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Gordon D. A. Brown - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Think before you speak: pauses, Memory search, and trace redintegration processes in verbal Memory Span.
Journal of experimental psychology. Learning memory and cognition, 1999Co-Authors: Charles Hulme, Nelson Cowan, Philip Newton, George Stuart, Gordon D. A. BrownAbstract:Immediate Memory Span and speed of Memory search were assessed for words and nonwords of short and long spoken duration. Memory Span was substantially greater for words than for nonwords and for short than for long items, though speed of Memory search was unaffected by either length or lexicality. An analysis of the temporal pattern of responses in the Memory Span task indicated that inter-item pauses were longer between nonwords than words but that these pause durations were unaffected by item length. A model of verbal short-term Memory Span is described in which trace selection from a short-term store and the redintegration (restoration) of degraded phonological traces both occur in the pauses between saying successive items. Both trace selection and trace redintegration appear to play important roles in accounting for individual differences in Memory Span.
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The role of long-term Memory mechanisms in Memory Span
British Journal of Psychology, 1995Co-Authors: Charles Hulme, Steven Roodenrys, Gordon D. A. Brown, Robin C. MercerAbstract:We present an experiment relating Memory Span for words and non-words of differing spoken lengths to speech rate. Linear functions related Memory Span to speech rate for both words and non-words. Recall of non-words, however, is substantially worse than for words and this difference is not attributable to differences in speech rate. Familiarizing subjects with the pronunciations of the nonwords increased Memory Span for them and these improvements in recall were also, at least partially, independent of changes in speech rate. The results are interpreted as evidence for a separable influence of long-term Memory on immediate Memory Span performance.
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EFFECTS OF WORD FREQUENCY AND AGE OF ACQUISITION ON SHORT-TERM Memory Span
Memory & cognition, 1994Co-Authors: Steven Roodenrys, Charles Hulme, Janice Alban, Andrew W. Ellis, Gordon D. A. BrownAbstract:The experiments reported examine the effects of two highly related variables, word frequency and age of acquisition, on short-term Memory Span. Short-term Memory Span and speech rate were measured for sets of words which independently manipulated frequency and age of acquisition. It was found that frequency had a considerable effect on short-term Memory Span, which was not mediated by speech rate differences—although frequency did affect speech rate in one experiment. For age of acquisition, this situation was reversed; there was a small but significant effect of age of acquisition on speech rate, but no effect on Memory Span. This occurred despite results confirming that the stimuli used in the experiments produce an effect of age of acquisition on word naming. The results are discussed in terms of a two-component view of performance on short-term Memory tasks.
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The development of short-term Memory Span: separable effects of speech rate and long-term Memory.
Journal of experimental child psychology, 1993Co-Authors: Steven Roodenrys, Charles Hulme, Gordon D. A. BrownAbstract:We report an experiment investigating the mechanisms responsible for short-term Memory Span and its development by examining the relationship between Memory Span and speech rate for words and nonwords of differing spoken lengths. Linear functions related Memory Span to speech rate for both words and nonwords in children of different ages. The functions for nonwords had equivalent slopes (interpreted as reflecting a contribution from a speech-based process) but lower intercepts (interpreted as reflecting a contribution from a long-term Memory component) than the functions for words. Children in both age groups studied showed evidence of a relationship between speech rate and Memory Span and part of the difference in Memory Span between age groups appears to reflect a difference in speech rate. However, there is also evidence that the long-term Memory component of Memory Span shows greater efficiency in older children.
Charles Hulme - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Think before you speak: pauses, Memory search, and trace redintegration processes in verbal Memory Span.
Journal of experimental psychology. Learning memory and cognition, 1999Co-Authors: Charles Hulme, Nelson Cowan, Philip Newton, George Stuart, Gordon D. A. BrownAbstract:Immediate Memory Span and speed of Memory search were assessed for words and nonwords of short and long spoken duration. Memory Span was substantially greater for words than for nonwords and for short than for long items, though speed of Memory search was unaffected by either length or lexicality. An analysis of the temporal pattern of responses in the Memory Span task indicated that inter-item pauses were longer between nonwords than words but that these pause durations were unaffected by item length. A model of verbal short-term Memory Span is described in which trace selection from a short-term store and the redintegration (restoration) of degraded phonological traces both occur in the pauses between saying successive items. Both trace selection and trace redintegration appear to play important roles in accounting for individual differences in Memory Span.
