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P N Dulla - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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immunization against East Coast Fever in field cattle with low infectivity theileria parva stabilate preliminary assessment
Veterinary Parasitology, 1998Co-Authors: G K Mbassa, L E Kweka, P N DullaAbstract:Abstract Two Theileria parva sporozoite stabilates stored at −196°C, then at −70°C for six weeks (stabilate 1) and more than six months (stabilate 2) were inoculated into four eight-month old male calves, 1 and 2 (stabilate 1), and 3 and 4 (stabilate 2). Calves 1 and 2 developed pyrexia, enlargement of lymph nodes, and the former died of East Coast Fever. Calves 3 and 4 showed slight enlargement of lymph nodes without Fever. Lymph node smears from all calves (from day 10 to 20 post-inoculation) showed lymphoblasts, phagocytic macrophages, and schizonts. Piroplasms were detected in erythrocytes in blood smears from calves 1 and 2 but not in calves 3 and 4. Calves 2, 3 and 4 recovered without any treatment while calf 1 died of East Coast Fever on day 20. Serum samples from recovered calves taken on day 30 of the experiment were positive for antischizont antibodies to T. parva at 1:640 dilution, but pre-inoculation serum samples were negative. Stabilate 2 was used to immunize 64 Boran, Friesian, Ayrshire and crosses with Zebu cattle in four herds with 25% reduction of oxytetracycline dose. All the animals except one calf recovered without any severe reactions. The latter died of disease other than ECF after the monitoring period was over (day 24). Day 30 post-inoculation serum samples were positive for T. parva antischizont antibodies. A follow-up of the remaining animals for over one year revealed no further ECF incidences in these herds. This experiment shows the loss of infectivity of the vaccine stored at temperatures higher than −196°C. dependent on the duration. However, despite the lack of clinical signs in calves 3 and 4, there was cellular response and antibody production, and the stabilate for vaccine against East Coast Fever can thus be stored prior to use at higher than −196°C and still maintain capability to produce antibodies in field cattle, eliminating the use of oxytetracycline and monitoring. The vaccine will be cheaper and easier to use and the requirement for liquid nitrogen in the field reduced and the scale of application of the vaccine widened.
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Immunization against East Coast Fever in field cattle with low infectivity Theileria parva stabilate—preliminary assessment
Veterinary Parasitology, 1998Co-Authors: G K Mbassa, L E Kweka, P N DullaAbstract:Abstract Two Theileria parva sporozoite stabilates stored at −196°C, then at −70°C for six weeks (stabilate 1) and more than six months (stabilate 2) were inoculated into four eight-month old male calves, 1 and 2 (stabilate 1), and 3 and 4 (stabilate 2). Calves 1 and 2 developed pyrexia, enlargement of lymph nodes, and the former died of East Coast Fever. Calves 3 and 4 showed slight enlargement of lymph nodes without Fever. Lymph node smears from all calves (from day 10 to 20 post-inoculation) showed lymphoblasts, phagocytic macrophages, and schizonts. Piroplasms were detected in erythrocytes in blood smears from calves 1 and 2 but not in calves 3 and 4. Calves 2, 3 and 4 recovered without any treatment while calf 1 died of East Coast Fever on day 20. Serum samples from recovered calves taken on day 30 of the experiment were positive for antischizont antibodies to T. parva at 1:640 dilution, but pre-inoculation serum samples were negative. Stabilate 2 was used to immunize 64 Boran, Friesian, Ayrshire and crosses with Zebu cattle in four herds with 25% reduction of oxytetracycline dose. All the animals except one calf recovered without any severe reactions. The latter died of disease other than ECF after the monitoring period was over (day 24). Day 30 post-inoculation serum samples were positive for T. parva antischizont antibodies. A follow-up of the remaining animals for over one year revealed no further ECF incidences in these herds. This experiment shows the loss of infectivity of the vaccine stored at temperatures higher than −196°C. dependent on the duration. However, despite the lack of clinical signs in calves 3 and 4, there was cellular response and antibody production, and the stabilate for vaccine against East Coast Fever can thus be stored prior to use at higher than −196°C and still maintain capability to produce antibodies in field cattle, eliminating the use of oxytetracycline and monitoring. The vaccine will be cheaper and easier to use and the requirement for liquid nitrogen in the field reduced and the scale of application of the vaccine widened.
