducting coils with such FRP bobbins, the winding tensions do not decrease during cooling down. Therefore, the mechanical losses are reduced by the suppression of wire’s vibration. Their special FRPs are a Dyneema ® fiber reinforced plastic (DFRP), a Dyneema and glass fiber reinforced plastic (DGFRP), and a Zylon ® fiber reinforced plastic (ZFRP). These materials have negative thermal expansion coefficient to the fiber direction, however, the amplitudes of thermal expansion are various by the quantity or quality of the fiber. In this paper, the values of thermal expansion were actually measured, and it was discussed about the influence on the mechanical losses. At the experimental results, the mechanical loss was small, so that the thermal strain to the circumferential direction on the coil was large. Moreover, in case of the coils with sufficiently strong winding tensions at coil-operating temperature, the mechanical losses vanished.
K. Karthikeyan - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Optimal fibre architecture of soft-matrix ballistic laminates
International Journal of Impact Engineering, 2016Co-Authors: K. Karthikeyan, Sohrab Kazemahvazi, B.p. RussellAbstract:Soft-matrix ballistic laminates (such as those composed of fibres of Ultra High Molecular-Weight Polyethylene, e.g. Dyneema® HB26 and Spectra Shield) find extensive use as catching type armour syst ...
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The out-of-plane compressive response of Dyneema ® composites
Journal of The Mechanics and Physics of Solids, 2014Co-Authors: J.p. Attwood, Haydn N. G. Wadley, Norman A. Fleck, K. Karthikeyan, S. N. Khaderi, M.r. O׳masta, Vikram DeshpandeAbstract:Abstract Out-of-plane compression tests were conducted on six grades of ultra high molecular weight polyethylene fibre composites ( Dyneema ® ) with varying grades of fibre and matrix, ply thickness, and ply stacking sequence. The composites with a [0°/90°] lay-up had an out-of-plane compressive strength that was dictated by in-plane tensile fibre fracture. By contrast, the out-of-plane compressive strength of the uni-directional composites was significantly lower and was not associated with fibre fracture. The peak strength of the [0°/90°] composites increased with increasing in-plane specimen dimensions and was dependent on the matrix and fibre strength as well as on the ply thickness. A combination of micro X-ray tomography and local pressure measurements revealed the existence of a shear-lag zone at the periphery of the specimens. Finite element (FE) and analytical micromechanical models predict the compressive composite response and reveal that the out-of-plane compression generates tensile stresses along the fibres due to shear-lag loading between the alternating 0° and 90° plies. Moreover, the compressive strength data suggests that the shear strength of Dyneema ® is pressure sensitive, and this pressure sensitivity is quantified by comparing predictions with experimental measurements of the out-of-plane compressive strength. Both the FE and analytical models accurately predict the sensitivity of the compressive response of Dyneema ® to material and geometric parameters: matrix strength, fibre strength and ply thickness.
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the out of plane compressive response of Dyneema composites
Journal of The Mechanics and Physics of Solids, 2014Co-Authors: J.p. Attwood, M.r. O'masta, Haydn N. G. Wadley, K. Karthikeyan, S. N. Khaderi, N A Fleck, Vikram DeshpandeAbstract:Abstract Out-of-plane compression tests were conducted on six grades of ultra high molecular weight polyethylene fibre composites ( Dyneema ® ) with varying grades of fibre and matrix, ply thickness, and ply stacking sequence. The composites with a [0°/90°] lay-up had an out-of-plane compressive strength that was dictated by in-plane tensile fibre fracture. By contrast, the out-of-plane compressive strength of the uni-directional composites was significantly lower and was not associated with fibre fracture. The peak strength of the [0°/90°] composites increased with increasing in-plane specimen dimensions and was dependent on the matrix and fibre strength as well as on the ply thickness. A combination of micro X-ray tomography and local pressure measurements revealed the existence of a shear-lag zone at the periphery of the specimens. Finite element (FE) and analytical micromechanical models predict the compressive composite response and reveal that the out-of-plane compression generates tensile stresses along the fibres due to shear-lag loading between the alternating 0° and 90° plies. Moreover, the compressive strength data suggests that the shear strength of Dyneema ® is pressure sensitive, and this pressure sensitivity is quantified by comparing predictions with experimental measurements of the out-of-plane compressive strength. Both the FE and analytical models accurately predict the sensitivity of the compressive response of Dyneema ® to material and geometric parameters: matrix strength, fibre strength and ply thickness.
