Tobacco Use

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Christopher Millett - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • have socioeconomic inequalities in Tobacco Use in india increased over time trends from the national sample surveys 2000 2012
    Nicotine & Tobacco Research, 2016
    Co-Authors: Nandita Bhan, Anup Karan, Swati Srivastava, Sakthivel Selvaraj, S V Subramanian, Christopher Millett
    Abstract:

    INTRODUCTION: India has experienced marked sociocultural change, economic growth and industry promotion of Tobacco products over the past decade. Little is known about the influence of these factors on socioeconomic patterning of Tobacco Use. This study examines trends in Tobacco Use by socioeconomic status (SES) in India between 2000 and 2012. METHODS: We analyzed data in 2014 from nationally-representative repeated cross-sectional National Sample Surveys (NSS) in India for 1999-2000, 2004-2005 and 2011-2012 (n = 346 612 hoUseholds). Prevalence and volume trends in cigarette, "bidi" and smokeless Tobacco Use were examined by hoUsehold expenditure, educational attainment and caste/tribe status using Two-part model. RESULTS: Prevalence of any Tobacco Use remained consistent in the poorest hoUseholds (61.5% to 62.7%) and declined among the richest (43.8% to 36.8%) between 2000-2012. Bidi Use declined across all groups (poorest: 26.3% to 16.8%, richest: 19.8% to 10.7%) while cigarette Use increased (poorest: 1.2% to 1.3%, richest: 6.5% to 7.0%). Relative to educated and general caste hoUseholds, between 2000 and 2012 cigarette Use in illiterate hoUseholds increased by 38% and among Scheduled Tribe hoUseholds increased by 32%. Smokeless Tobacco Use increased for all hoUseholds (poorest: 26.2% to 33.9%, richest: 11.4% to 13.5%, Scheduled Tribe: 31.1% to 34.8%, general caste: 13.6% to 18.5%), with greater increases among richer, more educated and general caste hoUseholds. CONCLUSION: Marked SES patterning of Tobacco Use has persisted in India. Improving enforcement of Tobacco control policies and monitoring comprehensive smoke-free legislations are needed to address this growing burden. IMPLICATIONS: We found "resilient" Tobacco patterns in the last decade despite prevention interventions. SES continues to be inversely associated with Tobacco products, with the exception of cigarettes. The declines in bidi Use may be getting replaced by increase in cigarette Use trends, especially among lower SES groups. The Use of smokeless Tobacco products has increased across all SES groups and the volume of smokeless Tobacco Use is not been declining despite a number of policies on Tobacco Use. This may be attributed to inadequate attention to chewed forms of Tobacco in current policies, particularly to implementing pictoral warnings and regulating surrogate advertising. Evaluating the implementation of anti-Tobacco policies and ensuring equity dimensions in interventions is urgently needed to address Tobacco Use inequalities.

  • have socioeconomic inequalities in Tobacco Use in india increased over time trends from the national sample surveys 2000 2012
    Nicotine & Tobacco Research, 2016
    Co-Authors: Nandita Bhan, Anup Karan, Swati Srivastava, Sakthivel Selvaraj, S V Subramanian, Christopher Millett
    Abstract:

    INTRODUCTION: India has experienced marked sociocultural change, economic growth and industry promotion of Tobacco products over the past decade. Little is known about the influence of these factors on socioeconomic patterning of Tobacco Use. This study examines trends in Tobacco Use by socioeconomic status (SES) in India between 2000 and 2012. METHODS: We analyzed data in 2014 from nationally-representative repeated cross-sectional National Sample Surveys (NSS) in India for 1999-2000, 2004-2005 and 2011-2012 (n = 346 612 hoUseholds). Prevalence and volume trends in cigarette, "bidi" and smokeless Tobacco Use were examined by hoUsehold expenditure, educational attainment and caste/tribe status using Two-part model. RESULTS: Prevalence of any Tobacco Use remained consistent in the poorest hoUseholds (61.5% to 62.7%) and declined among the richest (43.8% to 36.8%) between 2000-2012. Bidi Use declined across all groups (poorest: 26.3% to 16.8%, richest: 19.8% to 10.7%) while cigarette Use increased (poorest: 1.2% to 1.3%, richest: 6.5% to 7.0%). Relative to educated and general caste hoUseholds, between 2000 and 2012 cigarette Use in illiterate hoUseholds increased by 38% and among Scheduled Tribe hoUseholds increased by 32%. Smokeless Tobacco Use increased for all hoUseholds (poorest: 26.2% to 33.9%, richest: 11.4% to 13.5%, Scheduled Tribe: 31.1% to 34.8%, general caste: 13.6% to 18.5%), with greater increases among richer, more educated and general caste hoUseholds. CONCLUSION: Marked SES patterning of Tobacco Use has persisted in India. Improving enforcement of Tobacco control policies and monitoring comprehensive smoke-free legislations are needed to address this growing burden. IMPLICATIONS: We found "resilient" Tobacco patterns in the last decade despite prevention interventions. SES continues to be inversely associated with Tobacco products, with the exception of cigarettes. The declines in bidi Use may be getting replaced by increase in cigarette Use trends, especially among lower SES groups. The Use of smokeless Tobacco products has increased across all SES groups and the volume of smokeless Tobacco Use is not been declining despite a number of policies on Tobacco Use. This may be attributed to inadequate attention to chewed forms of Tobacco in current policies, particularly to implementing pictoral warnings and regulating surrogate advertising. Evaluating the implementation of anti-Tobacco policies and ensuring equity dimensions in interventions is urgently needed to address Tobacco Use inequalities.

Rene A Arrazola - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Tobacco Use among middle and high school students united states 2011 2014
    Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 2015
    Co-Authors: Rene A Arrazola, Catherine G. Corey, Tushar Singh, Brian A King, Corinne G Husten, Linda J Neff, Benjamin J Apelberg, Rebecca Bunnell, Conrad J Choiniere, Shanna Cox
    Abstract:

    Tobacco Use and addiction most often begin during youth and young adulthood. Youth Use of Tobacco in any form is unsafe. To determine the prevalence and trends of current (past 30-day) Use of nine Tobacco products (cigarettes, cigars, smokeless Tobacco, e-cigarettes, hookahs, Tobacco pipes, snus, dissolvable Tobacco, and bidis) among U.S. middle (grades 6-8) and high school (grades 9-12) students, CDC and the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) analyzed data from the 2011-2014 National Youth Tobacco Surveys (NYTS). In 2014, e-cigarettes were the most commonly Used Tobacco product among middle (3.9%) and high (13.4%) school students. Between 2011 and 2014, statistically significant increases were observed among these students for current Use of both e-cigarettes and hookahs (p<0.05), while decreases were observed for current Use of more traditional products, such as cigarettes and cigars, resulting in no change in overall Tobacco Use. Consequently, 4.6 million middle and high school students continue to be exposed to harmful Tobacco product constituents, including nicotine. Nicotine exposure during adolescence, a critical window for brain development, might have lasting adverse consequences for brain development, caUses addiction, and might lead to sustained Tobacco Use. For this reason, comprehensive and sustained strategies are needed to prevent and reduce the Use of all Tobacco products among youths in the United States.

  • Tobacco Use among middle and high school students united states 2013
    Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 2014
    Co-Authors: Rene A Arrazola, Linda J Neff, Sara M Kennedy, Enver Holderhayes, Christopher D Jones
    Abstract:

    Tobacco Use is the leading preventable caUse of disease and death in the United States, and nearly all Tobacco Use begins during youth and young adulthood. Among U.S. youths, cigarette smoking has declined in recent years; however, the Use of some other Tobacco products has increased, and nearly half of Tobacco Users Use two or more Tobacco products. CDC analyzed data from the 2013 National Youth Tobacco Survey to determine the prevalence of ever (at least once) and current (at least 1 day in the past 30 days) Use of one or more of 10 Tobacco products (cigarettes, cigars, hookahs, smokeless Tobacco, electronic cigarettes [e-cigarettes], pipes, snus, bidis, kreteks, and dissolvable Tobacco) among U.S. middle school (grades 6-8) and high school (grades 9-12) students. In 2013, 22.9% of high school students reported current Use of any Tobacco product, and 12.6% reported current Use of two or more Tobacco products; current Use of combustible products (i.e., cigarettes, cigars, pipes, bidis, kreteks, and/or hookahs) was substantially greater (20.7%) than Use of other types of Tobacco. Also, 46.0% of high school students reported having ever tried a Tobacco product, and 31.4% reported ever trying two or more Tobacco products. Among middle school students, 3.1% reported current Use of cigars, and 2.9% reported current Use of cigarettes, with non-Hispanic black students more than twice as likely to report current Use of cigars than cigarettes. Monitoring the prevalence of the Use of all available Tobacco products, including new and emerging products, is critical to support effective population-based interventions to prevent and reduce Tobacco Use among youths as part of comprehensive Tobacco prevention and control programs.

