The Experts below are selected from a list of 3519 Experts worldwide ranked by ideXlab platform
Lee Dewit - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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the leuven Embedded Figures Test l eft measuring perception intelligence or executive function
PeerJ, 2018Co-Authors: Hanne Huygelier, Ruth Van Der Hallen, Johan Wagemans, Lee Dewit, Rebecca ChamberlainAbstract:Performance on the Embedded Figures Test (EFT) has been interpreted as a reflection of local/global perceptual style, weak central coherence and/or field independence, as well as a measure of intelligence and executive function. The variable ways in which EFT findings have been interpreted demonstrate that the construct validity of this measure is unclear. In order to address this lack of clarity, we investigated to what extent performance on a new Embedded Figures Test (L-EFT) correlated with measures of intelligence, executive functions and estimates of local/global perceptual styles. In addition, we compared L-EFT performance to the original group EFT to directly contrast both tasks. Taken together, our results indicate that performance on the L-EFT does not correlate strongly with estimates of local/global perceptual style, intelligence or executive functions. Additionally, the results show that performance on the L-EFT is similarly associated with memory span and fluid intelligence as the group EFT. These results suggest that the L-EFT does not reflect a general perceptual or cognitive style/ability. These results further emphasize that empirical data on the construct validity of a task do not always align with the face validity of a task.
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developing the leuven Embedded Figures Test l eft Testing the stimulus features that influence embedding
PeerJ, 2017Co-Authors: Hanne Huygelier, Lee Dewit, Rebecca Chamberlain, Ruth Van Der Hallen, Johan WagemansAbstract:Background The Embedded Figures Test (EFT, developed by Witkin and colleagues (1971)) has been used extensively in research on individual differences, particularly in the study of autism spectrum disorder. The EFT was originally conceptualized as a measure of field (in)dependence, but in recent years performance on the EFT has been interpreted as a measure of local versus global perceptual style. Although many have used the EFT to measure perceptual style, relatively few have focused on understanding the stimulus features that cause a shape to become Embedded. The primary aim of this work was to investigate the relation between the strength of embedding and perceptual grouping on a group level. Method New Embedded figure stimuli (both targets and contexts) were developed in which stimulus features that may influence perceptual grouping were explicitly manipulated. The symmetry, closure and complexity of the target shape were manipulated as well as its good continuation by varying the number of lines from the target that continued into the context. We evaluated the effect of these four stimulus features on target detection in a new Embedded Figures task (Leuven Embedded Figures Test, L-EFT) in a group of undergraduate psychology students. The results were then replicated in a second experiment using a slightly different version of the task. Results Stimulus features that influence perceptual grouping, especially good continuation and symmetry, clearly affected performance (lower accuracy, slower response times) on the L-EFT. Closure did not yield results in line with our predictions. Discussion These results show that some stimulus features, which are known to affect perceptual grouping, also influence how effectively a stimulus becomes Embedded in different contexts. Whether these results imply that the EFT measures individual differences in perceptual grouping ability must be further investigated.
Rebecca Chamberlain - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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the leuven Embedded Figures Test l eft measuring perception intelligence or executive function
PeerJ, 2018Co-Authors: Hanne Huygelier, Ruth Van Der Hallen, Johan Wagemans, Lee Dewit, Rebecca ChamberlainAbstract:Performance on the Embedded Figures Test (EFT) has been interpreted as a reflection of local/global perceptual style, weak central coherence and/or field independence, as well as a measure of intelligence and executive function. The variable ways in which EFT findings have been interpreted demonstrate that the construct validity of this measure is unclear. In order to address this lack of clarity, we investigated to what extent performance on a new Embedded Figures Test (L-EFT) correlated with measures of intelligence, executive functions and estimates of local/global perceptual styles. In addition, we compared L-EFT performance to the original group EFT to directly contrast both tasks. Taken together, our results indicate that performance on the L-EFT does not correlate strongly with estimates of local/global perceptual style, intelligence or executive functions. Additionally, the results show that performance on the L-EFT is similarly associated with memory span and fluid intelligence as the group EFT. These results suggest that the L-EFT does not reflect a general perceptual or cognitive style/ability. These results further emphasize that empirical data on the construct validity of a task do not always align with the face validity of a task.
