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Saul Shiffman - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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conceptualizing analyses of Ecological Momentary Assessment data
Nicotine & Tobacco Research, 2014Co-Authors: Saul ShiffmanAbstract:Ecological Momentary Assessment (EMA) methods, which involve collection of real-time data in subjects' real-world environments, are particularly well suited to studying tobacco use. Analyzing EMA datasets can be challenging, as the datasets include a large and varied number of observations per subject and are relatively unstructured. This paper suggests that time is typically a key organizing principle in EMA data and that conceptualizing the data as a timeline of events, behaviors, and experiences can help define analytic approaches. EMA datasets lend themselves to answering a diverse array of research questions, and the research question must drive how data are arranged for analysis, and the kinds of statistical models that are applied. This is illustrated this with brief examples of diverse analyses applied to answer different questions from an EMA study of tobacco use and relapse.
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low sensitivity to alcohol relations with hangover occurrence and susceptibility in an Ecological Momentary Assessment investigation
Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs, 2012Co-Authors: Thomas M Piasecki, Saul Shiffman, Phillip K Wood, Kyle J Alley, Wendy S Slutske, Kenneth J Sher, Andrew HeathAbstract:Objective:The current investigation tested whether low sensitivity to alcohol, as measured by the Self-Rating of the Effects of Alcohol (SRE) form, is associated with hangover occurrence or resistance, two potentially important predictors of later problematic drinking outcomes.Method:Drinkers who reported using alcohol at least four times in the past month (N = 402) completed the SRE at baseline and used Ecological Momentary Assessment methods with an electronic diary to record drinking behaviors and related experiences over 21 days. Each morning, the diary assessed prior-night drinking behaviors and the presence of current hangover.Results:After adjustments for sex, body weight, age, and smoking status, higher SRE scores (indicating lower alcohol sensitivity) predicted hangover occurrence on postdrinking mornings (odds ratio [OR] = 1.24 per interquartile range [IQR], p = .003). However, when the number of drinks consumed in the drinking episode was covaried, SRE scores were negatively associated with han...
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mixed poisson point process with partially observed covariates Ecological Momentary Assessment of smoking
Journal of Applied Statistics, 2012Co-Authors: Benjamin Neustifter, Stephen L Rathbun, Saul ShiffmanAbstract:Ecological Momentary Assessment is an emerging method of data collection in behavioral research that may be used to capture the times of repeated behavioral events on electronic devices and information on subjects’ psychological states through the electronic administration of questionnaires at times selected from a probability-based design as well as the event times. A method for fitting a mixed-Poisson point-process model is proposed for the impact of partially observed, time-varying covariates on the timing of repeated behavioral events. A random frailty is included in the point-process intensity to describe the variation in baseline rates of event occurrence among subjects. Covariate coefficients are estimated using estimating equations constructed by replacing the integrated intensity in the Poisson score equations with a design-unbiased estimator. An estimator is also proposed for the variance of the random frailties. Our estimators are robust in the sense that no model assumptions are made regarding the distribution of the time-varying covariates or the distribution of the random effects. However, subject effects are estimated under gamma frailties using an approximate hierarchical likelihood. The proposed approach is illustrated using smoking data.
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mixed poisson point process with partially observed covariates Ecological Momentary Assessment of smoking
Journal of Applied Statistics, 2012Co-Authors: Benjamin Neustifter, Stephen L Rathbun, Saul ShiffmanAbstract:Ecological Momentary Assessment is an emerging method of data collection in behavioral research that may be used to capture the times of repeated behavioral events on electronic devices, and information on subjects' psychological states through the electronic administration of questionnaires at times selected from a probability-based design as well as the event times. A method for fitting a mixed Poisson point process model is proposed for the impact of partially-observed, time-varying covariates on the timing of repeated behavioral events. A random frailty is included in the point-process intensity to describe variation among subjects in baseline rates of event occurrence. Covariate coefficients are estimated using estimating equations constructed by replacing the integrated intensity in the Poisson score equations with a design-unbiased estimator. An estimator is also proposed for the variance of the random frailties. Our estimators are robust in the sense that no model assumptions are made regarding the distribution of the time-varying covariates or the distribution of the random effects. However, subject effects are estimated under gamma frailties using an approximate hierarchical likelihood. The proposed approach is illustrated using smoking data.