Benjamin A Toll - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Tobacco Use in the oncology setting advancing clinical practice and research
    Cancer Epidemiology Biomarkers & Prevention, 2014
    Co-Authors: Ellen R Gritz, Benjamin A Toll, Graham W Warren
    Abstract:

    Although Tobacco is a well-established causal agent for many human cancers, less emphasis has been placed on translating this evidence by evaluating the effects of continued Tobacco Use after a cancer diagnosis. A broad assessment of the effects of continued Tobacco Use demonstrates that Tobacco increases cancer treatment toxicity, recurrence, second primary tumors, and mortality in patients with cancer. Few studies report the potential benefits of cessation after a cancer diagnosis, but data suggest improved treatment outcomes in patients with cancer who quit smoking. Improving Tobacco cessation treatment efficacy and access to cessation support has been sparsely researched in the oncology setting compared with the general population; however, patients with cancer are receptive to standard evidence-based Tobacco cessation guidelines. Several studies demonstrate moderate Tobacco cessation success in patients with cancer using the general principles of evidence-based Tobacco cessation support. Several systems-level issues and research efforts are needed to standardize Tobacco Use definitions, increase access to Tobacco cessation support, improve Tobacco cessation efficacy, understand the time-dependent effects of Tobacco and cessation on cancer biology, and realize the potential benefits of Tobacco cessation for patients with cancer. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 23(1); 3–9. ©2014 AACR .

  • assessing Tobacco Use by cancer patients and facilitating cessation an american association for cancer research policy statement
    Clinical Cancer Research, 2013
    Co-Authors: Benjamin A Toll, Ellen R Gritz, Graham W Warren, Thomas H Brandon, Roy S Herbst
    Abstract:

    When diagnosed with cancer, patients can immediately make a meaningful positive impact on their health by stopping their Tobacco Use. Scientific evidence clearly shows that Tobacco Use in patients with cancer leads to poorer outcomes. The specific biological processes driving Tobacco consumption's interference in cancer therapy are the subject of continuing research, but the evidence is clear that Tobacco Use in patients with cancer leads to decreased treatment efficacy and safety, decreased survival, decreased quality of life, increased treatment-related toxicity, and increased risk of cancer recurrence and second primary tumors. Data suggest that Tobacco cessation can improve outcomes and survival in patients with cancer, yet full execution of evidence-based cessation interventions is infrequent in oncology settings. Therefore, both improved provision of cessation assistance to all patients with cancer who Use Tobacco or have recently quit and further study of the deleterious effects of Tobacco Use and benefits of Tobacco cessation on cancer progression and treatment are needed and recommended by the American Association for Cancer Research. Progress on both fronts begins with universal assessment and documentation of Tobacco Use as a standard of quality cancer care regardless of treatment setting and will be further facilitated through the development of reliable, valid, and standard measures of Tobacco Use, incorporation of evidence-based procedures into quality and accreditation procedures, and the development of appropriate training, clinical infrastructure, and incentives for delivery of Tobacco cessation interventions.

  • assessing Tobacco Use by cancer patients and facilitating cessation an american association for cancer research policy statement
    Clinical Cancer Research, 2013
    Co-Authors: Benjamin A Toll, Ellen R Gritz, Graham W Warren, Thomas H Brandon, Roy S Herbst
    Abstract:

    When diagnosed with cancer, patients can immediately make a meaningful positive impact on their health by stopping their Tobacco Use. Scientific evidence clearly shows that Tobacco Use in patients with cancer leads to poorer outcomes. The specific biological processes driving Tobacco consumption9s interference in cancer therapy are the subject of continuing research, but the evidence is clear that Tobacco Use in patients with cancer leads to decreased treatment efficacy and safety, decreased survival, decreased quality of life, increased treatment-related toxicity, and increased risk of cancer recurrence and second primary tumors. Data suggest that Tobacco cessation can improve outcomes and survival in patients with cancer, yet full execution of evidence-based cessation interventions is infrequent in oncology settings. Therefore, both improved provision of cessation assistance to all patients with cancer who Use Tobacco or have recently quit and further study of the deleterious effects of Tobacco Use and benefits of Tobacco cessation on cancer progression and treatment are needed and recommended by the American Association for Cancer Research. Progress on both fronts begins with universal assessment and documentation of Tobacco Use as a standard of quality cancer care regardless of treatment setting and will be further facilitated through the development of reliable, valid, and standard measures of Tobacco Use, incorporation of evidence-based procedures into quality and accreditation procedures, and the development of appropriate training, clinical infrastructure, and incentives for delivery of Tobacco cessation interventions. Clin Cancer Res; 19(8); 1941–8. ©2013 AACR .

Nandita Bhan - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • have socioeconomic inequalities in Tobacco Use in india increased over time trends from the national sample surveys 2000 2012
    Nicotine & Tobacco Research, 2016
    Co-Authors: Nandita Bhan, Anup Karan, Swati Srivastava, Sakthivel Selvaraj, S V Subramanian, Christopher Millett
    Abstract:

    INTRODUCTION: India has experienced marked sociocultural change, economic growth and industry promotion of Tobacco products over the past decade. Little is known about the influence of these factors on socioeconomic patterning of Tobacco Use. This study examines trends in Tobacco Use by socioeconomic status (SES) in India between 2000 and 2012. METHODS: We analyzed data in 2014 from nationally-representative repeated cross-sectional National Sample Surveys (NSS) in India for 1999-2000, 2004-2005 and 2011-2012 (n = 346 612 hoUseholds). Prevalence and volume trends in cigarette, "bidi" and smokeless Tobacco Use were examined by hoUsehold expenditure, educational attainment and caste/tribe status using Two-part model. RESULTS: Prevalence of any Tobacco Use remained consistent in the poorest hoUseholds (61.5% to 62.7%) and declined among the richest (43.8% to 36.8%) between 2000-2012. Bidi Use declined across all groups (poorest: 26.3% to 16.8%, richest: 19.8% to 10.7%) while cigarette Use increased (poorest: 1.2% to 1.3%, richest: 6.5% to 7.0%). Relative to educated and general caste hoUseholds, between 2000 and 2012 cigarette Use in illiterate hoUseholds increased by 38% and among Scheduled Tribe hoUseholds increased by 32%. Smokeless Tobacco Use increased for all hoUseholds (poorest: 26.2% to 33.9%, richest: 11.4% to 13.5%, Scheduled Tribe: 31.1% to 34.8%, general caste: 13.6% to 18.5%), with greater increases among richer, more educated and general caste hoUseholds. CONCLUSION: Marked SES patterning of Tobacco Use has persisted in India. Improving enforcement of Tobacco control policies and monitoring comprehensive smoke-free legislations are needed to address this growing burden. IMPLICATIONS: We found "resilient" Tobacco patterns in the last decade despite prevention interventions. SES continues to be inversely associated with Tobacco products, with the exception of cigarettes. The declines in bidi Use may be getting replaced by increase in cigarette Use trends, especially among lower SES groups. The Use of smokeless Tobacco products has increased across all SES groups and the volume of smokeless Tobacco Use is not been declining despite a number of policies on Tobacco Use. This may be attributed to inadequate attention to chewed forms of Tobacco in current policies, particularly to implementing pictoral warnings and regulating surrogate advertising. Evaluating the implementation of anti-Tobacco policies and ensuring equity dimensions in interventions is urgently needed to address Tobacco Use inequalities.

