Edible Mushroom

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Syed S. Islam - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • a water soluble β glucan of an Edible Mushroom termitomyces heimii structural and biological investigation
    Carbohydrate Polymers, 2015
    Co-Authors: Dilip K. Manna, Prasenjit Maity, Ashis K. Nandi, Manabendra Pattanayak, Satyajit Tripathy, Amit Kumar Mandal, Sushri Shant Tripathy, Nibha Gupta, Syed S. Islam
    Abstract:

    Abstract A water soluble β-glucan (PS-I) with an average molecular weight ∼1.48 × 10 5  Da was isolated from the alkaline extract of an Edible Mushroom Termitomyces heimii . PS-I contained (1 → 3)-, (1 → 6)-, (1 → 3, 6)-linked and terminal β- d -glucopyranosyl moieties in a ratio of nearly 2:1:1:1. Based on the total hydrolysis, methylation analysis, periodate oxidation, Smith degradation, partial hydrolysis and 1D/2D NMR experiments the structure of the PS-I was elucidated. On the basis of these experiments, the repeating unit of the polysaccharide was found to consist of a backbone chain of two (1 → 6)-β- d -glucopyranosyl residues, one of which was branched at O -3 position with the side chain consisting of two (1 → 3)-β- d -glucopyranosyl and a terminal β- d -glucopyranosyl residue. Cytotoxic effect of PS-I on human blood lymphocytes at varied concentrations was studied. Moreover, it also exhibited potent antioxidant activities by diminishing the ROS and NO in the nicotine stimulated lymphocytes up to 200 μg/ml.

  • heteroglycan of an Edible Mushroom termitomyces clypeatus structure elucidation and antioxidant properties
    Carbohydrate Research, 2015
    Co-Authors: Manabendra Pattanayak, Prasenjit Maity, Ashis K. Nandi, Dilip K. Manna, Krishnendu Acharya, Surajit Samanta, Payel Mitra, Syed S. Islam
    Abstract:

    Abstract A water-soluble heteroglycan (PS) of an average molecular weight ∼1.98 ×10 5  Da was isolated from the aqueous extract of an Edible Mushroom Termitomyces clypeatus (R. Heim). The structure of the polysaccharide (PS) was established using total hydrolysis, methylation analysis, Smith degradation, and 1D/2D NMR experiments. Total hydrolysis indicated the presence of d -glucose, d -galactose, d -mannose, and l -fucose in a molar ratio of 4.10:1.95:1.0:0.95, respectively. The chemical and NMR analysis indicated the presence of a repeating unit with a backbone consisting of one each of the residues (1→3)-α- d -galactopyranosyl, (1→3)-α- d -mannopyranosyl, (1→3)-α- d -glucopyranosyl, (1→3)-β- d -glucopyranosyl, (1→6)-β- d -glucopyranosyl, and (1→6)-α- d -galactopyranosyl, respectively. The (1→3)-α- d -mannopyranosyl residue was found branched at O-2 with terminal α- l -fucopyranosyl moiety and (1→3)-β- d -glucopyranosyl residue was branched at O-6 with terminal α- d -glucopyranosyl residue. The PS exhibited antioxidant properties.

  • antioxidant and immunostimulant β glucan from Edible Mushroom russula albonigra krombh fr
    Carbohydrate Polymers, 2014
    Co-Authors: Ashis K. Nandi, Tapas K Maiti, Krishnendu Acharya, Surajit Samanta, Saikat Maity, Ipsita K Sen, Somanjana Khatua, Sanjana K P Devi, Syed S. Islam
    Abstract:

    Abstract A water soluble β-glucan (PS) with an average molecular weight ∼1.95 × 105 Da was isolated from the alkaline extract of ectomycorrhizal Edible Mushroom, Russula albonigra (Krombh.) Fr. and found to consist of terminal, (1 → 3)-, (1 → 6)-, and (1 → 3,6)-linked β- d -glucopyranosyl moieties in a ratio of nearly 1:2:2:1. The structure of this PS was elucidated on the basis of total hydrolysis, methylation analysis, Smith degradation, partial hydrolysis, and 1D/2D NMR experiments. On the basis of these experiments, the repeating unit of the PS was found to contain a backbone of three (1 → 6)-β- d -glucopyranosyl residues, one of which was branched at O-3 position with the side chain consisting of two (1 → 3)-β- d -glucopyranosyl and a terminal β- d -glucopyranosyl residue. This PS showed in vitro macrophage activation by NO production as well as splenocytes and thymocytes proliferation. Moreover, it also exhibited potent antioxidant activities.

