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Jean-christophe Goffard - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Structural and metabolic brain abnormalities in COVID-19 patients with sudden loss of smell.
European journal of nuclear medicine and molecular imaging, 2021Co-Authors: Maxime Niesen, Nicola Trotta, Antoine Noel, Tim Coolen, G. Fayad, G. Leurkin-sterk, Isabelle Delpierre, Sophie Henrard, Niloufar Sadeghi, Jean-christophe GoffardAbstract:Sudden loss of smell is a very common symptom of coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19). This study characterizes the structural and metabolic cerebral correlates of Dysosmia in patients with COVID-19. Structural brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and positron emission tomography with [18F]-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG-PET) were prospectively acquired simultaneously on a hybrid PET-MR in 12 patients (2 males, 10 females, mean age: 42.6 years, age range: 23–60 years) with sudden Dysosmia and positive detection of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) on nasopharyngeal swab specimens. FDG-PET data were analyzed using a voxel-based approach and compared with that of a group of healthy subjects. Bilateral blocking of the olfactory cleft was observed in six patients, while subtle olfactory bulb asymmetry was found in three patients. No MRI signal abnormality downstream of the olfactory tract was observed. Decrease or increase in glucose metabolism abnormalities was observed (p
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Structural and metabolic brain abnormalities in COVID-19 patients with sudden loss of smell
European Journal of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, 2021Co-Authors: Maxime Niesen, Nicola Trotta, Antoine Noel, Tim Coolen, G. Fayad, G. Leurkin-sterk, Isabelle Delpierre, Sophie Henrard, Niloufar Sadeghi, Jean-christophe GoffardAbstract:Objectives Sudden loss of smell is a very common symptom of coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19). This study characterizes the structural and metabolic cerebral correlates of Dysosmia in patients with COVID-19. Methods Structural brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and positron emission tomography with [18F]-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG-PET) were prospectively acquired simultaneously on a hybrid PET-MR in 12 patients (2 males, 10 females, mean age: 42.6 years, age range: 23–60 years) with sudden Dysosmia and positive detection of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) on nasopharyngeal swab specimens. FDG-PET data were analyzed using a voxel-based approach and compared with that of a group of healthy subjects. Results Bilateral blocking of the olfactory cleft was observed in six patients, while subtle olfactory bulb asymmetry was found in three patients. No MRI signal abnormality downstream of the olfactory tract was observed. Decrease or increase in glucose metabolism abnormalities was observed (p
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Structural and metabolic brain abnormalities in COVID-19 patients with sudden loss of smell
2020Co-Authors: Maxime Niesen, Nicola Trotta, Antoine Noel, Tim Coolen, G. Fayad, G. Leurkin-sterk, Isabelle Delpierre, Sophie Henrard, Niloufar Sadeghi, Jean-christophe GoffardAbstract:Abstract Objectives Sudden loss of smell is a very common symptom of coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19). This study characterizes the structural and metabolic cerebral correlates of Dysosmia in patients with COVID-19. Methods Structural brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and positron emission tomography with [18F]-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG-PET) were prospectively acquired simultaneously on a hybrid PET-MR in twelve patients (2 males, 10 females, mean age: 42.6 years, age range: 23-60 years) with sudden Dysosmia and positive detection of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) on nasopharyngeal swab specimens. FDG-PET data were analysed using a voxel-based approach and compared with that of a group of healthy subjects. Results Bilateral blocking of the olfactory cleft was observed in six patients, while subtle olfactory bulb asymmetry was found in three patients. No MRI signal abnormality downstream of the olfactory tract was observed. Heterogeneous (decrease or increase) glucose metabolism abnormalities were observed in core olfactory and high-order neocortical areas. A modulation of regional cerebral glucose metabolism by the severity and the duration of COVID-19-related Dysosmia was disclosed using correlation analyses. Conclusions This PET-MR study shows that sudden loss of smell in COVID-19 is not related to central involvement due to SARS-CoV-2 neuroinvasiveness. Loss of smell is associated with heterogeneous cerebral metabolic changes in core olfactory and high-order cortical areas likely related to combined processes of deafferentation and active functional reorganisation secondary to the lack of olfactory stimulation.