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the subjective effects of alcohol tobacco co use an Ecological Momentary Assessment investigation
Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 2011Co-Authors: Thomas M Piasecki, Saul Shiffman, Seungmin Jahng, Phillip K Wood, Brandon M Robertson, Amee J Epler, Nikole J Cronk, John W Rohrbaugh, Andrew C Heath, Kenneth J SherAbstract:Alcohol and tobacco use covary at multiple levels of analysis, and co-use of the two substances may have profound health consequences. In order to characterize the motivationally relevant processes contributing to co-use, the current study used Ecological Momentary Assessment (EMA) to examine the subjective consequences of naturally occurring simultaneous use of alcohol and tobacco. Current smokers who reported frequently drinking alcohol (N = 259) monitored their daily experiences for 21 days using electronic diaries. Participants responded to prompted Assessments and also initiated recordings when they smoked a cigarette or completed the first drink in a drinking episode. Momentary reports of smoking and alcohol consumption were associated with one another, and these effects remained after adjustment for occasion- and person-level covariates. When participants consumed alcohol, they reported increased pleasure and decreased punishment from the last cigarette. Smoking was associated with small increases in pleasure from the last drink. Ratings of “buzzed” and “dizzy” were synergistically affected by co-use of alcohol and tobacco. Co-use was also followed by higher levels of craving for both alcohol and tobacco. Results point to the importance of reward and incentive processes in ongoing drug use and suggest that alcohol intensifies real-time reports of the motivational consequences of smoking more strongly than smoking affects corresponding appraisals of alcohol effects.
Jon D Kassel - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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prediction of lapse from associations between smoking and situational antecedents assessed by Ecological Momentary Assessment
Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 2007Co-Authors: Saul Shiffman, Chad J Gwaltney, Mark H Balabanis, Jean Paty, Jon D Kassel, Maryann GnysAbstract:Smoking is associated with particular moods and activities, but it is not known whether there are individual differences in these associations and whether these differences are associated with success in smoking cessation. We assessed such associations using Ecological Momentary Assessment: real-world, real-time data, collected by palm-top computer. Two hundred and fourteen smokers participating in a smoking cessation study provided data during ad lib smoking at baseline. Participants recorded moods and activities each time they smoked and, for comparison, at randomly selected non-smoking occasions. Situational associations with smoking were captured by examining the associations between smoking and antecedents considered relevant to lapse risk: negative affect (NA), arousal, socializing with others, the presence of others smoking, and consumption of coffee and alcohol. The associations varied across participants, confirming individual differences in situational smoking associations. Survival analyses revealed that only the NA pattern predicted first lapse. The effect was only seen in EMA Assessments of NA smoking, and was not captured by questionnaire measures of negative affect smoking, which did not predict lapse risk. Moreover, the effect was not mediated by nicotine dependence.
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immediate antecedents of cigarette smoking an analysis from Ecological Momentary Assessment
Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 2002Co-Authors: Saul Shiffman, Chad J Gwaltney, Mark H Balabanis, Jean Paty, Jon D Kassel, Mary Hickcox, Maryann GnysAbstract:: The authors assessed the association between smoking and situational cues, including affect, in real-world contexts. Using Ecological Momentary Assessment, 304 smokers monitored ad-lib smoking for 1 week, recording each cigarette on palm-top computers. Generalized estimating equations contrasted 10,084 smoking and 11,155 nonsmoking situations. After controlling for smoking restrictions, smoking was strongly related to smoking urges and modestly related to consumption of coffee and food, the presence of other smokers, and several activities. Smoking was unrelated to negative or positive affect or to arousal, although it was associated with restlessness. Thus, in daily life, affect appears to exert little influence over ad-lib smoking in heavy smoking adults.
Donald Hedeker - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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latent trait shared parameter mixed models for missing Ecological Momentary Assessment data
Statistics in Medicine, 2019Co-Authors: John F Cursio, Robin J Mermelstein, Donald HedekerAbstract:Latent trait shared-parameter mixed models for Ecological Momentary Assessment (EMA) data containing missing values are developed in which data are collected in an intermittent manner. In such studies, data are often missing due to unanswered prompts. Using item response theory models, a latent trait is used to represent the missing prompts and modeled jointly with a mixed model for bivariate longitudinal outcomes. Both one- and two-parameter latent trait shared-parameter mixed models are presented. These new models offer a unique way to analyze missing EMA data with many response patterns. Here, the proposed models represent missingness via a latent trait that corresponds to the students' "ability" to respond to the prompting device. Data containing more than 10 300 observations from an EMA study involving high school students' positive and negative affects are presented. The latent trait representing missingness was a significant predictor of both positive affect and negative affect outcomes. The models are compared to a missing at random mixed model. A simulation study indicates that the proposed models can provide lower bias and increased efficiency compared to the standard missing at random approach commonly used with intermittent missing longitudinal data.