Xiaogang Chen - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Identification of the elastic constant values for numerical simulation of high velocity impact on Dyneema ® woven fabrics using orthogonal experiments
Composite Structures, 2018Co-Authors: Zishun Yuan, Xiaogang Chen, Haoxian Zeng, Kaicheng Wang, Jiawen QiuAbstract:Abstract Dyneema® fibres and fabrics are widely used for ballistic protection due to its lightweight and super mechanical properties against high strain rate impact, and finite element (FE) simulation and analysis are used to study the response to the impact in parallel to the experimental-based research methods. However, elastic constants of the yarn except the Young’s modulus were difficult to obtain and were basically assigned based on assumptions and approximations in the FE modelling, which caused some inaccuracies. This paper reports a study on the influence of each elastic constant of Dyneema® yarn model in modelling a single layer Dyneema® woven fabric against ballistic impact using the orthogonal experiment method. Orthogonal table L25 (56) was employed to analyse six factors (i.e. E11, E33, ν, G13, G23, and their interactions) with each having five levels. The ballistic modelling results were validated against the experimental results, viz. energy absorption, failure time of the first yarn broken and number of failed yarns. According to the orthogonal analysis, G13 was shown as the most significant in influencing the simulated results, with a confidence level of more than 95%, and ν was the least significant. Through the orthogonal study, the combination of levels of the elastic constants that led to a significant agreement between the FE and practical results was identified.
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identification of the elastic constant values for numerical simulation of high velocity impact on Dyneema woven fabrics using orthogonal experiments
Composite Structures, 2018Co-Authors: Zishun Yuan, Xiaogang Chen, Haoxian Zeng, Kaicheng Wang, Jiawen QiuAbstract:Abstract Dyneema® fibres and fabrics are widely used for ballistic protection due to its lightweight and super mechanical properties against high strain rate impact, and finite element (FE) simulation and analysis are used to study the response to the impact in parallel to the experimental-based research methods. However, elastic constants of the yarn except the Young’s modulus were difficult to obtain and were basically assigned based on assumptions and approximations in the FE modelling, which caused some inaccuracies. This paper reports a study on the influence of each elastic constant of Dyneema® yarn model in modelling a single layer Dyneema® woven fabric against ballistic impact using the orthogonal experiment method. Orthogonal table L25 (56) was employed to analyse six factors (i.e. E11, E33, ν, G13, G23, and their interactions) with each having five levels. The ballistic modelling results were validated against the experimental results, viz. energy absorption, failure time of the first yarn broken and number of failed yarns. According to the orthogonal analysis, G13 was shown as the most significant in influencing the simulated results, with a confidence level of more than 95%, and ν was the least significant. Through the orthogonal study, the combination of levels of the elastic constants that led to a significant agreement between the FE and practical results was identified.
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Determination of Materials for Hybrid Design of 3D Soft Body Armour Panels
Applied Composite Materials, 2018Co-Authors: Yanfei Yang, Xiaogang ChenAbstract:In order to optimise the construction of soft body armour panels by hybridization, this study aims to identify materials determination for hybrid panel. Different ballistic characteristics of aramid woven fabrics and Ultra High Molecular Weight Polyethylene uni-directional laminates were investigated through ballistic test and fractorgaphic analysis. With an increasing of total layer numbers in a panel, specific energy absorption of Twaron woven panel shows a decrease trend, and Dyneema UD panel exhibits an increasing trend. Such reverse trend of ballistic performance is due to different failure modes of two materials. According to fractorgraphic analysis, Twaron fabric has large transverse deformation for back layers in a perforated panel. This results in higher energy absorption in back layers. For Dyneema UD, thermal damage is the dominant failure mode, which can result in performance degradation especially for front layers on the strike face. In addition, Dyneema UD exhibits significant advantage of minimize Backface Signature (BFS) and a little higher perforation ratio than that of Twaron woven panels. Based on these findings, an optimized hybrid panel is designed by combing Twaron woven fabric before Dyneema UD. In comparison with other panels with different layer sequences, this hybridization manner exhibited better ballistic performance, including improvement of energy absorption, minimized BFS of the non-perforated panel and reduction of perforation ratio. These findings indicated that material determination for hybrid design should be based on ballistic characteristics of different materials and requirements of different regions in a panel.
