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D. G. White - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Relationships of Resistance to Fusarium Ear Rot and Fumonisin Contamination with Agronomic Performance of Maize
    Crop Science, 2007
    Co-Authors: Leilani A. Robertson-hoyt, Craig E. Kleinschmidt, D. G. White, Gary A. Payne, Chris M. Maragos, James B. Holland
    Abstract:

    Resistance to Fusarium Ear Rot [caused by Fusarium verticillioides (Sacc.) Nirenberg (synonym F. moniliforme Sheldon) (teleomorph: Gibberella moniliformis) and F. proliferatum (Matsushima) Nirenberg (teleomorph: G. intermedia)] and fumonisin contamination is heritable and controlled by at least 11 gene regions in a maize (Zea mays L.) population created by backcrossing the highly resistant donor line, GE440, to the susceptible but commercially successful recurrent parent line, FR1064. The relationship between resistances to Fusarium Ear Rot and fumonisin contamination and agronomic performance has not been reported. Therefore, the objective of this study was to examine the relationship between disease resistance and agronomic utility in this population by measuring resistances to Fusarium Ear Rot and fumonisin contamination in BC 1 F 1:2 lines, and yield and agronomic performance in topcrosses of these lines. Fumonisin contamination was not correlated with yield, but two fumonisin quantitative trait loci (QTL) mapped to similar positions as yield QTL. Fusarium Ear Rot had a small positive correlation with topcross yield (r = 0.29), but QTL for the two traits mapped to distinct genomic positions. Similar results for other traits indicate that QTL can contribute in opposite directions to the overall genetic correlations between traits and that some trait correlations arise in the absence of detectable QTL effects on both traits. In general, no strong relationships were observed between disease resistance traits and agronomic traits, thus selection for increased resistance should not unduly affect agronomic performance.

  • Development of Gibberella Ear Rot on Processing Sweet Corn Hybrids Over an Extended Period of Harvest.
    Plant disease, 2007
    Co-Authors: J. N. Nordby, J. K. Pataky, D. G. White
    Abstract:

    ABSTRACT Gibberella Ear Rot, caused by Gibberella zeae, has increased in prevalence recently on lateseason processing sweet corn grown in North America. Little information is available about the development of Gibberella Ear Rot on processing sweet corn hybrids over extended periods of harvest. In five trials from 2003 to 2005, 12 processing sweet corn hybrids were inoculated with G. zeae and evaluated for severity of Gibberella Ear Rot on sequential harvest dates from 19 to 27 days after midsilk. Ear Rot severity was assessed using a rating scale based on the percentage of kernels with visible symptoms of G. zeae colonization including kernel Rot and mycelial growth. Severity ranged from 1.6 to 47.8% over the five trials. None of the hybrids was highly resistant to Gibberella Ear Rot, although some appEared to be less susceptible. Gibberella Ear Rot was less severe on three hybrids (GH 2690, GG 147, and Sprint) and more severe on three hybrids (GG 42, GG 145, and Jubilee). Other hybrids had moderate leve...

  • Heritabilities and Correlations of Fusarium Ear Rot Resistance and Fumonisin Contamination Resistance in Two Maize Populations
    Crop Science, 2006
    Co-Authors: Leilani A. Robertson, Craig E. Kleinschmidt, D. G. White, Gary A. Payne, Chris M. Maragos, James B. Holland
    Abstract:

    Fusarium verticillioides (Sacc.) Nirenberg (synonym F. moniliforme Sheldon) (teleomorph: Gibberella moniliformis )a ndF. proliferatum (Matsushima)Nirenberg (teleomorph:G. intermedia) are fungalpathogens of maize (Zea mays L.) that cause Ear Rot and contaminate grain with fumonisins, a family of mycotoxins that adversely affect animal and human health. The objective of this study was to estimate heritabilities of and genotypic and phenotypic correlations between fumonisin concentration, Ear Rot, and flowering time in two maize populations. In the (GE440 3 FR1064) 3 FR1064 backcross population, the genotypic and phenotypic correlations between Ear Rot and fumonisin concentration were0.96and0.40,respectively.Heritabilityestimatedonanentrymean basis was 0.75 for fumonisin concentration and 0.47 for Ear Rot resistance. In the NC300 3 B104 recombinant inbred line population, the genotypic and phenotypic correlations between Ear Rot and fumonisin concentration were 0.87 and 0.64, respectively. Heritability estimated on an entry mean basis was 0.86 for fumonisin concentration and 0.80 for Ear Rot resistance. Correlations between fumonisin concentration and silking date were not significant in either population, and correlations between Ear Rot resistance and silking date were small (less than 0.30) in both populations. Moderate to high heritabilities and strong genetic correlations between Ear Rot and fumonisin concentration suggest that selection for reduced Ear Rot should frequently identify lines with reduced fumonisin concentration. Ear Rot can be screened visually and so is less costly and less time-consuming to evaluate than laboratory assays for fumonisin concentration.

