The Experts below are selected from a list of 360 Experts worldwide ranked by ideXlab platform
Wei Zhang - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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a coupled thermal hydraulic mechanical modeling and evaluation of Geothermal extraction in the Enhanced Geothermal System based on analytic hierarchy process and fuzzy comprehensive evaluation
Applied Energy, 2020Co-Authors: Tiankui Guo, Facheng Gong, Songjun Tang, Jiang Sun, Xiaoqiang Liu, Wei ZhangAbstract:Abstract In the paper, the thermal-hydraulic-mechanical (THM) coupling model is improved by considering more factors, and a comprehensive evaluation method is proposed to optimize the heat extraction way. The thermal extraction characteristics in the Enhanced Geothermal System (EGS) and their influence factors were modeled by several researchers, and various evaluation and optimization methods were established. However, by comparing various thermal-hydraulic-mechanical (THM) models, we find that these factors of THM models are not considered comprehensively, and current EGS evaluation focuses on the individual index, the multi-objective evaluation index System of EGS has not been proposed, and a comprehensive evaluation System considering multiple indexes has not been established yet. In this study, a thermal-hydraulic-mechanical coupling model, considering matrix, fractures and changes in physical parameters of rock and fluid, was established for optimizing the EGS. The evaluation index System, including the operation life, the thermal breakthrough time, the average heat production rate, the total heat recovery factor and the re-injection factor, were presented. And the comprehensive optimization method based on analytic hierarchy process (AHP) and fuzzy comprehensive evaluation (FCE) of EGS were proposed. The model is verified by two analytical solutions. Moreover, the model was solved by finite element method (FEM) to optimize various programs of developing the EGS. In this paper, the performances of different Geothermal extraction methods are compared and the different extraction parameters are optimized. The results show that the optimized Geothermal mining method has better effect than that before optimization. The orthogonal test shows the optimal case of 5 fractures, the fracture permeability of 10D, the well spacing is 400 m and the production pressure draw-down of 20 MPa. The research results provide an accurate and effective method to optimize the development mode of Geothermal resources, which is conductive to improve the Geothermal energy efficiency.
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study of the Enhanced Geothermal System egs heat mining from variably fractured hot dry rock under thermal stress
Renewable Energy, 2019Co-Authors: Wei Zhang, Tiankui Guo, Zhiyuan WangAbstract:Abstract Formation of Enhanced Geothermal System provides flow and heat transfer paths for heat extraction in HDR (hot dry rock). Based on the local thermal non-equilibrium theory, the THM(thermal-hydraulic-mechanical) coupling is established to describe the interaction of fluid flow, heat transfer and rock deformation in heat mining process. Besides, the randomly generated fractures are adopted to descript the various fracture network. Firstly, the heat mining processes of variably fractured HDR with different fracture network characteristics are researched. Secondly, heat mining performance of multi-well patterns are compared with that of doublet-well pattern. Finally, effect of the key parameters on heat mining are also investigated. The results indicate that the increase of fracture density enhances flow around and retards thermal drawdown. When the angle between fracture orientation and inlet-outlet connection is 45°, the optimal heat mining performance can be achieved. The addition of inlets in multi-well pattern conduces to large-scale utilization, and a reasonable well arrangement can avoid the thermal breakthrough. This study provides the support for EGS (Enhanced Geothermal System) stimulation and well arrangement to obtain better heat mining performance.