G K Mbassa - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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immunization against East Coast Fever in field cattle with low infectivity theileria parva stabilate preliminary assessment
Veterinary Parasitology, 1998Co-Authors: G K Mbassa, L E Kweka, P N DullaAbstract:Abstract Two Theileria parva sporozoite stabilates stored at −196°C, then at −70°C for six weeks (stabilate 1) and more than six months (stabilate 2) were inoculated into four eight-month old male calves, 1 and 2 (stabilate 1), and 3 and 4 (stabilate 2). Calves 1 and 2 developed pyrexia, enlargement of lymph nodes, and the former died of East Coast Fever. Calves 3 and 4 showed slight enlargement of lymph nodes without Fever. Lymph node smears from all calves (from day 10 to 20 post-inoculation) showed lymphoblasts, phagocytic macrophages, and schizonts. Piroplasms were detected in erythrocytes in blood smears from calves 1 and 2 but not in calves 3 and 4. Calves 2, 3 and 4 recovered without any treatment while calf 1 died of East Coast Fever on day 20. Serum samples from recovered calves taken on day 30 of the experiment were positive for antischizont antibodies to T. parva at 1:640 dilution, but pre-inoculation serum samples were negative. Stabilate 2 was used to immunize 64 Boran, Friesian, Ayrshire and crosses with Zebu cattle in four herds with 25% reduction of oxytetracycline dose. All the animals except one calf recovered without any severe reactions. The latter died of disease other than ECF after the monitoring period was over (day 24). Day 30 post-inoculation serum samples were positive for T. parva antischizont antibodies. A follow-up of the remaining animals for over one year revealed no further ECF incidences in these herds. This experiment shows the loss of infectivity of the vaccine stored at temperatures higher than −196°C. dependent on the duration. However, despite the lack of clinical signs in calves 3 and 4, there was cellular response and antibody production, and the stabilate for vaccine against East Coast Fever can thus be stored prior to use at higher than −196°C and still maintain capability to produce antibodies in field cattle, eliminating the use of oxytetracycline and monitoring. The vaccine will be cheaper and easier to use and the requirement for liquid nitrogen in the field reduced and the scale of application of the vaccine widened.
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Immunization against East Coast Fever in field cattle with low infectivity Theileria parva stabilate—preliminary assessment
Veterinary Parasitology, 1998Co-Authors: G K Mbassa, L E Kweka, P N DullaAbstract:Abstract Two Theileria parva sporozoite stabilates stored at −196°C, then at −70°C for six weeks (stabilate 1) and more than six months (stabilate 2) were inoculated into four eight-month old male calves, 1 and 2 (stabilate 1), and 3 and 4 (stabilate 2). Calves 1 and 2 developed pyrexia, enlargement of lymph nodes, and the former died of East Coast Fever. Calves 3 and 4 showed slight enlargement of lymph nodes without Fever. Lymph node smears from all calves (from day 10 to 20 post-inoculation) showed lymphoblasts, phagocytic macrophages, and schizonts. Piroplasms were detected in erythrocytes in blood smears from calves 1 and 2 but not in calves 3 and 4. Calves 2, 3 and 4 recovered without any treatment while calf 1 died of East Coast Fever on day 20. Serum samples from recovered calves taken on day 30 of the experiment were positive for antischizont antibodies to T. parva at 1:640 dilution, but pre-inoculation serum samples were negative. Stabilate 2 was used to immunize 64 Boran, Friesian, Ayrshire and crosses with Zebu cattle in four herds with 25% reduction of oxytetracycline dose. All the animals except one calf recovered without any severe reactions. The latter died of disease other than ECF after the monitoring period was over (day 24). Day 30 post-inoculation serum samples were positive for T. parva antischizont antibodies. A follow-up of the remaining animals for over one year revealed no further ECF incidences in these herds. This experiment shows the loss of infectivity of the vaccine stored at temperatures higher than −196°C. dependent on the duration. However, despite the lack of clinical signs in calves 3 and 4, there was cellular response and antibody production, and the stabilate for vaccine against East Coast Fever can thus be stored prior to use at higher than −196°C and still maintain capability to produce antibodies in field cattle, eliminating the use of oxytetracycline and monitoring. The vaccine will be cheaper and easier to use and the requirement for liquid nitrogen in the field reduced and the scale of application of the vaccine widened.