  • green synthesis of gold nanoparticles using a glucan of an Edible Mushroom and study of catalytic activity
    Carbohydrate Polymers, 2013
    Co-Authors: Ipsita K Sen, Kousik Maity, Syed S. Islam
    Abstract:

    Abstract Gold nanoparticles were synthesized by reducing chloroauric acid with a glucan, isolated from an Edible Mushroom Pleurotus florida , cultivar Assam Florida. Here, glucan acts as reducing as well as stabilizing agent. The synthesized gold nanoparticles were characterized by UV–visible spectroscopy, HR-TEM, XRD, SEM, and FT-IR analysis. The results indicated that the size distribution of gold nanoparticles (Au NPs) changed with the change in concentration of chloroauric acid (HAuCl 4 ). The resulting Au NPs-glucan bioconjugates function as an efficient heterogeneous catalyst in the reduction of 4-nitrophenol (4-NP) to 4-aminophenol (4-AP), in the presence of sodium borohydride. The reduction of 4-nitrophenol with Au NPs-glucan bioconjugates followed pseudo-first-order kinetics. The effect of particle size and gold loading on reduction rate of 4-NP was studied with Au NPs-glucan bioconjugates prepared with different concentrations of HAuCl 4 . The synthesis of catalytically active Au NPs using a pure Mushroom polysaccharide of known structure is reported for the first time.

  • glucan from hot aqueous extract of an ectomycorrhizal Edible Mushroom russula albonigra krombh fr structural characterization and study of immunoenhancing properties
    Carbohydrate Research, 2012
    Co-Authors: Ashis K. Nandi, Tapas K Maiti, Krishnendu Acharya, Surajit Samanta, Kousik Maity, Ipsita K Sen, Sanjana K P Devi, Shreemoyee Mukherjee, Syed S. Islam
    Abstract:

    A water soluble glucan (PS-I) was isolated from the hot aqueous extract of the fruit bodies of an ectomycorrhizal Edible Mushroom, Russula albonigra (Krombh.) Fr. The total hydrolysis, methylation analysis, periodate oxidation, and NMR ((1)H, (13)C, DEPT-135, TOCSY, DQF-COSY, NOESY, ROESY, HSQC, and HMBC) studies revealed the presence of the following repeating unit in the polysaccharide: This glucan showed excellent activation of macrophages as well as splenocytes and thymocytes in vitro.

Hongwei Liu - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • two sarcoviolins with antioxidative and α glucosidase inhibitory activity from the Edible Mushroom sarcodon leucopus collected in tibet
    Journal of Natural Products, 2014
    Co-Authors: Junjie Han, Li Bao, Tiezheng Wei, Hongwei Liu
    Abstract:

    Edible Mushrooms are known as an important source of natural antioxidants. The ethyl acetate extract of the Edible Mushroom Sarcodon leucopus (Zangzi Mushroom) possesses strong antioxidative activity. Bioactivity-guided isolation afforded 10 compounds from its fruiting bodies, including two new sarcoviolins, sarcoviolin β (1) and episarcoviolin β (2), and one new p-terphenyl derivative (3) along with seven known compounds. The structures of the new compounds were elucidated by spectroscopic methods and comparison with the known compounds. Compounds 1–10 were found to have antioxidant effects in the DPPH scavenging assay, the total antioxidant capacity assay, the reducing power assay, and the lipid peroxidation assay. Further study indicated that they could protect DNA strands from free radical-induced cleavage at 200 μM. Compounds 1–10 also presented strong α-glucosidase inhibitory activity. Of all tested compounds, compound 1 exhibited the strongest inhibitory activity, with an IC50 value of 0.58 μM.