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The role of long-term Memory mechanisms in Memory Span
British Journal of Psychology, 1995Co-Authors: Charles Hulme, Steven Roodenrys, Gordon D. A. Brown, Robin C. MercerAbstract:We present an experiment relating Memory Span for words and non-words of differing spoken lengths to speech rate. Linear functions related Memory Span to speech rate for both words and non-words. Recall of non-words, however, is substantially worse than for words and this difference is not attributable to differences in speech rate. Familiarizing subjects with the pronunciations of the nonwords increased Memory Span for them and these improvements in recall were also, at least partially, independent of changes in speech rate. The results are interpreted as evidence for a separable influence of long-term Memory on immediate Memory Span performance.
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EFFECTS OF WORD FREQUENCY AND AGE OF ACQUISITION ON SHORT-TERM Memory Span
Memory & cognition, 1994Co-Authors: Steven Roodenrys, Charles Hulme, Janice Alban, Andrew W. Ellis, Gordon D. A. BrownAbstract:The experiments reported examine the effects of two highly related variables, word frequency and age of acquisition, on short-term Memory Span. Short-term Memory Span and speech rate were measured for sets of words which independently manipulated frequency and age of acquisition. It was found that frequency had a considerable effect on short-term Memory Span, which was not mediated by speech rate differences—although frequency did affect speech rate in one experiment. For age of acquisition, this situation was reversed; there was a small but significant effect of age of acquisition on speech rate, but no effect on Memory Span. This occurred despite results confirming that the stimuli used in the experiments produce an effect of age of acquisition on word naming. The results are discussed in terms of a two-component view of performance on short-term Memory tasks.
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Verbal Memory Span in Children: Speech Timing Clues to the Mechanisms Underlying Age and Word Length Effects
Journal of Memory and Language, 1994Co-Authors: Nelson Cowan, Charles Hulme, Steven Roodenrys, Siné Mcdougall, J RackAbstract:Abstract According to the prevalent articulatory loop hypothesis of Memory Span (Baddeley, 1986), subjects recall items from a decaying phonological store that is refreshed by a covert articulatory process. The rate of covert articulation is said to determine Memory Span. The present research indicates that this account underemphasizes effects of (1) other covert mnemonic processes and (2) overt pronunciation in recall. Memory Span and maximal speech rate for sets of one-, two-, and three-syllable words were examined in groups of children with mean ages of 4;5 and 8;8. Although the usual linear relation between the maximal speech rate and Memory Span was replicated, speech timing measurements based on the Memory responses revealed that age and word length effects had different effects on the timing of responding. Whereas word length affected the duration of words in the response but not silent intervals, age affected the duration of silent, preparatory and interword intervals in the response but not the duration of words. These results are discussed in light of the hypothesis that the speeds of multiple, mnemonically relevant covert and overt processes affect Memory Span.
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The development of short-term Memory Span: separable effects of speech rate and long-term Memory.
Journal of experimental child psychology, 1993Co-Authors: Steven Roodenrys, Charles Hulme, Gordon D. A. BrownAbstract:We report an experiment investigating the mechanisms responsible for short-term Memory Span and its development by examining the relationship between Memory Span and speech rate for words and nonwords of differing spoken lengths. Linear functions related Memory Span to speech rate for both words and nonwords in children of different ages. The functions for nonwords had equivalent slopes (interpreted as reflecting a contribution from a speech-based process) but lower intercepts (interpreted as reflecting a contribution from a long-term Memory component) than the functions for words. Children in both age groups studied showed evidence of a relationship between speech rate and Memory Span and part of the difference in Memory Span between age groups appears to reflect a difference in speech rate. However, there is also evidence that the long-term Memory component of Memory Span shows greater efficiency in older children.