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performance of Enhanced Geothermal System egs in fractured Geothermal reservoirs with co2 as working fluid
Applied Thermal Engineering, 2019Co-Authors: Facheng Gong, Xiaozhi Wang, Zhanqing Qu, Wei ZhangAbstract:Abstract Creating an open, connected fracture by hydraulic stimulation is vital to heat mining in an Enhanced Geothermal System (EGS). The existence of natural fractures, which seriously affects the development pattern, can complicate the hydraulic fractures. Different fracture propagation patterns of hydraulic fracturing can be achieved through different fracturing processes under certain natural fracture scales. Besides, CO2 has attracted a lot of attention as working fluid because of its superior hydrothermal properties and CO2 geological storage. At present, the study of EGS for fractured Geothermal reservoirs with CO2 as working fluid is quite limited. In this paper, we firstly presented a three-dimensional (3D) thermal–hydraulic-mechanical (THM) coupled model to analyze performance of EGS in fractured Geothermal reservoirs with different natural fractures scales, reservoir stimulation scales, and working fluids (water and CO2), aimed to guide reservoir stimulation and fracture parameter design. The results are showed as follows: If not forming connected fractures, the existence of natural fractures would cause fluid loss, an increase in natural fracture density by 0.4%, and the heat extraction rate decreases 0.06 MW on average; Forming connected fractures in the foundation of natural fractures would increase the output flow rate, so the reservoir stimulation scale increases by 0.85% and the heat extraction rate increases 0.2 MW; CO2 has better heat extraction properties than water due to its lower viscosity, greatly improving the production efficiency. Combining the hydraulic fracture conductivity tests creatively, the sensitivity analysis of fracturing parameters is studied. The heat extraction rate decreases with the increase in fracture aperture and fracture permeability. Under certain closure pressure (40 MPa in this paper), the best ceramsite proppant concentration and proppant size are 5 kg/m2 and 100 mesh, respectively, and the corresponding fracture conductivity is 1.6 μm2•cm.
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performance of Enhanced Geothermal System egs in fractured Geothermal reservoirs with co2 as working fluid
Applied Thermal Engineering, 2019Co-Authors: Tiankui Guo, Facheng Gong, Xiaozhi Wang, Qiang Lin, Wei ZhangAbstract:Abstract Creating an open, connected fracture by hydraulic stimulation is vital to heat mining in an Enhanced Geothermal System (EGS). The existence of natural fractures, which seriously affects the development pattern, can complicate the hydraulic fractures. Different fracture propagation patterns of hydraulic fracturing can be achieved through different fracturing processes under certain natural fracture scales. Besides, CO2 has attracted a lot of attention as working fluid because of its superior hydrothermal properties and CO2 geological storage. At present, the study of EGS for fractured Geothermal reservoirs with CO2 as working fluid is quite limited. In this paper, we firstly presented a three-dimensional (3D) thermal–hydraulic-mechanical (THM) coupled model to analyze performance of EGS in fractured Geothermal reservoirs with different natural fractures scales, reservoir stimulation scales, and working fluids (water and CO2), aimed to guide reservoir stimulation and fracture parameter design. The results are showed as follows: If not forming connected fractures, the existence of natural fractures would cause fluid loss, an increase in natural fracture density by 0.4%, and the heat extraction rate decreases 0.06 MW on average; Forming connected fractures in the foundation of natural fractures would increase the output flow rate, so the reservoir stimulation scale increases by 0.85% and the heat extraction rate increases 0.2 MW; CO2 has better heat extraction properties than water due to its lower viscosity, greatly improving the production efficiency. Combining the hydraulic fracture conductivity tests creatively, the sensitivity analysis of fracturing parameters is studied. The heat extraction rate decreases with the increase in fracture aperture and fracture permeability. Under certain closure pressure (40 MPa in this paper), the best ceramsite proppant concentration and proppant size are 5 kg/m2 and 100 mesh, respectively, and the corresponding fracture conductivity is 1.6 μm2•cm.
Andre Gerard - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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chemical stimulation techniques for Geothermal wells experiments on the three well egs System at soultz sous forets france
Geothermics, 2009Co-Authors: Sandrine Portie, Francoisdavid Vuataz, Patrick Nami, Ernard Sanjua, Andre GerardAbstract:Rock matrix stimulation is a method of enhancing well production or injection within a broad range of challenging environments, varying from naturally fractured limestones to sandstones with complex mineralogy. A common and often successful stimulation option, matrix acidizing, utilizes acids that react and remove mineral phases restricting fluid flow. Reviewed is the technology of chemical treatments available for oil, gas and Geothermal wells and the key elements and results of the chemical reservoir stimulation program at the Soultz-sous-Forets, France, Enhanced Geothermal System Project.