  • isolation identification and bioactivity of monoterpenoids and sesquiterpenoids from the mycelia of Edible Mushroom pleurotus cornucopiae
    Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 2013
    Co-Authors: Shaojuan Wang, Li Bao, Quanxin Wang, H H Wen, Liangdong Guo, Feng Zhao, Jinwei Ren, Hongwei Liu
    Abstract:

    Edible Mushroom is a profilic source of bioactive metabolites for the development of drugs and nutraceuticals. In this work, four new monoterpenoids (1-4) and one new sesquiterpenoid (6) were isolated from the mycelia of Edible Mushroom Pleurotus cornucopiae fermented on rice. Their structures were established by nuclear magnetic resonance, mass spectrometry, and circular dichroism (CD) data analysis. Compound 1 possesses an unusual spiro[benzofuran-3,2'-oxiran] skeleton. The absolute configuration of the 6,7-diol moieties in compounds 1, 2, and 6 was assigned using the in situ dimolybdenum CD method. Compounds 1-5, 7, and 8 showed moderate inhibitory activity against nitric oxide production in lipopolysaccaride-activated macrophages, with IC50 values in the range of 60-90 μM. Compounds 6 and 7 also exhibited slight cytotoxicity against HeLa and HepG2 cells.

  • pleurospiroketals a e perhydrobenzannulated 5 5 spiroketal sesquiterpenes from the Edible Mushroom pleurotus cornucopiae
    Journal of Natural Products, 2013
    Co-Authors: Shaojuan Wang, Xiaoli Yang, Li Bao, Junjie Han, Quanxin Wang, H H Wen, Liangdong Guo, Feng Zhao, Hongwei Liu
    Abstract:

    Five novel perhydrobenzannulated 5,5-spiroketal sesquiterpenes, namely, pleurospiroketals A–E (1–5), were isolated from the culture of the Edible Mushroom Pleurotus cornucopiae. Pleurospiroketals D...

  • pleurospiroketals a e perhydrobenzannulated 5 5 spiroketal sesquiterpenes from the Edible Mushroom pleurotus cornucopiae
    Journal of Natural Products, 2013
    Co-Authors: Shaojuan Wang, Xiaoli Yang, Li Bao, Junjie Han, Quanxin Wang, H H Wen, Liangdong Guo, Feng Zhao, Hongwei Liu
    Abstract:

    Five novel perhydrobenzannulated 5,5-spiroketal sesquiterpenes, namely, pleurospiroketals A-E (1-5), were isolated from the culture of the Edible Mushroom Pleurotus cornucopiae. Pleurospiroketals D (4) and E (5) were obtained as an isomeric mixture with a ratio of 5:4. Their structures were established by NMR, X-ray single-crystal diffraction, and CD data analysis. Pleurospiroketals A-E (1-5) are sesquiterpenoids with a unique benzannulated 5,5-spiroketal skeleton. Compounds 1-3 showed inhibitory activity against nitric oxide production in lipopolysaccharide-activated macrophages with IC(50) values of 6.8, 12.6, and 20.8 μM, respectively.

  • bioactive sesquiterpenoids from the solid culture of the Edible Mushroom flammulina velutipes growing on cooked rice
    Food Chemistry, 2012
    Co-Authors: Yaqi Wang, Xiaoli Yang, Li Bao, H H Wen, Hao Gao, Xinsheng Yao, Hongwei Liu
    Abstract:

    The Edible Mushroom Flammulina velutipes was cultivated on cooked rice. Six new cuparene sesquiterpenes, enokipodins E-J (1-6), and two new sterpurane sesquiterpenes, sterpurols A (10) and B (11), with four known sesquiterpenes, 2,5-cuparadiene-1,4-dione (7), enokipodins B (8) and D (9), and sterpuric acid (12), were isolated from the solid culture of F. velutipes. The structures of new metabolites were elucidated by NMR experiments. The absolute configurations in new compounds were assigned by X-ray crystallographic analysis, the modified Mosher method, and CD data analysis. Bioactivity screening indicated that compounds 5-9 displayed weak antibacterial activity against Bacillus subtilis; 2, 3, and 5 showed weak antifungal activity against Aspergilus fumigatus; 6-9 showed both moderate cytotoxicity against the human tumor cell lines (HepG2, MCF-7, SGC7901, and A549) and antioxidant activity in DPPH scavenging assay. These results suggest that the solid culture of F. velutipes on cooked rice could be a good functional food.