G R Muraguri - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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immunization of cattle against East Coast Fever using theileria parva marikebuni and relaxation of tick control in north rift kenya
Onderstepoort Journal of Veterinary Research, 2001Co-Authors: John M Wanjohi, G R Muraguri, J N Ngeranwa, R M Rumberia, S K MbogoAbstract:WANJOHI, .M., NGERANWA, J.N., RUMBERIA, R.M., MURAGURI, G.R. & MBOGO, S.K. 2001 . Immunization of cattle against East Coast Fever using Theileria parva (Marikebuni) and relaxation of tick control in North Rift, Kenya. Onderstepoort Journal of Veterinary Research, 68:217-223 A total of 90 animals was immunized against East Coast Fever (ECF) using Theileria parva (Marikebuni) stock on three large·scale farms in Kiminini Division, Trans-Nzoia District, North Rift, Kenya. Another 90 cattle served as non·immunized controls. Following immunization the number of cattle with sig· nificant indirect fluorescent antibody (IFA) tit res increased from 43.9 % to 84.4 % and 6 .7 % of the cattle developed clinical ECF reactions. Two months after immunization, the immunized and non-im munized cattle were divided into two groups one of which was dipped every 3 weeks and the other dipped when total full body tick counts reached 100. All the animals were monitored for 51 weeks for incidences of ECF and other tick-borne diseases. Twenty-four cases of ECF were diagnosed among the non-immunized cattle compared to four cases among the immunized cattle; a difference that was significant (P > 0.05). There was no significant difference in the incidences of babesiosis and ana plasmosis between the immunized and non-immunized cattle .
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treatment of East Coast Fever a comparison of parvaquone and buparvaquone
Veterinary Parasitology, 1999Co-Authors: G R Muraguri, Henry K Kiara, N MchardyAbstract:Two trials were conducted to compare the efficacy of parvaquone and buparvaquone for the treatment of naturally acquired East Coast Fever (ECF, Theileria parva infection) which, if untreated, is almost invariably fatal in European breeds of cattle. In the first trial 28 naive cattle were exposed in a paddock infested with ticks carrying a virulent form of the disease. Twelve were treated with each drug when they developed clinical ECF. All 24 cattle were cured. In the second study, 100 cases of ECF occurring naturally on farms in Kenya were treated, 50 with each drug. Parvaquone cured 44 (88%) buparvaquone cured 45 (90%). Intercurrent infections, predominantly anaplasmosis and bacterial pneumonia or scour, were treated specifically. It is concluded that parvaquone and buparvaquone are similarly effective in curing ECF and cure rates are maximised by accurate diagnosis and prompt treatment of both ECF and intercurrent infections.
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cost analysis of immunisation against East Coast Fever on smallholder dairy farms in kenya
Preventive Veterinary Medicine, 1998Co-Authors: G R Muraguri, N Mchardy, S K Mbogo, D P KariukiAbstract:Abstract A spreadsheet model was developed and used to estimate the total cost of immunising cattle against East Coast Fever (ECF) based on the infection-and-treatment method. Using data from an immunisation trial carried out on 102 calves and yearlings on 64 farms in the Githunguri division, Kiambu district, Kenya, a reference base scenario of a mean herd of five animals, a 10% rate of reaction to immunisation and a 2-day interval monitoring regimen (a total of 10 farm visits) was simulated. Under these conditions, the mean cost of immunisation per animal was US$16.48 (Ksh 955.78); this was equivalent to US$82.39 (Ksh 4778.90) per five-animal farm. A commonly reported reactor rate of 3% would decrease the cost to US$14.63 (Ksh 848.29) per animal. Reducing the number of farm monitoring visits from 10 to 7 would reduce the total cost by 10%, justified if farmers are trained to undertake some of the monitoring work. The fixed costs were 53% of the total cost of immunisation per farm. The cost of immunisation decreased with increasing number of animals per farm, showing economies of scale.
