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Attila Karsi - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Complete Genome Sequence of Multidrug-Resistant Edwardsiella ictaluri Strain MS-17-156.
    Genome announcements, 2018
    Co-Authors: Hossam Abdelhamed, Attila Karsi, Hasan C. Tekedar, Ozan Ozdemir, Chuan-yu Hsu, Mark A. Arick, Mark L. Lawrence
    Abstract:

    ABSTRACT Edwardsiella ictaluri is a significant pathogen of cultured fish, particularly channel catfish. Here, we present the complete genome sequence of a multidrug-resistant E. ictaluri strain, MS-17-156, isolated from diseased channel catfish. The genome sequence of this multidrug-resistant strain is expected to help us understand the molecular mechanism of antibiotic resistance in this important pathogen.

  • Identification of Differentially Regulated Edwardsiella ictaluri Proteins During Catfish Serum Treatment.
    Journal of aquatic animal health, 2018
    Co-Authors: Pradeep R. Dumpala, Mark L. Lawrence, Attila Karsi
    Abstract:

    Edwardsiella ictaluri is a facultative, intracellular, gram-negative bacterium that causes enteric septicemia of catfish (ESC). Edwardsiella ictaluri is known to be resistant to defense mechanisms present in catfish serum, which might aid in its use of a host's bloodstream to become septicemic. However, the precise mechanisms of the survival of E. ictaluri in host serum are not known. Analysis of the response of E. ictaluri to the host serum treatment at a proteomic level might aid in the elucidation of its adaptation mechanisms against defense mechanisms present in catfish serum. Thus, the objective of this study was to identify differentially regulated proteins of E. ictaluri upon exposure to naive catfish serum. Two-dimensional difference gel electrophoresis (2D-DIGE) followed by in-gel trypsin digestion and MALDI-TOF/TOF analysis were used for identification of differentially expressed E. ictaluri proteins. A total of 19 differentially regulated proteins (7 up- and 12 downregulated) were identified. Among those were four putative immunogenic proteins, two chaperones and eight proteins involved in the translational process, two nucleic acid degradation and integration proteins, two intermediary metabolism proteins, and one iron-ion-binding protein. Further research focusing on the functions of these differentially expressed proteins may reveal their roles in host adaptation by E. ictaluri.

  • Stress-related genes promote Edwardsiella ictaluri pathogenesis.
    PloS one, 2018
    Co-Authors: Ali Akgul, Mark L. Lawrence, Ayfer Akgul, Attila Karsi
    Abstract:

    Edwardsiella ictaluri is a Gram-negative facultative anaerobic rod and the causative agent of enteric septicemia of channel catfish (ESC), which is one of the most prevalent diseases of catfish, causing significant economic losses in the catfish industry. E. ictaluri is resistant to complement system and macrophage killing, which results in rapid systemic septicemia. However, mechanisms of E. ictaluri stress responses under conditions of host environment are not studied well. Therefore, in this work, we report E. ictaluri stress responses during hydrogen peroxide, low pH, and catfish serum stresses as well as during catfish invasion. E. ictaluri stress responses were characterized by identifying expression of 13 universal stress protein (USP) genes (usp01-usp13) and seven USP-interacting protein genes (groEL, groES, dnaK, grpE, and clpB, grpE, relA). Data indicated that three usp genes (usp05, usp07, and usp13) were highly expressed in all stress conditions. Similarly, E. ictaluri heat shock proteins groEL, groES, dnaK, grpE, and clpB were highly expressed in oxidative stress. Also, E. ictaluri grpE and relA were highly expressed in catfish spleen and head kidney. These findings contribute to our understanding of stress response mechanisms in E. ictaluri stress response, and stress-related proteins that are essential for E. ictaluri could be potential targets for live attenuated vaccine development against ESC.