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acceptability and feasibility of a visual working memory task in an Ecological Momentary Assessment paradigm
Psychological Assessment, 2015Co-Authors: Randi Melissa Schuster, Robin J Mermelstein, Donald HedekerAbstract:: Neuropsychological performance has historically been measured in laboratory settings using standardized Assessments. However, these methods may be inherently limited in generalizability. This concern may be mitigated with paradigms such as Ecological Momentary Assessment (EMA). We evaluated the initial feasibility and acceptability of administering a visual working memory (VWM) task on handheld computers across 1 EMA study week among adolescents/young adults (N = 39). Participants also completed standardized laboratory neurocognitive measures to determine the extent to which EMA VWM performance mapped onto scores obtained in traditional testing environments. Compliance with the EMA protocol was high as participants responded to 87% of random prompts across the study week. As expected, EMA VWM performance was positively associated with laboratory measures of auditory and VWM, and these relationships persisted after adjusting for predicted intelligence. Further, discriminant validity tests showed that EMA VWM was not linked with laboratory scores of verbal abilities and processing speed. These data provide initial evidence on the convergent and discriminant validity of interpretations from this novel, Ecologically valid neurocognitive approach. Future studies will aim to further establish the psychometric properties of this (and similar) tasks and investigate how Momentary fluctuations in VWM correspond with contextual influences (e.g., substance use, mood) and clinical outcomes.
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modeling between subject and within subject variances in Ecological Momentary Assessment data using mixed effects location scale models
Statistics in Medicine, 2012Co-Authors: Donald Hedeker, Robin J Mermelstein, Hakan DemirtasAbstract:Ecological Momentary Assessment (EMA) and/or Experience Sampling (ESM) methods are increasingly used in health studies to study subjective experiences within changing environmental contexts. In these studies, up to thirty or forty observations are often obtained for each subject. Because there are so many measurements per subject, one can characterize a subject’s mean and variance, and specify models for both. In this article, we focus on an adolescent smoking study using EMA where interest is on characterizing changes in mood variation. We describe how covariates can influence the mood variances, and also extend the statistical model by adding a subject-level random effect to the within-subject variance specification. This permits subjects to have influence on the mean, or location, and variability, or (square of the) scale, of their mood responses. These mixed-effects location scale models have useful applications in many research areas where interest centers on the joint modeling of the mean and variance structure.
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a mixed ordinal location scale model for analysis of Ecological Momentary Assessment ema data
Statistics and Its Interface, 2009Co-Authors: Donald Hedeker, Hakan Demirtas, Robin J MermelsteinAbstract:Mixed-effects logistic regression models are described for analysis of longitudinal ordinal outcomes, where observations are observed clustered within subjects. Random effects are included in the model to account for the correlation of the clustered observations. Typically, the error variance and the variance of the random effects are considered to be homogeneous. These variance terms characterize the within-subjects (i.e., error variance) and between-subjects (i.e., random-effects variance) variation in the data. In this article, we describe how covariates can influence these variances, and also extend the standard logistic mixed model by adding a subject-level random effect to the within-subject variance specification. This permits subjects to have influence on the mean, or location, and variability, or (square of the) scale, of their responses. Additionally, we allow the random effects to be correlated. We illustrate application of these models for ordinal data using Ecological Momentary Assessment (EMA) data, or intensive longitudinal data, from an adolescent smoking study. These mixed-effects ordinal location scale models have useful applications in mental health research where outcomes are often ordinal and there is interest in subject heterogeneity, both between- and within-subjects.
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an application of a mixed effects location scale model for analysis of Ecological Momentary Assessment ema data
Biometrics, 2008Co-Authors: Donald Hedeker, Robin J Mermelstein, Hakan DemirtasAbstract:For longitudinal data, mixed models include random subject effects to indicate how subjects influence their responses over repeated Assessments. The error variance and the variance of the random effects are usually considered to be homogeneous. These variance terms characterize the within-subjects (i.e., error variance) and between-subjects (i.e., random-effects variance) variation in the data. In studies using Ecological Momentary Assessment (EMA), up to 30 or 40 observations are often obtained for each subject, and interest frequently centers around changes in the variances, both within and between subjects. In this article, we focus on an adolescent smoking study using EMA where interest is on characterizing changes in mood variation. We describe how covariates can influence the mood variances, and also extend the standard mixed model by adding a subject-level random effect to the within-subject variance specification. This permits subjects to have influence on the mean, or location, and variability, or (square of the) scale, of their mood responses. Additionally, we allow the location and scale random effects to be correlated. These mixed-effects location scale models have useful applications in many research areas where interest centers on the joint modeling of the mean and variance structure.
