The Experts below are selected from a list of 240582 Experts worldwide ranked by ideXlab platform
K A M Henrard - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
-
how the european court of human rights concern regarding european consensus tempers the Effective Protection of freedom of religion
Social Science Research Network, 2015Co-Authors: K A M HenrardAbstract:In accordance with the European Court of Human Rights’ steady jurisprudence, Member States are granted a wide margin of appreciation concerning ‘church-state relations’, owing to the lack of European consensus in this regard. This article reveals that the level of scrutiny adopted by the Court in cases involving church–state relations is not always wide but in fact ranges from being somewhat narrow to very broad. Throughout this analysis, the argument is made for an overarching rationale: namely, differences in the levels of European consensus on the religious matter at hand. Arguably, the Court provides Effective Protection of freedom of religion only when, and insofar as, there is a clear consensus about a particular religious matter. In this respect, the Court’s concern regarding European consensus tempers the Effective Protection of freedom of religion. The Court is urged first to define the lack of a European consensus at a sufficiently concrete level, and second to slowly but surely reduce the margin of appreciation left to states. The gradual increase in the level of scrutiny adopted would allow the Court to work gradually towards a more Effective Protection of freedom of religion.
-
the racial equality directive and Effective Protection against discrimination mismatches between the substantive law and its application
Erasmus law review, 2010Co-Authors: Monika Ambrus, Marjolein Busstra, K A M HenrardAbstract:textabstractThe success of the Racial Equality Directive (RED) in terms of Effective Protection against discrimination depends inter alia on the coherence and correlation between its substantive and procedural provisions, both in terms of the wording of the Directive and in terms of its interpretation and application. In this article, three ‘mismatches’ between the substantive law and its application are identified. Effective Protection against discrimination requires that these mismatches are avoided. First of all, a teleological interpretation of a substantive provision should be matched by corresponding (broad) enforcement provisions. Secondly, the interpretation and application of the definitions of direct and indirect discrimination need to ensure a proper delineation of these substantive concepts. Thirdly, these substantive concepts have to be appropriately translated in terms of the enforcement dimension. In this respect, the ECJ has an essential role to play. In view of its special position as ultimate interpreter and guardian of the unity of EU law, it needs to take up the task of ensuring the ‘match’, while providing adequate guidance to the national courts. Although the ECJ remedied the first mismatch through its generous interpretation of the ‘flawed’ enforcement provision, it has failed to avoid the two other mismatches and thus has not realised the most Effective Protection possible against discrimination. It is to be hoped that the willingness to avoid mismatches between substantive law and its application will manifest itself more broadly in the future.
-
the racial equality directive and Effective Protection against discrimination mismatches between the substantive law and its application
Social Science Research Network, 2010Co-Authors: Monika Ambrus, Marjolein Busstra, K A M HenrardAbstract:The success of the Racial Equality Directive (RED) in terms of Effective Protection against discrimination depends inter alia on the coherence and correlation between its substantive and procedural provisions, both in terms of the wording of the Directive and in terms of its interpretation and application. In this article, three, "mismatches," between the substantive law and its application are identified. Effective Protection against discrimination requires that these mismatches are avoided. First of all, a teleological interpretation of a substantive provision should be matched by corresponding (broad) enforcement provisions. Secondly, the interpretation and application of the definitions of direct and indirect discrimination need to ensure a proper delineation of these substantive concepts. Thirdly, these substantive concepts have to be appropriately translated in terms of the enforcement dimension. In this respect, the ECJ has an essential role to play. In view of its special position as ultimate interpreter and guardian of the unity of EU law, it needs to take up the task of ensuring the ‘match’, while providing adequate guidance to the national courts. Although the ECJ remedied the first mismatch through its generous interpretation of the, "flawed," enforcement provision, it has failed to avoid the two other mismatches and thus has not realized the most Effective Protection possible against discrimination. It is to be hoped that the willingness to avoid mismatches between substantive law and its application will manifest itself more broadly in the future.