  • Universal Stress Proteins Contribute Edwardsiella ictaluri Virulence in Catfish
    Frontiers Media S.A., 2018
    Co-Authors: Ali Akgul, Mark L. Lawrence, Hasan C. Tekedar, Seong Won Nho, Safak Kalindamar, Hossam Abdalhamed, Attila Karsi
    Abstract:

    Edwardsiella ictaluri is an intracellular Gram-negative facultative pathogen causing enteric septicemia of catfish (ESC), a common disease resulting in substantial economic losses in the U.S. catfish industry. Previously, we demonstrated that several universal stress proteins (USPs) are highly expressed under in vitro and in vivo stress conditions, indicating their importance for E. ictaluri survival. However, the roles of these USPs in E. ictaluri virulence is not known yet. In this work, 10 usp genes of E. ictaluri were in-frame deleted and characterized in vitro and in vivo. Results show that all USP mutants were sensitive to acidic condition (pH 5.5), and EiΔusp05 and EiΔusp08 were very sensitive to oxidative stress (0.1% H2O2). Virulence studies indicated that EiΔusp05, EiΔusp07, EiΔusp08, EiΔusp09, EiΔusp10, and EiΔusp13 were attenuated significantly compared to E. ictaluri wild-type (EiWT; 20, 45, 20, 20, 55, and 10% vs. 74.1% mortality, respectively). Efficacy experiments showed that vaccination of catfish fingerlings with EiΔusp05, EiΔusp07, EiΔusp08, EiΔusp09, EiΔusp10, and EiΔusp13 provided complete protection against EiWT compared to sham-vaccinated fish (0% vs. 58.33% mortality). Our results support that USPs contribute E. ictaluri virulence in catfish

  • The Role of TonB Gene in Edwardsiella ictaluri Virulence.
    Frontiers in physiology, 2017
    Co-Authors: Hossam Abdelhamed, Mark L. Lawrence, Attila Karsi
    Abstract:

    Edwardsiella ictaluri is a Gram-negative facultative intracellular pathogen that causes enteric septicemia in catfish (ESC). Stress factors including poor water quality, poor diet, rough handling, overcrowding, and water temperature fluctuations increase fish susceptibility to ESC. The TonB energy transducing system (TonB-ExbB-ExbD) and TonB-dependent transporters of Gram-negative bacteria support active transport of scarce resources including iron, an essential micronutrient for bacterial virulence. Deletion of the tonB gene attenuates virulence in several pathogenic bacteria. In the current study, the role of TonB (NT01EI_RS07425) in iron acquisition and E. ictaluri virulence were investigated. To accomplish this, the E. ictaluri tonB gene was in-frame deleted. Growth kinetics, iron utilization, and virulence of the EiΔtonB mutant were determined. Loss of TonB caused a significant reduction in bacterial growth in iron-depleted medium (p > 0.05). The EiΔtonB mutant grew similarly to wild-type E. ictaluri when ferric iron was added to the iron-depleted medium. The EiΔtonB mutant was significantly attenuated in catfish compared with the parent strain (21.69 vs. 46.91% mortality). Catfish surviving infection with EiΔtonB had significant protection against ESC compared with naive fish (100 vs. 40.47% survival). These findings indicate that TonB participates in pathogenesis of ESC and is an important E. ictaluri virulence factor.

Mark L. Lawrence - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Complete Genome Sequence of Multidrug-Resistant Edwardsiella ictaluri Strain MS-17-156.
    Genome announcements, 2018
    Co-Authors: Hossam Abdelhamed, Attila Karsi, Hasan C. Tekedar, Ozan Ozdemir, Chuan-yu Hsu, Mark A. Arick, Mark L. Lawrence
    Abstract:

    ABSTRACT Edwardsiella ictaluri is a significant pathogen of cultured fish, particularly channel catfish. Here, we present the complete genome sequence of a multidrug-resistant E. ictaluri strain, MS-17-156, isolated from diseased channel catfish. The genome sequence of this multidrug-resistant strain is expected to help us understand the molecular mechanism of antibiotic resistance in this important pathogen.

  • Identification of Differentially Regulated Edwardsiella ictaluri Proteins During Catfish Serum Treatment.
    Journal of aquatic animal health, 2018
    Co-Authors: Pradeep R. Dumpala, Mark L. Lawrence, Attila Karsi
    Abstract:

    Edwardsiella ictaluri is a facultative, intracellular, gram-negative bacterium that causes enteric septicemia of catfish (ESC). Edwardsiella ictaluri is known to be resistant to defense mechanisms present in catfish serum, which might aid in its use of a host's bloodstream to become septicemic. However, the precise mechanisms of the survival of E. ictaluri in host serum are not known. Analysis of the response of E. ictaluri to the host serum treatment at a proteomic level might aid in the elucidation of its adaptation mechanisms against defense mechanisms present in catfish serum. Thus, the objective of this study was to identify differentially regulated proteins of E. ictaluri upon exposure to naive catfish serum. Two-dimensional difference gel electrophoresis (2D-DIGE) followed by in-gel trypsin digestion and MALDI-TOF/TOF analysis were used for identification of differentially expressed E. ictaluri proteins. A total of 19 differentially regulated proteins (7 up- and 12 downregulated) were identified. Among those were four putative immunogenic proteins, two chaperones and eight proteins involved in the translational process, two nucleic acid degradation and integration proteins, two intermediary metabolism proteins, and one iron-ion-binding protein. Further research focusing on the functions of these differentially expressed proteins may reveal their roles in host adaptation by E. ictaluri.

  • Stress-related genes promote Edwardsiella ictaluri pathogenesis.
    PloS one, 2018
    Co-Authors: Ali Akgul, Mark L. Lawrence, Ayfer Akgul, Attila Karsi
    Abstract:

    Edwardsiella ictaluri is a Gram-negative facultative anaerobic rod and the causative agent of enteric septicemia of channel catfish (ESC), which is one of the most prevalent diseases of catfish, causing significant economic losses in the catfish industry. E. ictaluri is resistant to complement system and macrophage killing, which results in rapid systemic septicemia. However, mechanisms of E. ictaluri stress responses under conditions of host environment are not studied well. Therefore, in this work, we report E. ictaluri stress responses during hydrogen peroxide, low pH, and catfish serum stresses as well as during catfish invasion. E. ictaluri stress responses were characterized by identifying expression of 13 universal stress protein (USP) genes (usp01-usp13) and seven USP-interacting protein genes (groEL, groES, dnaK, grpE, and clpB, grpE, relA). Data indicated that three usp genes (usp05, usp07, and usp13) were highly expressed in all stress conditions. Similarly, E. ictaluri heat shock proteins groEL, groES, dnaK, grpE, and clpB were highly expressed in oxidative stress. Also, E. ictaluri grpE and relA were highly expressed in catfish spleen and head kidney. These findings contribute to our understanding of stress response mechanisms in E. ictaluri stress response, and stress-related proteins that are essential for E. ictaluri could be potential targets for live attenuated vaccine development against ESC.

  • Universal Stress Proteins Contribute Edwardsiella ictaluri Virulence in Catfish
    Frontiers Media S.A., 2018
    Co-Authors: Ali Akgul, Mark L. Lawrence, Hasan C. Tekedar, Seong Won Nho, Safak Kalindamar, Hossam Abdalhamed, Attila Karsi
    Abstract:

    Edwardsiella ictaluri is an intracellular Gram-negative facultative pathogen causing enteric septicemia of catfish (ESC), a common disease resulting in substantial economic losses in the U.S. catfish industry. Previously, we demonstrated that several universal stress proteins (USPs) are highly expressed under in vitro and in vivo stress conditions, indicating their importance for E. ictaluri survival. However, the roles of these USPs in E. ictaluri virulence is not known yet. In this work, 10 usp genes of E. ictaluri were in-frame deleted and characterized in vitro and in vivo. Results show that all USP mutants were sensitive to acidic condition (pH 5.5), and EiΔusp05 and EiΔusp08 were very sensitive to oxidative stress (0.1% H2O2). Virulence studies indicated that EiΔusp05, EiΔusp07, EiΔusp08, EiΔusp09, EiΔusp10, and EiΔusp13 were attenuated significantly compared to E. ictaluri wild-type (EiWT; 20, 45, 20, 20, 55, and 10% vs. 74.1% mortality, respectively). Efficacy experiments showed that vaccination of catfish fingerlings with EiΔusp05, EiΔusp07, EiΔusp08, EiΔusp09, EiΔusp10, and EiΔusp13 provided complete protection against EiWT compared to sham-vaccinated fish (0% vs. 58.33% mortality). Our results support that USPs contribute E. ictaluri virulence in catfish

  • The Role of TonB Gene in Edwardsiella ictaluri Virulence.
    Frontiers in physiology, 2017
    Co-Authors: Hossam Abdelhamed, Mark L. Lawrence, Attila Karsi
    Abstract:

    Edwardsiella ictaluri is a Gram-negative facultative intracellular pathogen that causes enteric septicemia in catfish (ESC). Stress factors including poor water quality, poor diet, rough handling, overcrowding, and water temperature fluctuations increase fish susceptibility to ESC. The TonB energy transducing system (TonB-ExbB-ExbD) and TonB-dependent transporters of Gram-negative bacteria support active transport of scarce resources including iron, an essential micronutrient for bacterial virulence. Deletion of the tonB gene attenuates virulence in several pathogenic bacteria. In the current study, the role of TonB (NT01EI_RS07425) in iron acquisition and E. ictaluri virulence were investigated. To accomplish this, the E. ictaluri tonB gene was in-frame deleted. Growth kinetics, iron utilization, and virulence of the EiΔtonB mutant were determined. Loss of TonB caused a significant reduction in bacterial growth in iron-depleted medium (p > 0.05). The EiΔtonB mutant grew similarly to wild-type E. ictaluri when ferric iron was added to the iron-depleted medium. The EiΔtonB mutant was significantly attenuated in catfish compared with the parent strain (21.69 vs. 46.91% mortality). Catfish surviving infection with EiΔtonB had significant protection against ESC compared with naive fish (100 vs. 40.47% survival). These findings indicate that TonB participates in pathogenesis of ESC and is an important E. ictaluri virulence factor.

Pradeep R. Dumpala - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Identification of Differentially Regulated Edwardsiella ictaluri Proteins During Catfish Serum Treatment.
    Journal of aquatic animal health, 2018
    Co-Authors: Pradeep R. Dumpala, Mark L. Lawrence, Attila Karsi
    Abstract:

    Edwardsiella ictaluri is a facultative, intracellular, gram-negative bacterium that causes enteric septicemia of catfish (ESC). Edwardsiella ictaluri is known to be resistant to defense mechanisms present in catfish serum, which might aid in its use of a host's bloodstream to become septicemic. However, the precise mechanisms of the survival of E. ictaluri in host serum are not known. Analysis of the response of E. ictaluri to the host serum treatment at a proteomic level might aid in the elucidation of its adaptation mechanisms against defense mechanisms present in catfish serum. Thus, the objective of this study was to identify differentially regulated proteins of E. ictaluri upon exposure to naive catfish serum. Two-dimensional difference gel electrophoresis (2D-DIGE) followed by in-gel trypsin digestion and MALDI-TOF/TOF analysis were used for identification of differentially expressed E. ictaluri proteins. A total of 19 differentially regulated proteins (7 up- and 12 downregulated) were identified. Among those were four putative immunogenic proteins, two chaperones and eight proteins involved in the translational process, two nucleic acid degradation and integration proteins, two intermediary metabolism proteins, and one iron-ion-binding protein. Further research focusing on the functions of these differentially expressed proteins may reveal their roles in host adaptation by E. ictaluri.

  • Identification of Differentially Abundant Proteins of Edwardsiella ictaluri during Iron Restriction.
    PloS one, 2015
    Co-Authors: Pradeep R. Dumpala, Mark L. Lawrence, Brian C. Peterson, Attila Karsi
    Abstract:

    Edwardsiella ictaluri is a Gram-negative facultative anaerobe intracellular bacterium that causes enteric septicemia in channel catfish. Iron is an essential inorganic nutrient of bacteria and is crucial for bacterial invasion. Reduced availability of iron by the host may cause significant stress for bacterial pathogens and is considered a signal that leads to significant alteration in virulence gene expression. However, the precise effect of iron-restriction on E. ictaluri protein abundance is unknown. The purpose of this study was to identify differentially abundant proteins of E. ictaluri during in vitro iron-restricted conditions. We applied two-dimensional difference in gel electrophoresis (2D-DIGE) for determining differentially abundant proteins and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI TOF/TOF MS) for protein identification. Gene ontology and pathway-based functional modeling of differentially abundant proteins was also conducted. A total of 50 unique differentially abundant proteins at a minimum of 2-fold (p ≤ 0.05) difference in abundance due to iron-restriction were detected. The numbers of up- and down-regulated proteins were 37 and 13, respectively. We noted several proteins, including EsrB, LamB, MalM, MalE, FdaA, and TonB-dependent heme/hemoglobin receptor family proteins responded to iron restriction in E. ictaluri.