  • have socioeconomic inequalities in Tobacco Use in india increased over time trends from the national sample surveys 2000 2012
    Nicotine & Tobacco Research, 2016
    Co-Authors: Nandita Bhan, Anup Karan, Swati Srivastava, Sakthivel Selvaraj, S V Subramanian, Christopher Millett
    Abstract:

    INTRODUCTION: India has experienced marked sociocultural change, economic growth and industry promotion of Tobacco products over the past decade. Little is known about the influence of these factors on socioeconomic patterning of Tobacco Use. This study examines trends in Tobacco Use by socioeconomic status (SES) in India between 2000 and 2012. METHODS: We analyzed data in 2014 from nationally-representative repeated cross-sectional National Sample Surveys (NSS) in India for 1999-2000, 2004-2005 and 2011-2012 (n = 346 612 hoUseholds). Prevalence and volume trends in cigarette, "bidi" and smokeless Tobacco Use were examined by hoUsehold expenditure, educational attainment and caste/tribe status using Two-part model. RESULTS: Prevalence of any Tobacco Use remained consistent in the poorest hoUseholds (61.5% to 62.7%) and declined among the richest (43.8% to 36.8%) between 2000-2012. Bidi Use declined across all groups (poorest: 26.3% to 16.8%, richest: 19.8% to 10.7%) while cigarette Use increased (poorest: 1.2% to 1.3%, richest: 6.5% to 7.0%). Relative to educated and general caste hoUseholds, between 2000 and 2012 cigarette Use in illiterate hoUseholds increased by 38% and among Scheduled Tribe hoUseholds increased by 32%. Smokeless Tobacco Use increased for all hoUseholds (poorest: 26.2% to 33.9%, richest: 11.4% to 13.5%, Scheduled Tribe: 31.1% to 34.8%, general caste: 13.6% to 18.5%), with greater increases among richer, more educated and general caste hoUseholds. CONCLUSION: Marked SES patterning of Tobacco Use has persisted in India. Improving enforcement of Tobacco control policies and monitoring comprehensive smoke-free legislations are needed to address this growing burden. IMPLICATIONS: We found "resilient" Tobacco patterns in the last decade despite prevention interventions. SES continues to be inversely associated with Tobacco products, with the exception of cigarettes. The declines in bidi Use may be getting replaced by increase in cigarette Use trends, especially among lower SES groups. The Use of smokeless Tobacco products has increased across all SES groups and the volume of smokeless Tobacco Use is not been declining despite a number of policies on Tobacco Use. This may be attributed to inadequate attention to chewed forms of Tobacco in current policies, particularly to implementing pictoral warnings and regulating surrogate advertising. Evaluating the implementation of anti-Tobacco policies and ensuring equity dimensions in interventions is urgently needed to address Tobacco Use inequalities.

Ellen R Gritz - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Tobacco Use in the oncology setting advancing clinical practice and research
    Cancer Epidemiology Biomarkers & Prevention, 2014
    Co-Authors: Ellen R Gritz, Benjamin A Toll, Graham W Warren
    Abstract:

    Although Tobacco is a well-established causal agent for many human cancers, less emphasis has been placed on translating this evidence by evaluating the effects of continued Tobacco Use after a cancer diagnosis. A broad assessment of the effects of continued Tobacco Use demonstrates that Tobacco increases cancer treatment toxicity, recurrence, second primary tumors, and mortality in patients with cancer. Few studies report the potential benefits of cessation after a cancer diagnosis, but data suggest improved treatment outcomes in patients with cancer who quit smoking. Improving Tobacco cessation treatment efficacy and access to cessation support has been sparsely researched in the oncology setting compared with the general population; however, patients with cancer are receptive to standard evidence-based Tobacco cessation guidelines. Several studies demonstrate moderate Tobacco cessation success in patients with cancer using the general principles of evidence-based Tobacco cessation support. Several systems-level issues and research efforts are needed to standardize Tobacco Use definitions, increase access to Tobacco cessation support, improve Tobacco cessation efficacy, understand the time-dependent effects of Tobacco and cessation on cancer biology, and realize the potential benefits of Tobacco cessation for patients with cancer. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 23(1); 3–9. ©2014 AACR .