Genevieve F Dunton - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Ecological Momentary Assessment of eating and dietary intake behaviors in children and adolescents a systematic review of the literature
Appetite, 2020Co-Authors: Tyler B Mason, Shirlene Wang, Genevieve F DuntonAbstract:Abstract The objective of this review was to summarize associations between Ecological Momentary Assessment (EMA)-measured contextual factors and eating and dietary intake behaviors in children and adolescents. The inclusion criteria were availability of the study in English and use of EMA to study eating and dietary intake behaviors among children and/or adolescents (ages
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an electronic Ecological Momentary Assessment study to examine the consumption of high fat high sugar foods fruits vegetables and affective states among women
Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior, 2018Co-Authors: Yue Liao, Susan M Schembre, Sydney G Oconnor, Britni R Belcher, Jaclyn P Maher, Eldin Dzubur, Genevieve F DuntonAbstract:Abstract Objective To examine the associations between high-fat/high-sugar foods (HFHS) and fruit and vegetable (FV) consumption and affective states in women. Methods The researchers used electronic Ecological Momentary Assessment to capture HFHS and FV consumption in the past 2 hours (predictor) and current affective states (outcome) across 1 week among 202 women. Multilevel linear regression was conducted. Weight status was tested as a moderator. Results Consumption of FV in the past 2 hours was positively associated with feeling happy (P Conclusions and Implications The association between HFHS consumption and stress might be stronger in overweight or obese than normal weight women. Future studies could further enhance the electronic Ecological Momentary Assessment method to explore other time-varying moderators and mediators of food consumption and affect.
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Ecological Momentary Assessment in physical activity research
Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews, 2017Co-Authors: Genevieve F DuntonAbstract:Theories explaining why individuals participate in physical activity often do not take into account within-person variation or dynamic patterns of change. Time-intensive methods such as Ecological Momentary Assessment are more conducive to capturing time- and spatially-varying explanatory factors and intraindividual fluctuations than traditional methods and thus may yield new insights into the prediction and modeling of physical activity behavior.
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feasibility and performance test of a real time sensor informed context sensitive Ecological Momentary Assessment to capture physical activity
Journal of Medical Internet Research, 2016Co-Authors: Genevieve F Dunton, Eldin Dzubur, Stephen S IntilleAbstract:Background: Objective physical activity monitors (eg, accelerometers) have high rates of nonwear and do not provide contextual information about behavior. Objective: This study tested performance and value of a mobile phone app that combined objective and real-time self-report methods to measure physical activity using sensor-informed context-sensitive Ecological Momentary Assessment (CS-EMA). Methods: The app was programmed to prompt CS-EMA surveys immediately after 3 types of events detected by the mobile phone’s built-in motion sensor: (1) Activity (ie, mobile phone movement), (2) No-Activity (ie, mobile phone nonmovement), and (3) No-Data (ie, mobile phone or app powered off). In addition, the app triggered random (ie, signal-contingent) Ecological Momentary Assessment (R-EMA) prompts (up to 7 per day). A sample of 39 ethnically diverse high school students in the United States (aged 14-18, 54% female) tested the app over 14 continuous days during nonschool time. Both CS-EMA and R-EMA prompts assessed activity type (eg, reading or doing homework, eating or drinking, sports or exercising) and contextual characteristics of the activity (eg, location, social company, purpose). Activity was also measured with a waist-worn Actigraph accelerometer. Results: The average CS-EMA + R-EMA prompt compliance and survey completion rates were 80.5% and 98.5%, respectively. More moderate-to-vigorous intensity physical activity was recorded by the waist-worn accelerometer in the 30 minutes before CS-EMA activity prompts (M=5.84 minutes) than CS-EMA No-Activity (M=1.11 minutes) and CS-EMA No-Data (M=0.76 minute) prompts (P’s<.001). Participants were almost 5 times as likely to report going somewhere (ie, active or motorized transit) in the 30 minutes before CS-EMA Activity than R-EMA prompts (odds ratio=4.91, 95% confidence interval=2.16-11.12). Conclusions: Mobile phone apps using motion sensor–informed CS-EMA are acceptable among high school students and may be used to augment objective physical activity data collected from traditional waist-worn accelerometers. [J Med Internet Res 2016;18(6):e106]
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investigating the impact of a smart growth community on the contexts of children s physical activity using Ecological Momentary Assessment