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calcimetry as a useful tool for a better knowledge of flow pathways in the soultz sous forets Enhanced Geothermal System
Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 2009Co-Authors: Beatrice Ledesert, Ronan Hebert, Daniele Bartier, Chrystel Dezayes, Albert Genter, Celine Grall, Andre GerardAbstract:The Soultz-sous-Forets granite located in the Rhine graben (France) has been chosen for the European Enhanced Geothermal System (EGS). Three wells have been drilled to a minimum depth of 5000 m in order to reach a temperature of 200 °C. At Soultz, the main fracture network in the basement is orientated approximately N–S with moderate to steep dip. Its geometrical relationship with the in situ stress field suits fluid circulation, hence the EGS project. However, fractures are firmly sealed due to natural fluids (fossil and/or possibly present). The main sealing minerals, as identified during previous studies, are clay minerals, calcite and quartz. However, some fractured zones remain permeable due to the high porosity developed in the wall rocks through hydrothermal alteration. A circulation test was carried out from July to December 2005 to test the performance of the Soultz Geothermal reservoir. This test showed a significant difference in the production rate between the two outflow wells (GPK2 and GPK4). In order to improve the fluid circulation within the underground heat exchanger, chemical stimulations have been scheduled. In this framework, quantifying the calcite content of the granite provides a basis for identifying the calcite-rich zones as well as choosing the most suitable chemical stimulation. Measurement of calcite ponderal concentration was carried out in the cutting samples of the 3 deep wells (GPK2, GPK3, GPK4) between 4000 and 5000 m depth using manocalcimetry. Based on detailed measurements in the 3 wells, this study shows that calcite is not only a very common and ubiquitous hydrothermal mineral but that its content seems to be also spatially correlated with most of the fracture zones bearing natural flow. The conductivity of these natural flow pathways seems anti-correlated with the calcite content. Calcimetry has proved to be an easy, efficient and low-cost method for a better knowledge of hydrothermal sealing of the Soultz reservoir. This method can be applied with great benefit to all types of basement reservoirs (oil, gas, water, heat) overlain by sedimentary rocks for a better understanding of the fracture network permeability.
Lingbao Wang - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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performance analysis of shallow depth hydrothermal Enhanced Geothermal System for building heating
Case Studies in Thermal Engineering, 2021Co-Authors: Zhipeng Guo, Lingbao WangAbstract:Abstract The energy reserves of hot dry rock (HDR) and hydrothermal System are abundant in China. However, there is low-level development and utilization due to high risk, huge capital investment and immature technology for HDR and dispersion distribution characteristic for hydrothermal System. Here a shallow depth Enhanced Geothermal System (SDEGS) is proposed, which is formed by fracturing low yield hydrothermal System to increase permeability and volume flow rate. It is indicated that, due to the promoted volume flow rate of 500 m3/h, the extracted thermal output from SDEGS with reservoir volume of 5 × 107 m3 is 43940.92 kW. Generally, it can provide heating for a 1255454.86 m2 building. By changing the volume flow rate and injection water temperature, it is easy to adjust the extracted thermal output to meet the thermal load requirement under different outdoor ambient temperature. The application of SDEGS technology will promote the rapid development of Geothermal energy and solve the smog problem easily and effectively.
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thermo economic investigation of binary flashing cycle for Enhanced Geothermal System
Geothermics, 2021Co-Authors: Lingbao WangAbstract:Abstract In this paper, as a promising technology, the binary flashing cycle (BFC) is proposed for Enhanced Geothermal Systems (EGS) exploitation. The detailed thermo-economic model is developed. With the thermal efficiency, net power output, total investment cost and levelized energy cost (LEC) as evaluation criteria, the flowsheet modeling and thermo-economic analysis are conducted. It is revealed that larger Geothermal well depth and Geothermal brine flow rate are in favor for improving System thermal performance. However, it is not always beneficial for the economic performance. There exist the optimal depth (3300 m) and Geothermal brine flow rate (57 kg/s), at which the LEC obtains the minimum (0.329 USD/kWh) and (0.328 USD/kWh), respectively. For an economic EGS operation, the Geothermal brine flow rate should be no less than 50 kg/s. The influences of operating parameters, including generation temperature, dryness degree at the vapor generator outlet and flashing temperature, on the evaluation criteria are also discussed. To achieve better economic benefits, the generation temperature should be less than 110 °C and the dryness should be larger than 0.2. With the flashing temperature 72−82 °C, the EGS-BFC yields excellent thermodynamic and economic performance. The present investigation will be helpful for the Geothermal well construction, resource mining and generation System operating parameters design.