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Investigation of failure modes and influence on ballistic performance of Ultra-High Molecular Weight Polyethylene (UHMWPE) uni-directional laminate for hybrid design
Composite Structures, 2017Co-Authors: Yanfei Yang, Xiaogang ChenAbstract:Abstract For hybrid design of soft body armour, material selection must be based on ballistic characteristics of materials. This study aims to identify ballistic characteristics of Ultra-High Molecular Weight Polyethylene (UHMWPE) uni-directional (UD) laminate, including failure modes of UHMWPE fibres during ballistic impact and its influence on ballistic performance of UD laminate. According to fractorgraphic analysis, thermal damage of UHMWPE fibres is obvious and more significant for front layers at the striking face, which results in material properties degradation during impact. Ballistic test results showed when Dyneema UD laminate was placed on the striking face before Twaron fabric, ballistic performance including energy absorption and Backface signature (BFS) exhibits obvious degradation. Finite Element (FE) results showed when material properties degradation of Dyneema UD induced by thermal damage is taken into account, stress wave propagation and transverse deflection of Dyneema UD is highly constrained, which leads to quick perforation. As a result, energy absorption of whole hybrid panel is decreased.
Vikram Deshpande - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Mechanisms of projectile penetration in Dyneema® encapsulated aluminum structures
International Journal of Impact Engineering, 2014Co-Authors: M.r. O'masta, Vikram Deshpande, Haydn N. G. WadleyAbstract:Abstract Polymer composites comprising ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene (UHWMPE) fibers in a compliant matrix are now widely used in ballistic applications with varying levels of success. This is primarily due to a poor understanding of the mechanics of penetration of these composites in ballistic protection systems. In this study, we report experimental observations of the penetration mechanisms in four model systems impacted by a 12.7 mm diameter spherical steel projectile. The four model targets designed to highlight different penetration mechanisms in Dyneema ® UHWMPE composites were: (i) a bare aluminum plate; (ii) the same plate fully encased in a 5.9 mm thick casing of Dyneema ® ; (iii) the fully encased plate with a portion of the Dyneema ® removed from the front face so that the projectile impacts directly the Al plate; and (iv) the fully encased plate with a portion of the Dyneema ® removed from the rear face so that the projectile can exit the Al plate without again interacting with the Dyneema ® . A combination of synchronized high speed photography with three cameras, together with post-test examination of the targets via X-ray tomography and optical microscopy was used to elucidate the deformation and perforation mechanisms. The measurements show that the ballistic resistance of these targets increases in the order: bare Al plate, rear face cutout target, fully encased target and front face cutout target. These findings are explained based on the following key findings: (a) the ballistic performance of Dyneema ® plates supported on a foundation is inferior to Dyneema ® plates supported along their edges; (b) the apparent ballistic resistance of Dyneema ® plates increases if the plates are given an initial velocity prior to the impact by the projectile, thereby reducing the relative velocity between the Dyneema ® plate and projectile; and (c) when the projectile is fragmented prior to impact, the spatially and temporally distributed loading enhances the ballistic resistance of the Dyneema ® . The simple model targets designed here have elucidated mechanisms by which Dyneema ® functions in multi-material structures.