  • QTL Mapping for Fusarium Ear Rot and Fumonisin Contamination Resistance in Two Maize Populations
    Crop Science, 2006
    Co-Authors: Leilani A. Robertson-hoyt, Craig E. Kleinschmidt, D. G. White, Gary A. Payne, Chris M. Maragos, Michael P. Jines, Peter J. Balint-kurti, Terence L. Molnár, James B. Holland
    Abstract:

    Fusarium verticillioides (Sacc.) Nirenberg (synonym F. moniliforme Sheldon) (teleomorph: Gibberella moniliformis) and F. proliferatum (Matsushima) Nirenberg (teleomorph: G. intermedia) are fungal pathogens of maize (Zea mays L.) that cause Ear Rot and contaminate grain with fumonisins, mycotoxins that can harm animals and humans. The objective of this study was to identify quantitative trait loci (QTL) for resistance to Fusarium Ear Rot and fumonisin contaminationintwomaizepopulations,comprisedof213BC1F1:2familiesfrom the first backcross of GE440 to FR1064 (GEFR) and 143 recombinant inbred lines from the cross of NC300 to B104 (NCB). QTL mapping was used to study the genetic relationships between resistances to Ear Rot and fumonisin contamination and to investigate consistency of QTL acrosspopulations.IntheGEFRpopulation,sevenQTLexplained47% of the phenotypic variation for mean Ear Rot resistance and nine QTL with one epistatic interaction explained 67% of the variation for mean fumonisin concentration. In the NCB population, five QTL explained 31% of the phenotypic variation for mean Ear Rot resistance and six QTL and three epistatic interactions explained 81% of the phenotypic variation for mean fumonisin concentration. Eight QTL in the GEFR population and five QTL in the NCB population affected both disease traits. At least three Ear Rot and two fumonisin contamination resistance QTL mapped to similar positions in the two populations. Two QTL,localized tochromosomes fourand five, appEaredtobe consistent for both traits across both populations.

  • Comparison of Aspergillus Ear Rot and aflatoxin contamination in grain of high-oil and normal-oil corn hybrids.
    Journal of food protection, 2003
    Co-Authors: Dina E. Severns, M. J. Clements, Robert J. Lambert, D. G. White
    Abstract:

    High-oil corn (Zea mays L.) grain is a valuable component of feed for monogastric livestock. One method of increasing the concentration of oil in corn grain is the TopCross method. With TopCross, Ears of a cytoplasmic male-sterile, normal-oil hybrid are pollinated by a male-fertile, high-oil synthetic hybrid. The concentration of oil in the resulting grain is increased because of xenia effects. Kernels of high-oil corn typically have a larger germ and a smaller endosperm than kernels of comparable normal hybrids. The growth of Aspergillus flavus Link:Fr within germ tissue has been reported to be more extensive than that on the whole corn kernel; therefore, the severity of Aspergillus Ear Rot could be more extensive and aflatoxin concentrations could be higher in high-oil grain produced by TopCross than in grain with a lower concentration of oil. The objective of this study was to compare Aspergillus Ear Rot severity levels and aflatoxin concentrations in the grains of hybrids crossed with high-oil or normal-oil pollinators. Fifteen hybrids were evaluated in 1998 and 1999 in Urbana, Ill. Primary Ears were inoculated with A. flavus and evaluated for susceptibility to Aspergillus Ear Rot and aflatoxin production in grain. Concentrations of aflatoxin and oil in corn kernels were significantly higher for high-oil hybrids than for normal-oil hybrids; however, Ear Rot severity was unaffected by the type of pollinator. These results suggest that grain from high-oil hybrids is at greater risk for aflatoxin contamination during some growing seasons.