N Ambrose - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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characterization and discrimination of three theileria parva stabilates involved in East Coast Fever vaccinationa a
Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1998Co-Authors: O A E Sparagano, O Zanaa, N AmbroseAbstract:: Three vaccine stabilates of Theileria parva, of which sporozoites are being used against East Coast Fever, were characterized by immunological and molecular biology techniques before being used for a national vaccination campaign in Kenya. T. parva Marikebuni stabilates 316 and 3014, and T. parva Lanet were used in this study and were discriminated from other Kenyan field Theileria isolates. IFAT results showed that all the animals were producing antibodies regardless of the stock used. Primers designed on the TPR1 gene sequence were used for PCR and Decamers were used for RAPD. Specific DNA band patterns (1,877 bp; 1,059 bp, and 443 bp) for the three vaccine stocks were observed. These molecular markers could be used to trace vaccinated animals in Kenya and to identify which isolates are responsible for reactions in animals.
J M Mfinanga - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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evaluation of buparvaquone buta kel kela belgium as a treatment of East Coast Fever in cattle in the peri urban of dar es salaam city tanzania
Veterinary Parasitology, 2006Co-Authors: H A Mbwambo, H B Magwisha, J M MfinangaAbstract:Abstract Evaluation trials of the efficacy of buparvaquone (BUTA-kel™ KELA Laboratoria, N.V. Belgium), as a treatment of field cases of Theileria parva infection (East Coast Fever – ECF) were carried out on 63 cattle in the peri-urban of Dar Es Salaam city, Tanzania, during the period November 2004 to August 2005. Thirty-two cattle (56%) received single-dose treatment (2.5 mg buparvaquone per kg body weight), while two and three-dose treatment with interval(s) of 48 h was given to 33% and 11% of total treated cattle, respectively; 38 cattle (60.3%) were treated at an early stage of the disease, while 25 cattle (39.7%) were treated at an advanced stage of the disease. The rectal body temperature of 90.5% of buparvaquone-treated cattle dropped to normal values (37.5–39.5 °C) by day 7 of treatment, and by day 15 of treatment 96.8% of treated cattle showed normal values. Pulmonary signs were observed in 8/68 (11.8%) of total ECF diagnosed cattle and were successfully treated, albeit with parvaquone plus frusemide (Fruvexon); were not included in final evaluation of the efficacy of BUTA-kel. The present evaluation trials record a recovery rate of 95.2%. Buparvaquone (BUTA-kel™ KELA Laboratoria, N.V. Belgium), therefore, records another efficacious and valuable alternative treatment against East Coast Fever in Tanzania.
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Evaluation of buparvaquone (BUTA-Kel KELA, Belgium) as a treatment of East Coast Fever in cattle, in the peri-urban of Dar Es Salaam city, Tanzania.
Veterinary parasitology, 2006Co-Authors: H A Mbwambo, H B Magwisha, J M MfinangaAbstract:Evaluation trials of the efficacy of buparvaquone (BUTA-kel KELA Laboratoria, N.V. Belgium), as a treatment of field cases of Theileria parva infection (East Coast Fever - ECF) were carried out on 63 cattle in the peri-urban of Dar Es Salaam city, Tanzania, during the period November 2004 to August 2005. Thirty-two cattle (56%) received single-dose treatment (2.5 mg buparvaquone per kg body weight), while two and three-dose treatment with interval(s) of 48 h was given to 33% and 11% of total treated cattle, respectively; 38 cattle (60.3%) were treated at an early stage of the disease, while 25 cattle (39.7%) were treated at an advanced stage of the disease. The rectal body temperature of 90.5% of buparvaquone-treated cattle dropped to normal values (37.5-39.5 degrees C) by day 7 of treatment, and by day 15 of treatment 96.8% of treated cattle showed normal values. Pulmonary signs were observed in 8/68 (11.8%) of total ECF diagnosed cattle and were successfully treated, albeit with parvaquone plus frusemide (Fruvexon); were not included in final evaluation of the efficacy of BUTA-kel. The present evaluation trials record a recovery rate of 95.2%. Buparvaquone (BUTA-kel KELA Laboratoria, N.V. Belgium), therefore, records another efficacious and valuable alternative treatment against East Coast Fever in Tanzania.