  • assessing Tobacco Use by cancer patients and facilitating cessation an american association for cancer research policy statement
    Clinical Cancer Research, 2013
    Co-Authors: Benjamin A Toll, Ellen R Gritz, Graham W Warren, Thomas H Brandon, Roy S Herbst
    Abstract:

    When diagnosed with cancer, patients can immediately make a meaningful positive impact on their health by stopping their Tobacco Use. Scientific evidence clearly shows that Tobacco Use in patients with cancer leads to poorer outcomes. The specific biological processes driving Tobacco consumption's interference in cancer therapy are the subject of continuing research, but the evidence is clear that Tobacco Use in patients with cancer leads to decreased treatment efficacy and safety, decreased survival, decreased quality of life, increased treatment-related toxicity, and increased risk of cancer recurrence and second primary tumors. Data suggest that Tobacco cessation can improve outcomes and survival in patients with cancer, yet full execution of evidence-based cessation interventions is infrequent in oncology settings. Therefore, both improved provision of cessation assistance to all patients with cancer who Use Tobacco or have recently quit and further study of the deleterious effects of Tobacco Use and benefits of Tobacco cessation on cancer progression and treatment are needed and recommended by the American Association for Cancer Research. Progress on both fronts begins with universal assessment and documentation of Tobacco Use as a standard of quality cancer care regardless of treatment setting and will be further facilitated through the development of reliable, valid, and standard measures of Tobacco Use, incorporation of evidence-based procedures into quality and accreditation procedures, and the development of appropriate training, clinical infrastructure, and incentives for delivery of Tobacco cessation interventions.

  • assessing Tobacco Use by cancer patients and facilitating cessation an american association for cancer research policy statement
    Clinical Cancer Research, 2013
    Co-Authors: Benjamin A Toll, Ellen R Gritz, Graham W Warren, Thomas H Brandon, Roy S Herbst
    Abstract:

    When diagnosed with cancer, patients can immediately make a meaningful positive impact on their health by stopping their Tobacco Use. Scientific evidence clearly shows that Tobacco Use in patients with cancer leads to poorer outcomes. The specific biological processes driving Tobacco consumption9s interference in cancer therapy are the subject of continuing research, but the evidence is clear that Tobacco Use in patients with cancer leads to decreased treatment efficacy and safety, decreased survival, decreased quality of life, increased treatment-related toxicity, and increased risk of cancer recurrence and second primary tumors. Data suggest that Tobacco cessation can improve outcomes and survival in patients with cancer, yet full execution of evidence-based cessation interventions is infrequent in oncology settings. Therefore, both improved provision of cessation assistance to all patients with cancer who Use Tobacco or have recently quit and further study of the deleterious effects of Tobacco Use and benefits of Tobacco cessation on cancer progression and treatment are needed and recommended by the American Association for Cancer Research. Progress on both fronts begins with universal assessment and documentation of Tobacco Use as a standard of quality cancer care regardless of treatment setting and will be further facilitated through the development of reliable, valid, and standard measures of Tobacco Use, incorporation of evidence-based procedures into quality and accreditation procedures, and the development of appropriate training, clinical infrastructure, and incentives for delivery of Tobacco cessation interventions. Clin Cancer Res; 19(8); 1941–8. ©2013 AACR .

  • exploring the cultural context of Tobacco Use a transdisciplinary framework
    Nicotine & Tobacco Research, 2003
    Co-Authors: Jennifer B Unger, Sohaila Shakib, Lourdes Baezcondegarbanati, Paula H Palmer, Tess Boley Cruz, Jeremiah Mock, Alexandra E Shields, Jon D Cruz, W Elizabeth W Edsall, Ellen R Gritz
    Abstract:

    Understanding culture is an essential key to reducing Tobacco Use. Conceptualizations of culture vary across scientific disciplines and theoretical orientations. BecaUse of the complexity of the caUses and effects of Tobacco Use, no single discipline has sufficient capacity to undertake a comprehensive approach to studying culture and Tobacco. Transdisciplinary research offers a means of bridging disciplinary perspectives. This paper reviews epidemiological data on observed variation in smoking patterns across national groups, ethnicities and genders, and presents reasons for studying culture in Tobacco control research. We discuss and contrast conceptualizations and specific definitions of culture and identify aspects of each conceptualization that are relevant to research on Tobacco. We present a multilevel, multidimensional conceptual framework for transdisciplinary research teams to Use to think together about the influence of culture on Tobacco and of Tobacco on culture. The framework challenges researchers to think about how the sociocultural context influences Tobacco Use at micro, meso, and macro levels. Finally, we offer suggestions for improving transdisciplinary research on culture and Tobacco.