J. K. Pataky - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Development of Gibberella Ear Rot on Processing Sweet Corn Hybrids Over an Extended Period of Harvest.
    Plant disease, 2007
    Co-Authors: J. N. Nordby, J. K. Pataky, D. G. White
    Abstract:

    ABSTRACT Gibberella Ear Rot, caused by Gibberella zeae, has increased in prevalence recently on lateseason processing sweet corn grown in North America. Little information is available about the development of Gibberella Ear Rot on processing sweet corn hybrids over extended periods of harvest. In five trials from 2003 to 2005, 12 processing sweet corn hybrids were inoculated with G. zeae and evaluated for severity of Gibberella Ear Rot on sequential harvest dates from 19 to 27 days after midsilk. Ear Rot severity was assessed using a rating scale based on the percentage of kernels with visible symptoms of G. zeae colonization including kernel Rot and mycelial growth. Severity ranged from 1.6 to 47.8% over the five trials. None of the hybrids was highly resistant to Gibberella Ear Rot, although some appEared to be less susceptible. Gibberella Ear Rot was less severe on three hybrids (GH 2690, GG 147, and Sprint) and more severe on three hybrids (GG 42, GG 145, and Jubilee). Other hybrids had moderate leve...

  • Evaluation of Inoculation Techniques for Fusarium Ear Rot and Fumonisin Contamination of Corn.
    Plant disease, 2003
    Co-Authors: M. J. Clements, J. K. Pataky, Craig E. Kleinschmidt, Chris M. Maragos, D. G. White
    Abstract:

    Fumonisins have been associated with potentially serious toxicoses of animals and humans. Prior to initiating a corn (Zea mays) breeding program for resistance to these mycotoxins, an efficient inoculation technique must be developed. Four inoculation techniques were evaluated on 14 commercial corn hybrids in Urbana, IL in 1999 and 2000. The techniques were: injection of inoculum through the Ear husk leaves at R2 (blister); silks sprayed with inoculum at R2 and covered with a shoot bag until harvest; silks sprayed with inoculum at R2, covered with a shoot bag, reinoculated 1 week thereafter, and covered with a shoot bag until harvest; and insertion of six Fusarium-colonized toothpicks into the silk channel at R2. Only injection of inoculum through the husk leaves significantly increased the concentration of fumonisin in grain and severity of Fusarium Ear Rot compared with a control. This technique effectively differentiated hybrids previously identified as resistant or susceptible to Fusarium Ear Rot. The rank order of hybrids inoculated with this technique did not significantly change in the 2 yEars of this study. This technique is suitable for efficiently evaluating a large number of corn genotypes for resistance to Fusarium Ear Rot and fumonisin concentration.

  • Influence of Cry1Ab PRotein and Hybrid Genotype on Fumonisin Contamination and Fusarium Ear Rot of Corn
    Crop Science, 2003
    Co-Authors: M. J. Clements, J. K. Pataky, Chris M. Maragos, K. W. Campbell, Clinton D. Pilcher, J. M. Headrick, D. G. White
    Abstract:

    Fusarium Ear Rot of corn (Zea mays L.) is associated with feeding damage from the European corn borer (ECB), Ostrinia nubilalis Hubner, and the corn Earworm (CEW), Helicoverpa zea Boddie. Specific transformation events encoding for Cry1Ab pRotein from Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner (Bt) may reduce Fusarium Ear Rot and fumonisin concentration in grain by minimizing damage from certain insects. The objective of this study was to determine if effects from Cry1Ab pRotein in kernels and silks on fumonisin concentration in grain vary depending on the genotype of the hybrid or the predominant insect species. Four Bt corn hybrids and their corresponding nontransgenic, nEar-isogenic hybrids were compared for Ear Rot severity and fumonisin concentration in grain in four environments. Treatments included inoculation with F. verticillioides (Sacc.) Nirenb. (Syn = F. moniliforme J. Sheld.) and F. proliferatum (Matsushima) Nirenb., infestation with ECB larvae, infestation with CEW larvae, and controls. Cry1Ab pRotein from the Mon810 transformation event was associated with reduced Ear Rot severity when hybrids were not inoculated with Fusarium spp., regardless of whether hybrids were infested or not infested with insects. Cry1Ab pRotein was associated with reduced fumonisin concentration in grain when ECB was the predominant insect, but not when CEW was the predominant insect. Cry1Ab pRotein was not associated with reduced fumonisin concentration in grain for the most resistant hybrid pair in this study. Results suggest that Bt hybrids can reduce fumonisin concentration in grain during seasons when ECB is favored, but not during seasons when CEW is favored. Hybrid genotype was an important factor in reducing fumonisin concentration in grain.