Hexiang Wang - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • purification a laccase exhibiting dye decolorizing ability from an Edible Mushroom russula virescens
    International Biodeterioration & Biodegradation, 2013
    Co-Authors: Mengjuan Zhu, Guoqing Zhang, Hexiang Wang
    Abstract:

    Abstract A novel laccase was purified and characterized from an Edible Mushroom Russula virescens by using a protocol that comprised ammonium sulfate saturation, ion-exchange chromatography on diethylaminoethyl-cellulose, carboxymethyl-cellulose and quaternary amine-Sepharose, and finally gel filtration by fast protein liquid chromatography on Superdex 75. The laccase was a monomeric protein with a molecular mass of 69 kDa. Its N-terminal amino acid sequence was AIGPTAELVV which demonstrated partial sequence homology to those of previously published laccases. Six peptide sequences of the purified laccase were determined by liquid chromatography and linear ion trap quadrupole mass spectrometry. Its optimum pH and temperature were 2.2 and 60 °C, respectively. The laccase was inhibited by inhibitors and several metal ions including Cu2+ ions. The laccase degraded various phenolic compounds and the Km toward both 2,7-azinobis (3-ethylbenzothia-zolone-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt and dimethylphthalate was 0.1 mM. Moreover, the purified laccase decolorizes a large variety of dyes comprising laboratory dyes such as Bromothymol Blue, Eriochrome black T and Malachite Green and textile dyes such as Reactive Brilliant Blue and Reactive Blue R.

  • purification and characterization of phytase with a wide ph adaptation from common Edible Mushroom volvariella volvacea straw Mushroom
    Indian Journal of Biochemistry & Biophysics, 2012
    Co-Authors: Guoqing Zhang, Hexiang Wang
    Abstract:

    A novel phytase with a molecular mass of 14 kDa was isolated from fresh fruiting bodies of the common Edible Mushroom Volvariella volvacea (Straw Mushroom). The isolation procedure involved successive chromatography on DEAE-cellulose, CM-cellulose, Affi-gel blue gel, Q-Sepharose and Superdex-75. The enzyme was a monomeric protein and was unadsorbed on DEAE-cellulose, CM-cellulose and Affi-gel blue gel, but was adsorbed on Q-Sepharose. The enzyme was purified 51.6-fold from the crude extract with 25.9% yield. Its N-terminal amino acid sequence GEDNEHDTQA exhibited low homology to the other reported phytases. The optimal pH and temperature of the purified enzyme was 5 and 45 degrees C, respectively. The enzyme was quite stable over the pH range of 3.0 to 9.0 with less than 30% change in its activity, suggesting that it can be used in a very wide pH range. The enzyme exhibited broad substrate selectivity towards various phosphorylated compounds, but lacked antifungal activity against tested plant pathogens.

  • purification and characterization of a novel laccase from the Edible Mushroom clitocybe maxima
    Process Biochemistry, 2010
    Co-Authors: Guoqing Zhang, Tzi Bun Ng, Yifan Wang, Xiaoqing Zhang, Hexiang Wang
    Abstract:

    Abstract A novel laccase from the Edible Mushroom Clitocybe maxima was purified and characterized. The purification protocol involved ammonium sulfate saturation, ion-exchange chromatography on DEAE-cellulose, SP-Sepharose, and Q-Sepharose, and gel filtration by fast protein liquid chromatography on Superdex 75. It was a monomeric protein with a molecular mass of 62 kDa as estimated by SDS-PAGE. Its N-terminal amino acid sequence was DIGPVTPLAI, which exhibited partial sequence homology to those of published Mushroom laccases. Its optimum pH was 3.0 and its optimum temperature was 60 °C. It manifested degrading activity towards a variety of phenolic compounds. The most sensitive substrate for the enzyme was 2,7′-azinobis[3-ethylbenzothiazolone-6-sulfonic acid]diammonium salt (ABTS), with a K m of 61.7 μM at pH 3.0 and 37 °C. The ranking of degradation activity toward phenolic substrates was ABTS > hydroquinone > N,N-dimethyl-1,4-phenylenediamine > pyrogallol > catechol > 2-methylcatechol. The laccase showed antiproliferative activity against Hep G2 and MCF-7 tumor cells with IC 50 of 12.3 μM and 3.0 μM, respectively. It also lowered the activity of human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) reverse transcriptase with an IC 50 of 14.4 μM.