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developing the leuven Embedded Figures Test l eft Testing the stimulus features that influence embedding
PeerJ, 2017Co-Authors: Hanne Huygelier, Lee Dewit, Rebecca Chamberlain, Ruth Van Der Hallen, Johan WagemansAbstract:Background The Embedded Figures Test (EFT, developed by Witkin and colleagues (1971)) has been used extensively in research on individual differences, particularly in the study of autism spectrum disorder. The EFT was originally conceptualized as a measure of field (in)dependence, but in recent years performance on the EFT has been interpreted as a measure of local versus global perceptual style. Although many have used the EFT to measure perceptual style, relatively few have focused on understanding the stimulus features that cause a shape to become Embedded. The primary aim of this work was to investigate the relation between the strength of embedding and perceptual grouping on a group level. Method New Embedded figure stimuli (both targets and contexts) were developed in which stimulus features that may influence perceptual grouping were explicitly manipulated. The symmetry, closure and complexity of the target shape were manipulated as well as its good continuation by varying the number of lines from the target that continued into the context. We evaluated the effect of these four stimulus features on target detection in a new Embedded Figures task (Leuven Embedded Figures Test, L-EFT) in a group of undergraduate psychology students. The results were then replicated in a second experiment using a slightly different version of the task. Results Stimulus features that influence perceptual grouping, especially good continuation and symmetry, clearly affected performance (lower accuracy, slower response times) on the L-EFT. Closure did not yield results in line with our predictions. Discussion These results show that some stimulus features, which are known to affect perceptual grouping, also influence how effectively a stimulus becomes Embedded in different contexts. Whether these results imply that the EFT measures individual differences in perceptual grouping ability must be further investigated.
Richard A Bernardi - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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group Embedded Figures Test psychometric data documenting shifts in field independence from prior norms for accountants
Social Science Research Network, 2008Co-Authors: Richard A BernardiAbstract:This study examined the performance of 516 practicing accountants on the Group Embedded Figures Test and scores were compared with previously published norms and scores from Pincus (1985). The present accountants scored significantly more field-independent than the Test norms and the 124 accountants in Pincus's sample. Significant differences were also noted between traditional (entry immediately following college at age 22) and delayed-entry accountants (late entry or second career). Gender differences noted in the norms were not observed for the current sample.
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group Embedded Figures Test psychometric data documenting shifts from prior norms in field independence of accountants
Perceptual and Motor Skills, 1993Co-Authors: Richard A BernardiAbstract:This study examined the performance of 516 practicing accountants on the Group Embedded Figures Test. The present accountants scored significantly more field-independent than the published Test norms and the 124 accountants in Pincus's 1985 sample. Significant differences were also noted between traditional (entry immediately following collage at age 22) and delayed-entry (late entry or second career) accountants. Gender differences noted in the norms were not observed for the current sample.
Johan Wagemans - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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the leuven Embedded Figures Test l eft measuring perception intelligence or executive function
PeerJ, 2018Co-Authors: Hanne Huygelier, Ruth Van Der Hallen, Johan Wagemans, Lee Dewit, Rebecca ChamberlainAbstract:Performance on the Embedded Figures Test (EFT) has been interpreted as a reflection of local/global perceptual style, weak central coherence and/or field independence, as well as a measure of intelligence and executive function. The variable ways in which EFT findings have been interpreted demonstrate that the construct validity of this measure is unclear. In order to address this lack of clarity, we investigated to what extent performance on a new Embedded Figures Test (L-EFT) correlated with measures of intelligence, executive functions and estimates of local/global perceptual styles. In addition, we compared L-EFT performance to the original group EFT to directly contrast both tasks. Taken together, our results indicate that performance on the L-EFT does not correlate strongly with estimates of local/global perceptual style, intelligence or executive functions. Additionally, the results show that performance on the L-EFT is similarly associated with memory span and fluid intelligence as the group EFT. These results suggest that the L-EFT does not reflect a general perceptual or cognitive style/ability. These results further emphasize that empirical data on the construct validity of a task do not always align with the face validity of a task.