  • Differentially regulated proteins of Edwardsiella ictaluri in response to in vitro iron-restriction.
    2015
    Co-Authors: Pradeep R. Dumpala, Mark L. Lawrence, Brian C. Peterson, Attila Karsi
    Abstract:

    Differentially regulated proteins of Edwardsiella ictaluri in response to in vitro iron-restriction.

  • List of pathways significantly represented by differentially regulated Edwardsiella ictaluri proteins in response to in vitro iron-restriction.
    2015
    Co-Authors: Pradeep R. Dumpala, Mark L. Lawrence, Brian C. Peterson, Attila Karsi
    Abstract:

    List of pathways significantly represented by differentially regulated Edwardsiella ictaluri proteins in response to in vitro iron-restriction.

  • proteome analysis of Edwardsiella ictaluri
    Proteomics, 2009
    Co-Authors: Pradeep R. Dumpala, Mark L. Lawrence, Attila Karsi
    Abstract:

    Edwardsiella ictaluri is a facultative intracellular Gram-negative bacterium causing enteric septicemia of catfish (ESC), the most prevalent disease affecting farm-raised channel catfish in the United States. Despite its economic importance, studies addressing high-throughput proteomics were not possible because of lack of comprehensive protein database. Here, we report the first high-throughput proteomics analysis of E. ictaluri using 2-D LC ESI MS/MS and 2-DE MALDI TOF/TOF MS. Proteins identified in this study and predicted from the whole E. ictaluri genome were clustered into functional groups using clusters of orthologous groups (COG), and their subcellular locations were predicted. Possible functional relationships among proteins were determined using pathway analysis. The total number of unique E. ictaluri proteins identified using both 2-D LC and 2-DE approaches was 788, of which 15.48% (122) were identified by both methods while 78.43% (618) and 6.09% (48) were unique in 2-D LC and 2-DE, respectively. COG groupings and subcellular localizations were quite similar between our data set and proteins predicted from the whole genome. Twelve pathways were significantly represented in our dataset (p <0.05). Results from this study provided experimental evidence for many proteins that were predicted from the E. ictaluri genome annotation, and they should accelerate future functional and comparative studies aimed at understanding virulence mechanisms of this important pathogen.

Phillip H Klesius - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • ichthyophthirius multifiliis as a potential vector of Edwardsiella ictaluri in channel catfish
    Fems Microbiology Letters, 2012
    Co-Authors: Dehai Xu, Craig A Shoemaker, Phillip H Klesius
    Abstract:

    There is limited information on whether parasites act as vectors to transmit bacteria in fish. In this trial, we used Ichthyophthirius multifiliis and fluorescent Edwardsiella ictaluri as a model to study the interaction between parasite, bacterium, and fish. The percentage (23–39%) of theronts fluorescing after exposure to E. ictaluri was significantly higher than control theronts (~ 6%) using flow cytometry. Theronts exposed to E. ictaluri at 4 × 107 CFU mL−1 showed a higher percentage (~ 60%) of fluorescent theronts compared to those (42%) exposed to 4 × 103 CFU mL−1 at 4 h. All tomonts (100%) carried the bacterium after exposure to E. ictaluri. Edwardsiella ictaluri survived and replicated during tomont division. Confocal microscopy demonstrated that E. ictaluri was associated with the tomont surface. Among theronts released from tomonts exposed to E. ictaluri, 31–66% were observed with attached E. ictaluri. Sixty percent of fish exposed to theronts treated with 5 × 107E. ictaluri mL−1 were positive for E. ictaluri at 4 h as determined by qPCR or fluorescent microscopy. Fluorescent E. ictaluri were observed on trophonts in skin and gill wet mounts of dead fish. This study demonstrated that Ich could vector E. ictaluri to channel catfish.

  • Enhanced susceptibility of channel catfish to the bacterium Edwardsiella ictaluri after parasitism by Ichthyophthirius multifiliis.
    Veterinary microbiology, 2012
    Co-Authors: Craig A Shoemaker, Maurício L Martins, Julia W Pridgeon, Phillip H Klesius
    Abstract:

    Bacterium Edwardsiella ictaluri and parasite Ichthyophthirius multifiliis (Ich) are two common pathogens of cultured fish. The objective of this study was to evaluate the susceptibility of channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus to E. ictaluri and determine bacterial loads in different fish organs after parasitism by Ich. Fish received the following treatments: (1) infected by I. multifiliis at 5000 theronts/fish and exposed to E. ictaluri; (2) infected by I. multifiliis alone; (3) exposed to E. ictaluri alone; and (4) non-infected control. E. ictaluri in fish organs were quantified by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction and reported as genome equivalents per mg of tissue (GEs/mg). The results demonstrated that the Ich-parasitized catfish showed significantly (P