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The out-of-plane compressive response of Dyneema ® composites
Journal of The Mechanics and Physics of Solids, 2014Co-Authors: J.p. Attwood, Haydn N. G. Wadley, Norman A. Fleck, K. Karthikeyan, S. N. Khaderi, M.r. O׳masta, Vikram DeshpandeAbstract:Abstract Out-of-plane compression tests were conducted on six grades of ultra high molecular weight polyethylene fibre composites ( Dyneema ® ) with varying grades of fibre and matrix, ply thickness, and ply stacking sequence. The composites with a [0°/90°] lay-up had an out-of-plane compressive strength that was dictated by in-plane tensile fibre fracture. By contrast, the out-of-plane compressive strength of the uni-directional composites was significantly lower and was not associated with fibre fracture. The peak strength of the [0°/90°] composites increased with increasing in-plane specimen dimensions and was dependent on the matrix and fibre strength as well as on the ply thickness. A combination of micro X-ray tomography and local pressure measurements revealed the existence of a shear-lag zone at the periphery of the specimens. Finite element (FE) and analytical micromechanical models predict the compressive composite response and reveal that the out-of-plane compression generates tensile stresses along the fibres due to shear-lag loading between the alternating 0° and 90° plies. Moreover, the compressive strength data suggests that the shear strength of Dyneema ® is pressure sensitive, and this pressure sensitivity is quantified by comparing predictions with experimental measurements of the out-of-plane compressive strength. Both the FE and analytical models accurately predict the sensitivity of the compressive response of Dyneema ® to material and geometric parameters: matrix strength, fibre strength and ply thickness.
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the out of plane compressive response of Dyneema composites
Journal of The Mechanics and Physics of Solids, 2014Co-Authors: J.p. Attwood, M.r. O'masta, Haydn N. G. Wadley, K. Karthikeyan, S. N. Khaderi, N A Fleck, Vikram DeshpandeAbstract:Abstract Out-of-plane compression tests were conducted on six grades of ultra high molecular weight polyethylene fibre composites ( Dyneema ® ) with varying grades of fibre and matrix, ply thickness, and ply stacking sequence. The composites with a [0°/90°] lay-up had an out-of-plane compressive strength that was dictated by in-plane tensile fibre fracture. By contrast, the out-of-plane compressive strength of the uni-directional composites was significantly lower and was not associated with fibre fracture. The peak strength of the [0°/90°] composites increased with increasing in-plane specimen dimensions and was dependent on the matrix and fibre strength as well as on the ply thickness. A combination of micro X-ray tomography and local pressure measurements revealed the existence of a shear-lag zone at the periphery of the specimens. Finite element (FE) and analytical micromechanical models predict the compressive composite response and reveal that the out-of-plane compression generates tensile stresses along the fibres due to shear-lag loading between the alternating 0° and 90° plies. Moreover, the compressive strength data suggests that the shear strength of Dyneema ® is pressure sensitive, and this pressure sensitivity is quantified by comparing predictions with experimental measurements of the out-of-plane compressive strength. Both the FE and analytical models accurately predict the sensitivity of the compressive response of Dyneema ® to material and geometric parameters: matrix strength, fibre strength and ply thickness.
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A Design Tool for Robust Composite Structures
2010Co-Authors: Frank W. Zok, Norman A. Fleck, Vikram DeshpandeAbstract:Abstract : New opportunities exist for enhancing the impact resistance of organic matrix composites while simultaneously imparting multifunctionality. They draw upon the existence of organic fibers, especially Dyneema. The principal objectives of the present study were to ascertain the fundamental mechanical properties of Dyneema fibers and assess strategies for integrating these fibers into load-bearing structures. The results reveal that the tensile strength of Dyneema composites increases by a factor of 2 and the ductility by almost a factor of 3 over the strain rate range 10-3 s-1 to 104 s- 1. One consequence is that the Dyneema composites outperform by a wide margin (factor of 4) the ballistic resistance of CFRP composites at the same areal density. Moreover, it has been demonstrated that Dyneema composites can be integrated into metallic sandwich panels with either metallic prismatic cores or polymer foam cores using mechanical attachment schemes. When integrated into such structures, the full impact resistance of the composites is realized only when the backside is unconstrained at the impact site and is thus free to deform. Dyneema fibers can also be incorporated into hybrid carbon fiber composites as through-thickness reinforcements, with benefits in impact resistance and retained compressive strength.