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developing the leuven Embedded Figures Test l eft Testing the stimulus features that influence embedding
PeerJ, 2017Co-Authors: Hanne Huygelier, Lee Dewit, Rebecca Chamberlain, Ruth Van Der Hallen, Johan WagemansAbstract:Background The Embedded Figures Test (EFT, developed by Witkin and colleagues (1971)) has been used extensively in research on individual differences, particularly in the study of autism spectrum disorder. The EFT was originally conceptualized as a measure of field (in)dependence, but in recent years performance on the EFT has been interpreted as a measure of local versus global perceptual style. Although many have used the EFT to measure perceptual style, relatively few have focused on understanding the stimulus features that cause a shape to become Embedded. The primary aim of this work was to investigate the relation between the strength of embedding and perceptual grouping on a group level. Method New Embedded figure stimuli (both targets and contexts) were developed in which stimulus features that may influence perceptual grouping were explicitly manipulated. The symmetry, closure and complexity of the target shape were manipulated as well as its good continuation by varying the number of lines from the target that continued into the context. We evaluated the effect of these four stimulus features on target detection in a new Embedded Figures task (Leuven Embedded Figures Test, L-EFT) in a group of undergraduate psychology students. The results were then replicated in a second experiment using a slightly different version of the task. Results Stimulus features that influence perceptual grouping, especially good continuation and symmetry, clearly affected performance (lower accuracy, slower response times) on the L-EFT. Closure did not yield results in line with our predictions. Discussion These results show that some stimulus features, which are known to affect perceptual grouping, also influence how effectively a stimulus becomes Embedded in different contexts. Whether these results imply that the EFT measures individual differences in perceptual grouping ability must be further investigated.
Murray T Maybery - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Embedded Figures Test performance in the broader autism phenotype a meta analysis
Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 2016Co-Authors: Serena J Cribb, Michelle Olaithe, Renata Di Lorenzo, Patrick D Dunlop, Murray T MayberyAbstract:People with autism show superior performance to controls on the Embedded Figures Test (EFT). However, studies examining the relationship between autistic-like traits and EFT performance in neurotypical individuals have yielded inconsistent findings. To examine the inconsistency, a meta-analysis was conducted of studies that (a) compared high and low Autism-Spectrum Quotient (AQ) groups, and (b) treated AQ as a continuous variable. Outcomes are consistent with superior visual search forming part of the broader autism phenotype, but in existing literature, this is evident only when comparing extreme groups. Reanalysis of data from previous studies suggests findings are unlikely to be driven by a small number of high scorers. Monte Carlo simulations are used to illustrate the effect of methodological differences on results.
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support for a link between the local processing bias and social deficits in autism an investigation of Embedded Figures Test performance in non clinical individuals
Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 2012Co-Authors: Suzanna N Russellsmith, Murray T Maybery, Donna M Bayliss, Adelln SngAbstract:The aim of this investigation was to explore the degree to which specific subsets of autistic-like traits relate to performance on the Embedded Figures Test (Witkin et al. in A manual for the Embedded Figures Test. Consulting Psychologists Press, Palo Alto, CA, 1971). In the first group-based investigation with this focus, students were selected for their extreme scores (either high or low) on each of the ‘Social Skills’ and ‘Details/Patterns’ factors of the Autism Spectrum Quotient (Baron-Cohen et al. in J Austim Dev Disord 31:5–17, 2001). The resulting 2 × 2 factorial design permitted examination of the degree to which the social and non-social autistic-like traits separately relate to EFT performance. Surprisingly, in two studies, superior EFT performance was found to relate only to greater social difficulty, suggesting that the local processing bias in autism may be linked specifically to the social deficits.
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a new step towards understanding Embedded Figures Test performance in the autism spectrum the radial frequency search task
Neuropsychologia, 2010Co-Authors: Renita A Almeida, Murray T Maybery, Edwin J Dickinson, Johanna C Badcock, David R BadcockAbstract:The Embedded Figure Test (EFT) requires locating a simple shape Embedded within a background of overlapping target-irrelevant scene elements. Observers with autism, or those with high levels of autistic-like traits, typically outperform matched comparison groups on the EFT. This research investigated the critical visual properties which give rise to this improved performance. The EFT is a search task and so here a radial frequency (RF) search task was created to directly explore efficacy of visual search and also the influence of element overlap on performance. In all conditions, the task was to detect whether the target RF3 (a triangular shape chosen for its visual properties) was present among a number of distracter RF4 (a square shape) patterns. The conditions employed were: 'singles', where all the patterns were spatially discrete, 'pairs', where two overlapping elements formed each cluster, and 'quads', comprising four overlapping elements per cluster. Compared to students scoring low on the Autism Spectrum Quotient (AQ; n=27), those scoring high on the AQ (n=23) were faster on the EFT and also significantly less influenced by increasing set size of the stimulus array in all RF search task conditions. However, the group difference in RF search performance was unaffected by the amount of stimulus overlap. Thus a simple search task is sufficient to detect a performance advantage associated with higher levels of autistic traits and has the advantages of a solid footing in visual theory and being readily repeatable for the purpose of assessing performance variability and change with interventions.