Steven Roodenrys - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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The role of long-term Memory mechanisms in Memory Span
British Journal of Psychology, 1995Co-Authors: Charles Hulme, Steven Roodenrys, Gordon D. A. Brown, Robin C. MercerAbstract:We present an experiment relating Memory Span for words and non-words of differing spoken lengths to speech rate. Linear functions related Memory Span to speech rate for both words and non-words. Recall of non-words, however, is substantially worse than for words and this difference is not attributable to differences in speech rate. Familiarizing subjects with the pronunciations of the nonwords increased Memory Span for them and these improvements in recall were also, at least partially, independent of changes in speech rate. The results are interpreted as evidence for a separable influence of long-term Memory on immediate Memory Span performance.
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EFFECTS OF WORD FREQUENCY AND AGE OF ACQUISITION ON SHORT-TERM Memory Span
Memory & cognition, 1994Co-Authors: Steven Roodenrys, Charles Hulme, Janice Alban, Andrew W. Ellis, Gordon D. A. BrownAbstract:The experiments reported examine the effects of two highly related variables, word frequency and age of acquisition, on short-term Memory Span. Short-term Memory Span and speech rate were measured for sets of words which independently manipulated frequency and age of acquisition. It was found that frequency had a considerable effect on short-term Memory Span, which was not mediated by speech rate differences—although frequency did affect speech rate in one experiment. For age of acquisition, this situation was reversed; there was a small but significant effect of age of acquisition on speech rate, but no effect on Memory Span. This occurred despite results confirming that the stimuli used in the experiments produce an effect of age of acquisition on word naming. The results are discussed in terms of a two-component view of performance on short-term Memory tasks.
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Verbal Memory Span in Children: Speech Timing Clues to the Mechanisms Underlying Age and Word Length Effects
Journal of Memory and Language, 1994Co-Authors: Nelson Cowan, Charles Hulme, Steven Roodenrys, Siné Mcdougall, J RackAbstract:Abstract According to the prevalent articulatory loop hypothesis of Memory Span (Baddeley, 1986), subjects recall items from a decaying phonological store that is refreshed by a covert articulatory process. The rate of covert articulation is said to determine Memory Span. The present research indicates that this account underemphasizes effects of (1) other covert mnemonic processes and (2) overt pronunciation in recall. Memory Span and maximal speech rate for sets of one-, two-, and three-syllable words were examined in groups of children with mean ages of 4;5 and 8;8. Although the usual linear relation between the maximal speech rate and Memory Span was replicated, speech timing measurements based on the Memory responses revealed that age and word length effects had different effects on the timing of responding. Whereas word length affected the duration of words in the response but not silent intervals, age affected the duration of silent, preparatory and interword intervals in the response but not the duration of words. These results are discussed in light of the hypothesis that the speeds of multiple, mnemonically relevant covert and overt processes affect Memory Span.
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The development of short-term Memory Span: separable effects of speech rate and long-term Memory.
Journal of experimental child psychology, 1993Co-Authors: Steven Roodenrys, Charles Hulme, Gordon D. A. BrownAbstract:We report an experiment investigating the mechanisms responsible for short-term Memory Span and its development by examining the relationship between Memory Span and speech rate for words and nonwords of differing spoken lengths. Linear functions related Memory Span to speech rate for both words and nonwords in children of different ages. The functions for nonwords had equivalent slopes (interpreted as reflecting a contribution from a speech-based process) but lower intercepts (interpreted as reflecting a contribution from a long-term Memory component) than the functions for words. Children in both age groups studied showed evidence of a relationship between speech rate and Memory Span and part of the difference in Memory Span between age groups appears to reflect a difference in speech rate. However, there is also evidence that the long-term Memory component of Memory Span shows greater efficiency in older children.