Subramani Sockalingam - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Experimental Investigation of Transverse Loading Behavior of Ultra-High Molecular Weight Polyethylene Yarns
Fibers, 2020Co-Authors: Karan Shah, Subramani SockalingamAbstract:Ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) Dyneema® SK-76 fibers are widely used in personnel protection systems. Transverse ballistic impact onto these fibers results in complex multiaxial deformation modes such as axial tension, axial compression, transverse compression, and transverse shear. Previous experimental studies on single fibers have shown a degradation of tensile failure strain due to the presence of such multi-axial deformation modes. In this work, we study the presence and effects of such multi-axial stress-states on Dyneema® SK-76 yarns via transverse loading experiments. Quasi-static transverse loading experiments are conducted on Dyneema® SK-76 single yarn at different starting angles (5°, 10°, 15°, and 25°) and via four different indenter geometries: round (radius of curvature (ROC) = 3.8 mm), 200-micron, 20-micron, and razor blade (ROC ~2 micron). Additionally, transverse loading experiments were also conducted for a 0.30 cal. fragment simulating projectile (FSP) and compared to other indenters. Experimental results show that for the round, 200-micron indenter, and FSP geometry the yarn fails in tension with no degradation in axial failure strain compared to the uniaxial tensile failure strain of SK-76 yarn (2.58%). Whereas for the 20-micron indenter and razor blade, fibers fail progressively in transverse shear followed by progressive strength degradation of the yarn. Strength degradation of yarn occurs at relatively low strains of 0.6–0.7% with eventual failure of the yarn at approximately ~1.8% and ~1.5% strain for the 20-micron indenter and razor blade, respectively. Breaking angles (range of 10°–30°) are observed to have little effect on the failure strain for all indenter geometries.
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Effect of transverse compression on the residual tensile strength of ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene (Dyneema® SK-76) yarns
Defence Technology, 2020Co-Authors: Karan Shah, Subramani SockalingamAbstract:Abstract Ballistic impact induces complex stress states on fiber-based armor systems. During impact fibers undergo multiaxial loading which includes axial tension, axial compression, transverse compression, and transverse shear. Transverse compression induced by the projectile leads to permanent deformation and fibrillation of fibers resulting in degradation of material tensile strength. Previous work (Sockalingam et al. Textile Res. J 2018) has shown a reduction of 20% in the tensile strength of Dyneema® SK76 single fibers subjected to 77% nominal transverse compressive strains. Experimental investigation of quasi-static transverse compression on Dyneema® SK-76 yarns, unconstrained in the lateral direction, indicate an average of 4% reduction in tensile strength of yarns compressed to 77% nominal strains. In this work we use finite element modeling techniques to understand the difference in residual tensile strength between single fibers and yarns observed in laterally unconstrained transverse compression experiments. Finite element study of the transverse compression response of single fibers and yarns indicate that local strains developed in fibers within the yarn are much lower than the local strains developed in single fibers subjected to a given nominal strain and may explain the less reduction in strength observed in yarns.
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Experimental Investigation of Multiaxial Loading Behavior of UHMWPE Yarns Using a Fragment Simulating Projectile
American Society for Composites 2019, 2019Co-Authors: Karan Shah, Subramani SockalingamAbstract:Ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) Dyneema® SK-76 fibers are widely used in personnel protection systems. Transverse ballistic impact onto these fibers results in complex multiaxial deformation modes such as axial tension, axial compression, transverse compression, and transverse shear. Studies on single fibers have showed reduction in tensile strength due to multiaxial deformation and projectile geometry induced stress concentration. In this work, we present the preliminary experimental results of quasi-static multiaxial loading of Dyneema® SK-76 yarns using a 0.30 caliber fragment simulating projectile (FSP) to create a foundation for a failure model. Dyneema® SK-76 yarns are loaded at different yarn starting angles using an FSP projectile and the transverse failure loads are measured. Preliminary experimental results show a little variation in the estimated axial loads with increasing starting angles. This is attributed to the ‘bluntness’ of the FSP’s radius of curvature compared to the diameter of the fibers within the yarn in contact with the projectile.
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Failure of Dyneema® SK76 single fiber under multiaxial transverse loading:
Textile Research Journal, 2018Co-Authors: Subramani Sockalingam, Frank D. Thomas, Daniel Casem, John W. Gillespie, Tusit WeerasooriyaAbstract:This article investigates the failure of ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene Dyneema® SK76 single fibers widely used in protective armor applications. Indenter geometry and the associated stre...