  • purification and characterization of a novel laccase from the Edible Mushroom clitocybe maxima
    Process Biochemistry, 2010
    Co-Authors: Guoqing Zhang, Yifan Wang, Xiaoqing Zhang, Hexiang Wang
    Abstract:

    Abstract A novel laccase from the Edible Mushroom Clitocybe maxima was purified and characterized. The purification protocol involved ammonium sulfate saturation, ion-exchange chromatography on DEAE-cellulose, SP-Sepharose, and Q-Sepharose, and gel filtration by fast protein liquid chromatography on Superdex 75. It was a monomeric protein with a molecular mass of 62 kDa as estimated by SDS-PAGE. Its N-terminal amino acid sequence was DIGPVTPLAI, which exhibited partial sequence homology to those of published Mushroom laccases. Its optimum pH was 3.0 and its optimum temperature was 60 °C. It manifested degrading activity towards a variety of phenolic compounds. The most sensitive substrate for the enzyme was 2,7′-azinobis[3-ethylbenzothiazolone-6-sulfonic acid]diammonium salt (ABTS), with a K m of 61.7 μM at pH 3.0 and 37 °C. The ranking of degradation activity toward phenolic substrates was ABTS > hydroquinone > N,N-dimethyl-1,4-phenylenediamine > pyrogallol > catechol > 2-methylcatechol. The laccase showed antiproliferative activity against Hep G2 and MCF-7 tumor cells with IC 50 of 12.3 μM and 3.0 μM, respectively. It also lowered the activity of human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) reverse transcriptase with an IC 50 of 14.4 μM.

  • isolation of pleuturegin a novel ribosome inactivating protein from fresh sclerotia of the Edible Mushroom pleurotus tuber regium
    Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, 2001
    Co-Authors: Hexiang Wang
    Abstract:

    A ribosome-inactivating protein (RIP) designated pleuturegin, which inhibited translation in a cell-free rabbit reticulocyte lysate system with an IC50 of 0.5 nM, was purified from fresh sclerotia of the Edible Mushroom Pleurotus tuber-regium. Pleuturegin was distinguished from most plant and previously reported Mushroom RIPs in that it was adsorbed on DEAE-cellulose and unadsorbed on SP-Sepharose, although all of them were adsorbed on Affi-gel blue gel. Pleuturegin demonstrated an N-terminal sequence that was different from those of RIPs from Flammulina velutipes (flammulin and velutin), Hypsizygus marmoreus (hypsin), and Lyophyllum shimeji (lyophyllin), the only Mushroom RIPs with known N-terminal sequences. The molecular mass of pleuturegin was 38 kDa, similar to that of flammulin (40 kDa) but considerably larger than those of velutin (13.8 kDa), hypsin (20 kDa), and lyophyllin (20 kDa). Pleuturegin was devoid of ribonuclease activity.

Shaojuan Wang - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

Tapas K Maiti - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • antioxidant and immunostimulant β glucan from Edible Mushroom russula albonigra krombh fr
    Carbohydrate Polymers, 2014
    Co-Authors: Ashis K. Nandi, Tapas K Maiti, Krishnendu Acharya, Surajit Samanta, Saikat Maity, Ipsita K Sen, Somanjana Khatua, Sanjana K P Devi, Syed S. Islam
    Abstract:

    Abstract A water soluble β-glucan (PS) with an average molecular weight ∼1.95 × 105 Da was isolated from the alkaline extract of ectomycorrhizal Edible Mushroom, Russula albonigra (Krombh.) Fr. and found to consist of terminal, (1 → 3)-, (1 → 6)-, and (1 → 3,6)-linked β- d -glucopyranosyl moieties in a ratio of nearly 1:2:2:1. The structure of this PS was elucidated on the basis of total hydrolysis, methylation analysis, Smith degradation, partial hydrolysis, and 1D/2D NMR experiments. On the basis of these experiments, the repeating unit of the PS was found to contain a backbone of three (1 → 6)-β- d -glucopyranosyl residues, one of which was branched at O-3 position with the side chain consisting of two (1 → 3)-β- d -glucopyranosyl and a terminal β- d -glucopyranosyl residue. This PS showed in vitro macrophage activation by NO production as well as splenocytes and thymocytes proliferation. Moreover, it also exhibited potent antioxidant activities.