Nelson Cowan - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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how does running Memory Span work
Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 2006Co-Authors: Michael F Bunting, Nelson Cowan, Scott J SaultsAbstract:In running Memory Span, a list ends unpredictably, and the last few items are to be recalled. This task is of increasing importance in recent research. We argue that there are two very different strategies for performing running Span tasks: a low-effort strategy in which items are passively held until the list ends, when retrieval into a capacity-limited store takes place; and a higher-effort strategy in which working Memory is continually updated using rehearsal processes during the list presentation. In two experiments, we examine the roles of these two strategies and the consequences of two types of interference.
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Think before you speak: pauses, Memory search, and trace redintegration processes in verbal Memory Span.
Journal of experimental psychology. Learning memory and cognition, 1999Co-Authors: Charles Hulme, Nelson Cowan, Philip Newton, George Stuart, Gordon D. A. BrownAbstract:Immediate Memory Span and speed of Memory search were assessed for words and nonwords of short and long spoken duration. Memory Span was substantially greater for words than for nonwords and for short than for long items, though speed of Memory search was unaffected by either length or lexicality. An analysis of the temporal pattern of responses in the Memory Span task indicated that inter-item pauses were longer between nonwords than words but that these pause durations were unaffected by item length. A model of verbal short-term Memory Span is described in which trace selection from a short-term store and the redintegration (restoration) of degraded phonological traces both occur in the pauses between saying successive items. Both trace selection and trace redintegration appear to play important roles in accounting for individual differences in Memory Span.
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Two separate verbal processing rates contributing to short-term Memory Span.
Journal of experimental psychology. General, 1998Co-Authors: Nelson Cowan, Noelle L. Wood, Phillip K. Wood, Timothy A. Keller, Lara Nugent, Connie V. KellerAbstract:Previous research indicates that verbal Memory Span, the number of words people can remember and immediately repeat, is related to the fastest rate at which they can pronounce the words. This relation, in turn, has been attributed to a general or global rate of information processing that differs among individuals and changes with age. However, the experiments described in this article showed that the rates of 2 processes (rapid articulation and the retrieval of words from short-term Memory) are related to Memory Span but not to each other. Memory Span depends on a profile of processing rates in the brain, not only a global rate. Moreover, there appears to be only a partial overlap between the rate variables that change with age and those that differ among individuals.
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Verbal Memory Span in Children: Speech Timing Clues to the Mechanisms Underlying Age and Word Length Effects
Journal of Memory and Language, 1994Co-Authors: Nelson Cowan, Charles Hulme, Steven Roodenrys, Siné Mcdougall, J RackAbstract:Abstract According to the prevalent articulatory loop hypothesis of Memory Span (Baddeley, 1986), subjects recall items from a decaying phonological store that is refreshed by a covert articulatory process. The rate of covert articulation is said to determine Memory Span. The present research indicates that this account underemphasizes effects of (1) other covert mnemonic processes and (2) overt pronunciation in recall. Memory Span and maximal speech rate for sets of one-, two-, and three-syllable words were examined in groups of children with mean ages of 4;5 and 8;8. Although the usual linear relation between the maximal speech rate and Memory Span was replicated, speech timing measurements based on the Memory responses revealed that age and word length effects had different effects on the timing of responding. Whereas word length affected the duration of words in the response but not silent intervals, age affected the duration of silent, preparatory and interword intervals in the response but not the duration of words. These results are discussed in light of the hypothesis that the speeds of multiple, mnemonically relevant covert and overt processes affect Memory Span.
Connie V. Keller - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Two separate verbal processing rates contributing to short-term Memory Span.
Journal of experimental psychology. General, 1998Co-Authors: Nelson Cowan, Noelle L. Wood, Phillip K. Wood, Timothy A. Keller, Lara Nugent, Connie V. KellerAbstract:Previous research indicates that verbal Memory Span, the number of words people can remember and immediately repeat, is related to the fastest rate at which they can pronounce the words. This relation, in turn, has been attributed to a general or global rate of information processing that differs among individuals and changes with age. However, the experiments described in this article showed that the rates of 2 processes (rapid articulation and the retrieval of words from short-term Memory) are related to Memory Span but not to each other. Memory Span depends on a profile of processing rates in the brain, not only a global rate. Moreover, there appears to be only a partial overlap between the rate variables that change with age and those that differ among individuals.