Julio Cesar Borges - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
-
Immunization with recombinant enolase of Sporothrix spp. (rSsEno) confers Effective Protection against sporotrichosis in mice
Scientific Reports, 2019Co-Authors: Deivys Leandro Portuondo, Caroline Maria Marcos, Maria Luiza De Aguiar Loesch, Fanny Guzman, Paulo Roberto Dores-silva, Lucas Souza Ferreira, Carlos S. Oliveira, Damiana Téllez-martínez, Lisandra M. Gava, Julio Cesar BorgesAbstract:In recent years, research has focused on the immunoreactive components of the Sporothrix schenckii cell wall that can be relevant targets for preventive and therapeutic vaccines against sporotrichosis, an emergent worldwide mycosis. In a previous study, we identified a 47-kDa enolase as an immunodominant antigen in mice vaccinated with an adjuvanted mixture of S. schenckii cell wall proteins. Here, we sought to assess the protective potential of a Sporothrix spp. recombinant enolase (rSsEno) formulated with or without the adjuvant Montanide Pet-GelA (PGA) against the S. brasiliensis infection in mice. Mice that were immunized with rSsEno plus PGA showed increased antibody titters against rSsEno and increased median survival time when challenged with S. brasiliensis as compared with mice that had not been immunized or that were immunized with rSsEno alone. Immunization with rSsEno plus PGA induced a predominantly T-helper 1 cytokine pattern after in vitro stimulation of splenic cells with rSsEno: elevated levels of IFN-γ and IL-2, as well as of other cytokines involved in host defense against sporotrichosis, such as TNF-alpha, IL-6, and IL-4. Furthermore, we show for the first time the presence of enolase in the cell wall of both S. schenckii and S. brasiliensis . As a whole, our results suggest that enolase could be used as a potential antigenic target for vaccinal purposes against sporotrichosis.
-
immunization with recombinant enolase of sporothrix spp rsseno confers Effective Protection against sporotrichosis in mice
bioRxiv, 2019Co-Authors: Deivys Leandro Portuondo Fuentes, Paulo R Doressilva, Lucas Lima Ferreira, Damiana Tellezmartinez, Caroline Maria Marcos, Maria Luiza De Aguiar Loesch, Fanny Guzman, Julio Cesar Borges, Alexander Batistaduharte, Iracilda Zeppone CarlosAbstract:In recent years, research has focused on the immunoreactive components of the S. schenckii cell wall that can be relevant targets for preventive and therapeutic vaccines against sporotrichosis, an emergent worldwide mycosis. In previous studies, we identified a 47-kDa enolase as an immunodominant antigen in mice vaccinated with purified fungal wall proteins and adjuvants. In this study, the immunolocalization of this immunogen in the cell wall of S. schenckii and S.brasiliensis is shown for the first time. In addition, a recombinant enolase of Sporothrix spp (rSsEno) was studied with the adjuvant Montanide Pet-GelA (PGA) as a vaccine candidate. The rSsEno was produced with high purity. In addition, mice immunized with rSsEno plus PGA showed increased antibody titers against enolase and increased median survival time compared to nonimmunized or rSsEno-immunized mice. Enolase immunization induced a predominant T-helper-1 (Th1) cytokine pattern in splenic cells after in vitro stimulation with rSsEno. Elevated production of interferon-{gamma} (IFN-{gamma}) and interleukin-2 (IL-2) was observed with other cytokines involved in the innate immune defense, such as TNF-alpha, IL-6, and IL-4, which are necessary for antibody production. These results suggest that we should continue testing this antigen as a potential vaccine candidate against sporotrichosis.
Hubert Escaith - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
-
trade in tasks tariff policy and Effective Protection rates
MPRA Paper, 2014Co-Authors: Antonia Diakantoni, Hubert EscaithAbstract:Building on the results of the OECD-WTO Trade in Value-Added TiVA database, the paper analyses the evolution of Effective Protection in about 50 developed and developing countries from 1995 to 2008. The paper reviews also the role of preferential agreements on Effective Protection as well as the impact of tariffs on the production costs of services. A final chapter is dedicated to exploring the underlying patterns that may exist beyond the EPR profiles.
-
trade in tasks tariff policy and Effective Protection rates
2014Co-Authors: Antonia Diakantoni, Hubert EscaithAbstract:With the rise of global value chains, Effective Protection rates (EPRs) provide important insights on the impact of nominal tariffs on the competitiveness of industries. Building on the results of the OECD-WTO Trade in Value-Added TiVA database, the paper analyses the evolution of EPRs in about 50 developed and developing countries from 1995 to 2008. The paper reviews also the role of preferential agreements on Effective Protection as well as the impact of tariffs on the production costs of services. A final chapter is dedicated to the underlying patterns that may explain those EPR profiles.