  • Chemical and electroporated transformation of Edwardsiella ictaluri using three different plasmids.
    FEMS microbiology letters, 2009
    Co-Authors: Riccardo Russo, Victor S Panangala, Raphael R. Wood, Phillip H Klesius
    Abstract:

    Transfer of DNA by conjugation has been the method generally used for genetic manipulation of Edwardsiella ictaluri because, previously, attempts to transform E. ictaluri by the uptake of naked DNA have apparently failed. We report here the successful transformation of seven strains of E. ictaluri using electroporation and two different chemical procedures [conventional calcium chloride (CaCl(2)) and 'one-step' (polyethylene glycol, dimethyl sulfoxide and MgSO(4)) protocols]. Seven strains of E. ictaluri were transformed using three different plasmids [pZsGreen, pUC18 and pET-30a(+)]. The highest transformation efficiency was achieved by electroporation (5.5+/-0.2 x 10(4) transformants ng(-1) plasmid DNA) than with the CaCl(2) (8.1+/-6.1 x 10(-1) transformants ng(-1) plasmid) and the 'one-step transformation' protocol (2.5+/-2.7 transformants ng(-1) plasmid). An efficient transformation by electroporation required only 0.2 ng of plasmid compared with 200 ng required for the CaCl(2) and one-step protocols. The plasmids were stably maintained in E. ictaluri grown in the presence of antibiotic for 12 or more passages. The results of this study show that transformation of E. ictaluri by electroporation can be routinely used for the molecular genetic manipulation of this organism, and is a quicker and easier method than transformation performed by conjugation.

  • Intra- and interspecific phenotypic characteristics of fish-pathogenic Edwardsiella ictaluri and E. tarda
    Aquaculture Research, 2006
    Co-Authors: Victor S Panangala, Craig A Shoemaker, Shawn T Mcnulty, Covadonga R. Arias, Phillip H Klesius
    Abstract:

    Intra- and interspecific characteristics of fish-pathogenic Edwardsiella ictaluri, and E. tarda were determined by numerical analysis of gel electrophoresed protein profiles, fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) and immunoblotting. The 18 E. ictaluri isolates revealed a high degree of homogeneity (70% similarity or higher) in their protein profiles and 95% similarity in their FAME, while the nine E. tarda isolates revealed 30% similarity in their protein profiles and 95% similarity in their FAME. Immunoblots probed for antigenic epitopes with goat antiserum produced against E. ictaluri and E. tarda, respectively, revealed that E. ictaluri were more homogeneous compared with the E. tarda isolates. Overall, there was a considerable degree of relatedness between the two species. Our findings suggest that phenotypically E. ictaluri represents a clonal bacterial population structure compared with the less monomorphic E. tarda.

  • Isolation of Edwardsiella ictaluri from Tadpole Madtom in a Southwestern New Jersey River
    Journal of Aquatic Animal Health, 2003
    Co-Authors: Phillip H Klesius, Jan Lovy, Joyce J. Evans, Edmund Washuta, Cova R. Arias
    Abstract:

    Abstract In 2002, New Jersey Division of Fish and Wildlife biologists conducted an aquatic assessment in a section of the Cohansey River in Cumberland County. Three of seven tadpole madtoms Noturus gyrinus collected were observed to have an ulcerative lesion on the head between the eyes. Gram-negative, oxidase-negative rods were isolated from the head kidneys of two of the madtoms and from the cranial ulcer of the third madtom. Four different identification methods— API-20E, whole-cell fatty acid methyl esters (FAME), BIOLOG, and enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus (ERIC) sequences—ascribed the isolates to the species Edwardsiella ictaluri. A phenotypic comparison using FAME and BIOLOG data revealed that E. ictaluri isolates from wild madtoms shared a high degree of similarity to E. ictaluri isolates from cultured channel catfish with enteric septicemia of catfish (ESC) from southeastern states. However, fingerprinting by amplified fragment length polymorphisms (AFLP) demonstrated that the thr...

Brian C. Peterson - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.