  • Reactions of Processing Sweet Corn Hybrids to Gibberella Ear Rot.
    Plant disease, 1999
    Co-Authors: Lindsey J. Du Toit, J. K. Pataky
    Abstract:

    Gibberella Ear Rot has increased in prevalence recently on late-season processing sweet corn grown in the Midwestern United States. Little information is available about the reactions of hybrids currently grown for processing. A total of 52 processing hybrids were evaluated in 1996 and 1997 for reactions to Gibberella zeae following one of two methods of inoculation: inserting an infested toothpick or injecting a spore suspension in the silk channel 7 days after the mid-silk growth stage. Ratings of Ear Rot severity ranged from 2.4 to 8 on a scale of 1 to 9. Severity of Ear Rot differed among hybrids, but none of the hybrids was highly resistant, nor did the hybrids display a great degree of variation for reaction to G. zeae. Severity of Ear Rot was consistently lower for cvs. Sprint and HMX 5372 than for the other hybrids. Ear Rot ratings also were lower for cvs. GH 1834 and GH 2690 in three of four comparisons. Severity of Ear Rot was consistently higher for cv. GH 2628 in all comparisons and for cvs. Empire, Excalibur, GG 42, GH 1861, Jubilee, Rival, and WSS 3680 in three of four comparisons. Ranks of some hybrids changed between inoculation methods, yEars, or both, but most hybrids were ranked similarly in at least three of four comparisons. Coefficients of variation were approximately 5% higher for the injection method of inoculation in 1996 than for the other trials. The toothpick method of inoculation required less labor and ranked hybrids as consistently or more consistently than the injection method.

F. C. Wehner - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Incidence of Stenocarpella maydis Ear Rot of corn under crop Rotation systems
    Plant disease, 2001
    Co-Authors: B. C. Flett, N. W. Mclaren, F. C. Wehner
    Abstract:

    The efficacy of crop Rotation in reducing corn Ear Rot caused by Stenocarpella maydis in reduced and conventional tillage systems was determined over five and four seasons, respectively, at two sites in South Africa. Stenocarpella Ear Rot and S. maydis was isolated from kernels more frequently in monoculture corn and crop Rotation where corn was planted for two consecutive seasons than where monoculture corn was interrupted by a Rotation crop. Surface stubble mass, and consequently inoculum pressure, were affected similarly by crop Rotation. Positive linEar relationships were recorded between Stenocarpella Ear Rot incidence, surface stubble mass, and pycnidial counts. Wheat, soybean, and peanut were the most effective, and sunflower the least effective, Rotation crops for reducing S. maydis Ear Rot.

  • Incidence of Ear Rot Pathogens Under Alternating Corn Tillage Practices.
    Plant Disease, 1998
    Co-Authors: B. C. Flett, N. W. Mclaren, F. C. Wehner
    Abstract:

    The efficacy of periodic plowing in reduced-tillage fields in reducing corn Ear Rot caused by Stenocarpella maydis, Fusarium moniliforme, F. subglutinans, and F. graminEarum was determined over three seasons at Bloekomspruit, South Africa. A positive linEar relationship was recorded for Stenocarpella Ear Rot incidence and surface stubble mass. Moldboard plow plots consistently had lower stubble mass and Stenocarpella Ear Rot incidence than did reduced tillage practices. A cross-moldboard plow applied after one, two, and three seasons of reduced tillage reduced stubble mass and Stenocarpella Ear Rot incidence in the respective season only. Stenocarpella Ear Rot incidence increased during the subsequent season in which the original tillage practices were again applied. Alternating tillage practices would therefore not reduce Stenocarpella Ear Rot in the long term. Reduced disease incidence can only be achieved by moldboard plowing during each season. Alternating tillage practices had no effect on Ear Rots caused by Fusarium spp. during all seasons.