Robert I. Henkin - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (Rtms) increases Plasma Calcium both in-vivo and in-vitro
Journal of Clinical & Experimental Pathology, 2014Co-Authors: William A. Stateman, Alex, Ra B Knoppel, Samuel J. Potolicchio, Robert I. HenkinAbstract:Background: We have previously demonstrated that brain levels of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) were diminished in patients with various types of dysgeusia and Dysosmia by use of magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS). We also demonstrated by use of functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) of brain that when these patients were requested to think of their dysgeusia or Dysosmia they exhibited significant brain activation in specific brain regions. Treatment with repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) increased brain levels of GABA as measured by MRS and decreased brain activation as measured by fMRI. These changes were accompanied by increased levels of plasma, erythrocyte and saliva zinc and copper after rTMS. Purpose: To evaluate if changes in plasma calcium, either in vivo or in vitro, also occurred in these patients after rTMS. Methods: Measurements of plasma calcium, in vivo and in vitro, were measured in 129 patients with dysgeusia and Dysosmia before and after rTMS. Results: Both in vivo and in vitro levels of plasma calcium increased significantly after rTMS although levels in vivo were higher than in vitro. These changes occurred in both men and women. Conclusions: These results, as in previous studies with zinc and copper, indicate that electromagnetic fields increase calcium levels. These studies are the first which describe increased levels of plasma calcium both in vivo and in vitro in humans treated with rTMS. These changes are consistent with changes in neuroplasticity that relate to the role that rTMS plays in calcium metabolism related to changes in GABA and other neurotransmitters.
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Efficacy of Exogenous Oral Zinc in Treatment of Patients with Carbonic Anhydrase VI Deficiency
The American journal of the medical sciences, 1999Co-Authors: Robert I. Henkin, Brian M. Martin, Raghunath P. AgarwalAbstract:Abstract Background: We previously described a disorder in 18 patients with decreased parotid saliva gustin/carbonic anhydrase (CA) VI secretion associated with loss of taste (hypogeusia) and smell (hyposmia) and distorted taste (dysgeusia) and smell (Dysosmia). Because gustin/CAVI is a zinc-dependent enzyme we instituted a study of treatment with exogenous zinc to attempt to stimulate synthesis/secretion of gustin/CAVI and thereby attempt to correct the symptoms of this disorder. Methods: Fourteen of the 18 patients with this disorder completed the study. They were treated with 100 mg of exogenous zinc daily for 4 to 6 months, in an open clinical trial. Both before and after treatment, measurements were obtained of parotid saliva gustin/CAVI, parotid saliva, serum and urine zinc, taste and smell function, and, in some patients, examination of circumvallate taste buds by electron microscopy. Results: Treatment success was predicated upon significant increases in parotid saliva gustin/CAVI. This occurred in 10 of the 14 patients who were labeled responders; they also exhibited improvement in taste and smell acuity, a diminution in dysgeusia and Dysosmia and increased zinc concentrations in parotid saliva, serum, and urine. Taste bud morphology returned to normal in each responder in whom it was measured. No increase in gustin/CAVI occurred in 4 patients who were labeled nonresponders; they exhibited no improvement in taste or smell acuity and no increases in parotid saliva zinc. However, serum and urine zinc increased to levels similar to those measured in the 10 responders. Two of 4 nonresponders reported diminution in dysgeusia and Dysosmia. Taste bud morphology did not change from the abnormal state in the 1 nonresponder in whom it was measured. Conclusions: Zinc treatment is effective in patients in whom this trace metal increases synthesis/secretion of gustin/CAVI and ineffective in those in whom it does not. Increased gustin/CAVI in this disorder is probably associated with zinc stimulation of the gene responsible for the synthesis/secretion of gustin/CAVI. Among nonresponders, zinc was ineffective for several possible reasons, including resistance to zinc and possible sialylation of gustin/CAVI, which may render it functionally ineffective. Results suggest the hypothesis that gustin/CAVI is a trophic factor that promotes growth and development of taste buds through its action on taste bud stem cells.
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drug induced taste and smell disorders incidence mechanisms and management related primarily to treatment of sensory receptor dysfunction
Drug Safety, 1994Co-Authors: Robert I. HenkinAbstract:Drugs in every major pharmacological category can impair both taste and smell function and do so more commonly than presently appreciated. Impairment usually affects sensory function at a molecular level, causing 2 major behavioural changes — loss of acuity (i.e. hypogeusia and hyposmia) and/or distortion of function (i.e. dysgeusia and Dysosmia). These changes can impair appetite, food intake, cause significant lifestyle changes and may require discontinuation of drug administration.
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Drug-Induced Taste and Smell Disorders
Drug safety, 1994Co-Authors: Robert I. HenkinAbstract:Drugs in every major pharmacological category can impair both taste and smell function and do so more commonly than presently appreciated. Impairment usually affects sensory function at a molecular level, causing 2 major behavioural changes — loss of acuity (i.e. hypogeusia and hyposmia) and/or distortion of function (i.e. dysgeusia and Dysosmia). These changes can impair appetite, food intake, cause significant lifestyle changes and may require discontinuation of drug administration.