Health & Place, 2012Co-Authors: Genevieve F Dunton, Stephen S Intille, Jennifer Wolch, Mary Ann PentzAbstract:This quasi-experimental research used Ecological Momentary Assessment with electronic surveys delivered through mobile phones to determine whether children change the type of contexts (i.e., settings) where they engage in physical activity after a recent move to a smart growth (SG) community in the U.S. as compared to children living in conventional low-to-medium density U.S. suburban communities (controls). SG vs. control children engaged in a greater proportion of physical activity bouts with friends, a few blocks from home, and at locations to which they walked. Over six months, the proportion of physical activity bouts reported at home (indoors) and in high traffic locations decreased among SG but not control children. Six-month increases in daily moderate-to-vigorous physical activity did not significantly differ by group. Children might have altered the type of contexts where they engage in physical activity after moving to SG communities, yet more time may be necessary for these changes to impact overall physical activity. Language: en
Marije Aan Het Rot - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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using tempest end user programming of web based Ecological Momentary Assessment protocols
Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction archive, 2018Co-Authors: Nikolaos Batalas, Marije Aan Het Rot, Vassilisjaved Khan, Panos MarkopoulosAbstract:Researchers who perform Ecological Momentary Assessment (EMA) studies tend to rely on informatics experts to set up and administer their data collection protocols with digital media. Contrary to standard surveys and questionnaires that are supported by widely available tools, setting up an EMA protocol is a substantial programming task. Apart from constructing the survey items themselves, researchers also need to design, implement, and test the timing and the contingencies by which these items are presented to respondents. Furthermore, given the wide availability of smartphones, it is becoming increasingly important to execute EMA studies on user-owned devices, which presents a number of software engineering challenges pertaining to connectivity, platform independence, persistent storage, and back-end control. We discuss TEMPEST, a web-based platform that is designed to support non-programmers in specifying and executing EMA studies. We discuss the conceptual model it presents to end-users, through an example of use, and its evaluation by 18 researchers who have put it to real-life use in 13 distinct research studies.
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experience sampling and Ecological Momentary Assessment studies in psychopharmacology a systematic review
European Neuropsychopharmacology, 2015Co-Authors: Fionneke M Bos, Robert A Schoevers, Marije Aan Het RotAbstract:Experience sampling methods (ESM) and Ecological Momentary Assessment (EMA) offer insight into daily life experiences, including symptoms of mental disorders. The application of ESM/EMA in psychopharmacology can be a valuable addition to more traditional measures such as retrospective self-report questionnaires because they may help reveal the impact of psychotropic medication on patients' actual experiences. In this paper we systematically review the existing literature on the use of ESM/EMA in psychopharmacology research. To this end, we searched the PsycInfo and Medline databases for all available ESM/EMA studies on the use of psychotropic medication in patients with DSM-III-R and DSM-IV disorders. Dissertations were excluded. We included 18 studies that applied ESM/EMA to study the effects of medication on patients with major depressive disorder, substance use disorder, attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, psychotic disorder, and anxiety disorder. We found that ESM/EMA may allow researchers and clinicians to track patients during different phases of treatment: before treatment to predict outcome, during treatment to examine the effects of treatment on symptoms and different aspects of daily life experience, and after treatment to detect vulnerability for relapse. Moreover, ESM/EMA can potentially help determine how long and in what contexts medications are effective. Thus, ESM/EMA may benefit both researchers and clinicians and might prove to be an effective tool for improving the treatment of psychiatric patients.
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experience sampling and Ecological Momentary Assessment for studying the daily lives of patients with anxiety disorders a systematic review
Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 2014Co-Authors: Laura C Walz, Maaike H Nauta, Marije Aan Het RotAbstract:Anxiety disorders are highly prevalent. Symptoms may occur unpredictably (e.g., panic attacks) or predictably in specific situations (e.g., social phobia). Consequently, it may be difficult to assess anxiety and related constructs realistically in the laboratory or by traditional retrospective questionnaires. Experience sampling methods (ESM) and Ecological Momentary Assessment (EMA) can deepen the understanding of the course of anxiety disorders by frequently assessing symptoms and other variables in the natural environment. We review 34 ESM/EMA studies on adult panic disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, social phobia, post-traumatic stress disorder, and obsessive-compulsive disorder, as well as anxiety disorders in youth. Benefits of ESM/EMA for the study of anxiety disorders include generating insight into the temporal variability of symptoms and into the associations among daily affect, behaviors, and situational cues. Further, ESM/EMA has been successfully combined with ambulatory Assessment of physiological variables and with treatment evaluations. We provide suggestions for future research, as well as for clinical applications.