  • glucan from hot aqueous extract of an ectomycorrhizal Edible Mushroom russula albonigra krombh fr structural characterization and study of immunoenhancing properties
    Carbohydrate Research, 2012
    Co-Authors: Ashis K. Nandi, Tapas K Maiti, Krishnendu Acharya, Surajit Samanta, Kousik Maity, Ipsita K Sen, Sanjana K P Devi, Shreemoyee Mukherjee, Syed S. Islam
    Abstract:

    A water soluble glucan (PS-I) was isolated from the hot aqueous extract of the fruit bodies of an ectomycorrhizal Edible Mushroom, Russula albonigra (Krombh.) Fr. The total hydrolysis, methylation analysis, periodate oxidation, and NMR ((1)H, (13)C, DEPT-135, TOCSY, DQF-COSY, NOESY, ROESY, HSQC, and HMBC) studies revealed the presence of the following repeating unit in the polysaccharide: This glucan showed excellent activation of macrophages as well as splenocytes and thymocytes in vitro.

  • isolation and characterization of the immunostimulating β glucans of an Edible Mushroom termitomyces robustus var
    Carbohydrate Research, 2012
    Co-Authors: Sunil K Bhanja, Soumitra Mondal, Soumitra Mandal, Bibhas K. Bhunia, Chanchal K Nandan, Tapas K Maiti, Syed S. Islam
    Abstract:

    Abstract Two immunostimulating β-glucans, PS-I (water soluble) and PS-II (water insoluble) isolated from hot water extract of the fruiting bodies of an Edible Mushroom Termitomyces robustus var. showed significant macrophage, splenocyte, and thymocyte activation. On the basis of total hydrolysis, methylation analysis, periodate oxidation, and NMR experiments (1H, 13C, DQF-COSY, TOCSY, DEPT-135, HSQC, and HMBC), the structure of the repeating unit of the polysaccharides is established as: Download : Download full-size image

  • structural characterization of an immunoenhancing cytotoxic heteroglycan isolated from an Edible Mushroom calocybe indica var apk2
    Carbohydrate Research, 2011
    Co-Authors: Eshita Kar Mandal, Tapas K Maiti, Kousik Maity, Saikat Maity, Sanjoy K Gantait, Swatilekha Maiti, Samir R Sikdar, Syed S. Islam
    Abstract:

    Abstract A water-soluble polysaccharide of an Edible Mushroom Calocybe indica var. APK2 showed immunoenhancing (macrophage, splenocyte, thymocyte, and bone marrow activation) and cytotoxic activity toward HeLa cell lines and found to consist of d -glucose, d -galactose, and l -fucose in a molar ratio of nearly 3:1:1. On the basis of acid hydrolysis, methylation analysis, and NMR studies ( 1 H, 13 C, DEPT-135, TOCSY, DQF–COSY, NOESY, ROESY, HMQC, and HMBC), the structure of the repeating unit of the fuco-galacto-glucan was established as: Download full-size image

  • structural characterization of an immunoenhancing heteroglycan isolated from an aqueous extract of an Edible Mushroom lentinus squarrosulus mont singer
    Carbohydrate Research, 2010
    Co-Authors: Sanjoy K Bhunia, Soumitra Mandal, Tapas K Maiti, Swatilekha Maiti, Samir R Sikdar, Biswajit Dey, Kankan K Maity, Sukesh Patra, Syed S. Islam
    Abstract:

    Abstract A water-soluble polysaccharide, isolated from the hot water extract of the fruiting bodies of an Edible Mushroom, Lentinus squarrosulus (Mont.) Singer was found to contain d -galactose, l -fucose, and d -glucose in a molar ratio of nearly 1:1:5. Structural investigation of the polysaccharide was carried out using acid hydrolysis, methylation analysis, periodate oxidation study, and NMR experiments (1H, 13C, DQF-COSY, TOCSY, NOESY, ROESY, HMQC, and HMBC). On the basis of above-mentioned experiments, the structure of the repeating unit of the polysaccharide was established as: Download : Download full-size image This polysaccharide showed macrophage as well as splenocyte and thymocyte activation.

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