Barry Willer - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Affect recognition, empathy, and Dysosmia after traumatic brain injury.
Archives of physical medicine and rehabilitation, 2012Co-Authors: Dawn Neumann, Barbra Zupan, Duncan R. Babbage, Alexander J. Radnovich, Machiko Tomita, Flora M. Hammond, Barry WillerAbstract:Abstract Neumann D, Zupan B, Babbage DR, Radnovich AJ, Tomita M, Hammond F, Willer B. Affect recognition, empathy, and Dysosmia after traumatic brain injury. Objective To investigate if olfaction is associated with affect recognition and empathy deficits after traumatic brain injury (TBI). Prior research has shown that TBI often leads to loss of smell. We hypothesized a relationship with emotion perception, because the neural substrates of the olfactory system overlap with the ventral circuitry of the orbital frontal cortex, which play a critical role in affective responses, such as empathy. Design Comparative study investigating differences between participants with TBI who had impaired olfaction (Dysosmia) with those with normal olfaction (normosmia). Setting Postacute rehabilitation facilities in the United States, Canada, and New Zealand. Participants Participants (N=106) in the current study were a convenience sample of adults with moderate to severe TBI who were tested for olfactory function as part of a larger, related study on affect recognition. On average, participants were 11.5 years postinjury. Interventions Not applicable. Main Outcome Measures Olfaction (Brief Smell Identification Test), facial affect recognition (Diagnostic Assessment of Nonverbal Affect 2–Adult Faces [DANVA2-AF]), vocal affect recognition (Diagnostic Assessment of Nonverbal Affect 2–Adult Paralanguage [DANVA2-AP]), emotional inference (Emotional Inference from Stories Test [EIST]), and empathy (Interpersonal Reactivity Index [IRI]). Results Fifty-six percent of participants were dysosmic and only 36% of these participants were aware of their deficit. Participants with Dysosmia performed significantly poorer on the DANVA2-AF ( P =.003), DANVA2-AP ( P =.007), EIST ( P =.016), and IRI ( P =.013). Medium effect sizes were found for all measures. Dysosmia had a sensitivity value of 86.4% for detecting facial affect recognition impairments and 67.8% for vocal affect recognition impairments. Conclusions This study shows that olfactory deficits may be indicative of affect recognition impairments and reduced empathy. Early knowledge of affect recognition and empathy deficits would be valuable so that treatment could be implemented predischarge.
Maxime Niesen - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Structural and metabolic brain abnormalities in COVID-19 patients with sudden loss of smell.
European journal of nuclear medicine and molecular imaging, 2021Co-Authors: Maxime Niesen, Nicola Trotta, Antoine Noel, Tim Coolen, G. Fayad, G. Leurkin-sterk, Isabelle Delpierre, Sophie Henrard, Niloufar Sadeghi, Jean-christophe GoffardAbstract:Sudden loss of smell is a very common symptom of coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19). This study characterizes the structural and metabolic cerebral correlates of Dysosmia in patients with COVID-19. Structural brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and positron emission tomography with [18F]-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG-PET) were prospectively acquired simultaneously on a hybrid PET-MR in 12 patients (2 males, 10 females, mean age: 42.6 years, age range: 23–60 years) with sudden Dysosmia and positive detection of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) on nasopharyngeal swab specimens. FDG-PET data were analyzed using a voxel-based approach and compared with that of a group of healthy subjects. Bilateral blocking of the olfactory cleft was observed in six patients, while subtle olfactory bulb asymmetry was found in three patients. No MRI signal abnormality downstream of the olfactory tract was observed. Decrease or increase in glucose metabolism abnormalities was observed (p
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Structural and metabolic brain abnormalities in COVID-19 patients with sudden loss of smell
European Journal of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, 2021Co-Authors: Maxime Niesen, Nicola Trotta, Antoine Noel, Tim Coolen, G. Fayad, G. Leurkin-sterk, Isabelle Delpierre, Sophie Henrard, Niloufar Sadeghi, Jean-christophe GoffardAbstract:Objectives Sudden loss of smell is a very common symptom of coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19). This study characterizes the structural and metabolic cerebral correlates of Dysosmia in patients with COVID-19. Methods Structural brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and positron emission tomography with [18F]-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG-PET) were prospectively acquired simultaneously on a hybrid PET-MR in 12 patients (2 males, 10 females, mean age: 42.6 years, age range: 23–60 years) with sudden Dysosmia and positive detection of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) on nasopharyngeal swab specimens. FDG-PET data were analyzed using a voxel-based approach and compared with that of a group of healthy subjects. Results Bilateral blocking of the olfactory cleft was observed in six patients, while subtle olfactory bulb asymmetry was found in three patients. No MRI signal abnormality downstream of the olfactory tract was observed. Decrease or increase in glucose metabolism abnormalities was observed (p