-
reassessing Effective Protection rates in a trade in tasks perspective evolution of trade policy in factory asia
MPRA Paper, 2012Co-Authors: Antonia Diakantoni, Hubert EscaithAbstract:International trade moved from "trade in goods" to "trade in tasks" and Effective Protection rates (EPRs) are back to the analytical stage. They measure the overall Protection that sectoral value-added is receiving from applied tariffs. The paper calculates sectorial EPRs for 10 Asian-Pacific countries between 1995 and 2005 and proposes simple methods aimed at isolating the specific contribution of changes in tariff policies, in production structure or in real exchange rates. International input-output matrices allowed also to compute and compare the average propagation length of a shock linked to a sudden change in tariff duties, identifying sectors most deeply interconnected.
-
reassessing Effective Protection rates in a trade in tasks perspective evolution of trade policy in factory asia
Research Papers in Economics, 2012Co-Authors: Antonia Diakantoni, Hubert EscaithAbstract:With international trade moving from trade in (final) goods to trade in tasks, Effective Protection rates (EPRs) are back to the stage, allowing us to measure the overall Protection of a product or sector by including the production structure and the origin of the inputs -domestic or imported. Input-output matrices are used in this paper to monitor the production structure of 10 Asian-Pacific countries between 1995 and 2005, and to calculate sectorial EPRs. The paper proposes a series of counter-factual simulation methods aimed at isolating the specific contribution of changes in tariff policies, in production structure or in real exchange rates. Working on international input-output matrices allowed also to compute and compare the average propagation length of a cost-push linked to a sudden change in tariff duties, identifying those sectors that are the most deeply interconnected, both in the intensity and in the length of their inter-industrial foreign relationships.
Masato Koreeda - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
-
1 2 trimethylsilyl ethoxy ethyl see a novel hybrid hydroxy protecting group between 1 ethoxy ethyl ee and 2 trimethylsilyl ethoxymethyl sem
Tetrahedron Letters, 1996Co-Authors: Brian K Shull, Masato KoreedaAbstract:Abstract The highly versatile 1-[(2-trimethylsilyl)ethoxy]ethyl (SEE) group, readily obtainable from an alcohol and 2-(trimethylsilyl)ethyl vinyl ether in the presence of a catalytic amount of PPTS, has been developed for the Protection of hydroxyl groups. Its deProtection can be achieved under virtually neutral conditions with the use of a fluoride ion source, thus allowing for Effective Protection of hydroxyl groups of compounds that contain acid- and/or base-sensitive functional groups.
Deivys Leandro Portuondo - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
-
Immunization with recombinant enolase of Sporothrix spp. (rSsEno) confers Effective Protection against sporotrichosis in mice
Scientific Reports, 2019Co-Authors: Deivys Leandro Portuondo, Caroline Maria Marcos, Maria Luiza De Aguiar Loesch, Fanny Guzman, Paulo Roberto Dores-silva, Lucas Souza Ferreira, Carlos S. Oliveira, Damiana Téllez-martínez, Lisandra M. Gava, Julio Cesar BorgesAbstract:In recent years, research has focused on the immunoreactive components of the Sporothrix schenckii cell wall that can be relevant targets for preventive and therapeutic vaccines against sporotrichosis, an emergent worldwide mycosis. In a previous study, we identified a 47-kDa enolase as an immunodominant antigen in mice vaccinated with an adjuvanted mixture of S. schenckii cell wall proteins. Here, we sought to assess the protective potential of a Sporothrix spp. recombinant enolase (rSsEno) formulated with or without the adjuvant Montanide Pet-GelA (PGA) against the S. brasiliensis infection in mice. Mice that were immunized with rSsEno plus PGA showed increased antibody titters against rSsEno and increased median survival time when challenged with S. brasiliensis as compared with mice that had not been immunized or that were immunized with rSsEno alone. Immunization with rSsEno plus PGA induced a predominantly T-helper 1 cytokine pattern after in vitro stimulation of splenic cells with rSsEno: elevated levels of IFN-γ and IL-2, as well as of other cytokines involved in host defense against sporotrichosis, such as TNF-alpha, IL-6, and IL-4. Furthermore, we show for the first time the presence of enolase in the cell wall of both S. schenckii and S. brasiliensis . As a whole, our results suggest that enolase could be used as a potential antigenic target for vaccinal purposes against sporotrichosis.