Ryan Davis - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Importance of the husk covering on the susceptibility of corn hybrids to fusarium Ear Rot
    Plant Disease, 1996
    Co-Authors: C. Y. Warfield, Ryan Davis
    Abstract:

    The role of the husk covering and the influence of intra-Ear thrips infestation on severity of Fusarium Ear Rot (Fusarium moniliforme) were evaluated in 1990, 1991, and 1992 among corn (Zea mays) hybrids previously rated as susceptible, intermediate, or resistant to Fusarium Ear Rot. For the three treatments imposed on individual corn Ears in 1990, Ears were either left untreated, wrapped with a strip of parafilm at the Ear tip to maintain a tight seal, or husk layers were split open along one side of the Ear I to 2 weeks after pollination to partially expose the developing kernels. In 1991 and 1992, two additional treatments, split husks followed by acephate insecticide application and insecticide application to Ears with intact husks, were added. Split husks compromised the natural barrier to insects and fungi and significantly increased Fusarium Ear Rot severity among all corn hybrids in 1990 and 1991. In 1992, a yEar with naturally high levels of disease, split husks significantly increased disease severity among the resistant hybrids, but did not affect the susceptible hybrids. Acephate applied to Ears with split husks reduced Ear Rot among all hybrids. Grain yields were significantly less in Ears with split husks for all hybrids in 1990 and 1991, and for the resistant hybrids in 1992. Grain yields were higher for all insecticide-treated hybrids each yEar. These results demonstrate that susceptibility to Fusarium Ear Rot is influenced by both husk morphology and intra-Ear thrips infestation.

  • Relationships among Ear morphology, western flower thrips, and Fusarium Ear Rot of corn
    Phytopathology, 1991
    Co-Authors: J. J. Farrar, Ryan Davis
    Abstract:

    The relationships among insects, corn (Zea mays) Ear morphology, and Ear Rot caused by Fusarium moniliforme were studied in 1988 and 1989. Silks on Ears of two corn hybrids, one susceptible to Fusarium Ear Rot and one with an intermediate level of resistance, received applications of the insecticides acephate or carbaryl at the green silk stage before the onset of Ear Rot symptoms. In both yEars, insecticide treatments reduced intra-Ear populations of western flower thrips (Frankliniella occidentalis) at the brown silk stage and reduced disease incidence at maturity (...)

A. Waśkiewicz - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Mycotoxins and related Fusarium species in preharvest maize Ear Rot in Poland  
    Plant Soil and Environment, 2016
    Co-Authors: K. Gromadzka, K. Górna, J. Chełkowski, A. Waśkiewicz
    Abstract:

    This work presents a survey on mycotoxins (seasons 2013 and 2014) and Fusarium species (seasons from 1985 to 2014) in maize Ear Rot in Poland. Twelve mycotoxins were identified in maize kernel samples exhibiting symptoms of Fusarium Ear Rot or Rotten kernels at the harvest in two locations in Poland during the seasons 2013 and 2014. This is the first complex survey on the co-occurrence of four Fusarium mycotoxin groups in maize kernels: the group of the mycohormone zEaralenone; the group of trichothecenes – deoxynivalenol and nivalenol; the group of fumonisins; and the group of cyclic hexadepsipeptides – beauvericin and enniatins; and in addition, moniliformin. Four Fusarium species were identified in preharvest maize Ear Rot in the 2013 and 2014 harvests namely:<br /> F. graminEarum, F. poae, F. subglutinans and F. verticillioides. Since 1985, eleven Fusarium species have been identified in 13 investigation seasons. Apart from those mentioned above, F. avenaceum, F. cerealis, F. culmorum and<br /> F. spoRotrichioides were observed with irregular frequencies, and three species, i.e. F. proliferatum, F. tricinctum and F. equiseti, were identified sporadically. A significant increase of F. verticillioides frequency and a decrease of F. subglutinans frequency and changes of mycotoxin profile have been observed in the two decades since 1995.  

  • Fusarium temperatum as a New Species Causing Ear Rot on Maize in Poland.
    Plant disease, 2014
    Co-Authors: Elżbieta Czembor, Łukasz Stępień, A. Waśkiewicz
    Abstract:

    Diseases caused by Fusarium spp. are probably the most important factors affecting the yield and grain quality of maize (Zea mays L.) in Poland. While Fusarium stalk Rot problems were reported to be stable in all regions, Ear Rot tends to increase. This tendency probably results from warmer climate and conservation tillage techniques combined with maize- and wheat-dominated Rotation systems increasingly practiced in these regions. Maize kernel samples were harvested from trials conducted with hybrids moderately resistant and susceptible to Ear Rot in three locations in 2011 (12 samples) and in seven locations in 2012 (20 samples) from regions of Poland where maize for seed production is grown for many yEars. For each sample, 56 kernels (1,792 total) were subjected to the investigation of fungal colonization as following: surface-disinfected in alcohol (15 sec), rinsed with distilled water, dried, placed on the water agar in petri plates, incubated 7 to 12 days at 22°C, and sub-cultured using the single sp...