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Structural and metabolic brain abnormalities in COVID-19 patients with sudden loss of smell
2020Co-Authors: Maxime Niesen, Nicola Trotta, Antoine Noel, Tim Coolen, G. Fayad, G. Leurkin-sterk, Isabelle Delpierre, Sophie Henrard, Niloufar Sadeghi, Jean-christophe GoffardAbstract:Abstract Objectives Sudden loss of smell is a very common symptom of coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19). This study characterizes the structural and metabolic cerebral correlates of Dysosmia in patients with COVID-19. Methods Structural brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and positron emission tomography with [18F]-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG-PET) were prospectively acquired simultaneously on a hybrid PET-MR in twelve patients (2 males, 10 females, mean age: 42.6 years, age range: 23-60 years) with sudden Dysosmia and positive detection of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) on nasopharyngeal swab specimens. FDG-PET data were analysed using a voxel-based approach and compared with that of a group of healthy subjects. Results Bilateral blocking of the olfactory cleft was observed in six patients, while subtle olfactory bulb asymmetry was found in three patients. No MRI signal abnormality downstream of the olfactory tract was observed. Heterogeneous (decrease or increase) glucose metabolism abnormalities were observed in core olfactory and high-order neocortical areas. A modulation of regional cerebral glucose metabolism by the severity and the duration of COVID-19-related Dysosmia was disclosed using correlation analyses. Conclusions This PET-MR study shows that sudden loss of smell in COVID-19 is not related to central involvement due to SARS-CoV-2 neuroinvasiveness. Loss of smell is associated with heterogeneous cerebral metabolic changes in core olfactory and high-order cortical areas likely related to combined processes of deafferentation and active functional reorganisation secondary to the lack of olfactory stimulation.
Dawn Neumann - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Affect recognition, empathy, and Dysosmia after traumatic brain injury.
Archives of physical medicine and rehabilitation, 2012Co-Authors: Dawn Neumann, Barbra Zupan, Duncan R. Babbage, Alexander J. Radnovich, Machiko Tomita, Flora M. Hammond, Barry WillerAbstract:Abstract Neumann D, Zupan B, Babbage DR, Radnovich AJ, Tomita M, Hammond F, Willer B. Affect recognition, empathy, and Dysosmia after traumatic brain injury. Objective To investigate if olfaction is associated with affect recognition and empathy deficits after traumatic brain injury (TBI). Prior research has shown that TBI often leads to loss of smell. We hypothesized a relationship with emotion perception, because the neural substrates of the olfactory system overlap with the ventral circuitry of the orbital frontal cortex, which play a critical role in affective responses, such as empathy. Design Comparative study investigating differences between participants with TBI who had impaired olfaction (Dysosmia) with those with normal olfaction (normosmia). Setting Postacute rehabilitation facilities in the United States, Canada, and New Zealand. Participants Participants (N=106) in the current study were a convenience sample of adults with moderate to severe TBI who were tested for olfactory function as part of a larger, related study on affect recognition. On average, participants were 11.5 years postinjury. Interventions Not applicable. Main Outcome Measures Olfaction (Brief Smell Identification Test), facial affect recognition (Diagnostic Assessment of Nonverbal Affect 2–Adult Faces [DANVA2-AF]), vocal affect recognition (Diagnostic Assessment of Nonverbal Affect 2–Adult Paralanguage [DANVA2-AP]), emotional inference (Emotional Inference from Stories Test [EIST]), and empathy (Interpersonal Reactivity Index [IRI]). Results Fifty-six percent of participants were dysosmic and only 36% of these participants were aware of their deficit. Participants with Dysosmia performed significantly poorer on the DANVA2-AF ( P =.003), DANVA2-AP ( P =.007), EIST ( P =.016), and IRI ( P =.013). Medium effect sizes were found for all measures. Dysosmia had a sensitivity value of 86.4% for detecting facial affect recognition impairments and 67.8% for vocal affect recognition impairments. Conclusions This study shows that olfactory deficits may be indicative of affect recognition impairments and reduced empathy. Early knowledge of affect recognition and empathy deficits would be valuable so that treatment could be implemented predischarge.