Celine Grall - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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the Enhanced Geothermal System of soultz sous forets a study of the relationships between fracture zones and calcite content
Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 2010Co-Authors: Ronan Hebert, Beatrice Ledesert, Daniele Bartier, Chrystel Dezayes, Albert Genter, Celine GrallAbstract:The Enhanced Geothermal System (EGS) of Soultz-sous-Forets (France) is made of three boreholes (GPK2, GPK3 and GPK4). The hydraulic connection between the wells, which is crucial to get an efficient Geothermal exchanger, may be unfortunately hindered by the more or less complete sealing of fractures by hydrothermal neoformed minerals. This paper takes over the recent work of the authors that quantified the amounts of calcite on a random sampling within the three boreholes in order to assess the role of this mineral on the exchanger zone and in particular its influence on the permeability of the flow pathways. In the present study we focused the sampling on the fracture zones that have been identified as flow pathways. Now, all the three wells show high (above 10 wt.%) and moderate to low (between 2.0 and 7.0 wt.%) calcite anomalies. In GPK2, fracture zones with a high conductivity are characterized by high calcite content, and those with a low conductivity by low calcite content. The fracture zones of GPK3 show the opposite relationship: the most efficient flow pathways have a low calcite content, whilst the less conductive show a high calcite content. Fluid flow in GPK4 is mainly accommodated by the fracture zone at 4775 m MD that is not calcite rich. The other fracture zones of GPK4, which are interpreted with a similar and low conductivity, show low, moderate and high calcite contents. These data show clearly that GPK2 is different from GPK3 and GPK4, these two later being more comparable. It suggests that the fracture zones themselves may be of different type, and that the connectivity to the fracture network may be different too. This difference of behaviour is consistent with microseismicity data showing that GPK2 is characterized by a rather compact and well structured network of medium-scale fracture whereas GPK3 and GPK4 are altogether characterized by more localized and discrete fracture zones. Some issues remain such as the occurrence of calcite anomalies with no evident relationship with fracture zones, as well as the occurrence of identified flow pathways with no abnormal calcite content.
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fractures hydrothermal alterations and permeability in the soultz Enhanced Geothermal System
Comptes Rendus Geoscience, 2010Co-Authors: Beatrice Ledesert, Ronan Hebert, Daniele Bartier, Albert Genter, Norbert Clauer, Celine GrallAbstract:Borehole studies of the Soultz-sous-Forets granite are dedicated to deep geothermics. The hydraulic properties of the reservoir are mainly controlled by the occurrence of some altered cataclastic shear zones showing a low natural permeability characterized by the occurrence of brines. Those zones show a fracture cluster organisation with sealed fractures of various types (post-filled joints, sheared fractures, veins). The main hydrothermal deposits observed within the permeable zones are geodic quartz, carbonates, illite and more locally sulphides. The fracture wall–rocks are intensely transformed: dissolution of igneous minerals, crystallization of new minerals, porosity and permeability increase. It is important to characterize the newly-formed minerals in order to choose the reagents used to improve the permeability of the exchanger by chemical stimulations. This article represents a synthesis of the studies completed by the authors between 1990 and 2008 on the fracture networks, hydrothermal alterations and mineral crystallizations they induced and data about the flow pathways in the exchanger.
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calcimetry as a useful tool for a better knowledge of flow pathways in the soultz sous forets Enhanced Geothermal System
Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 2009Co-Authors: Beatrice Ledesert, Ronan Hebert, Daniele Bartier, Chrystel Dezayes, Albert Genter, Celine Grall, Andre GerardAbstract:The Soultz-sous-Forets granite located in the Rhine graben (France) has been chosen for the European Enhanced Geothermal System (EGS). Three wells have been drilled to a minimum depth of 5000 m in order to reach a temperature of 200 °C. At Soultz, the main fracture network in the basement is orientated approximately N–S with moderate to steep dip. Its geometrical relationship with the in situ stress field suits fluid circulation, hence the EGS project. However, fractures are firmly sealed due to natural fluids (fossil and/or possibly present). The main sealing minerals, as identified during previous studies, are clay minerals, calcite and quartz. However, some fractured zones remain permeable due to the high porosity developed in the wall rocks through hydrothermal alteration. A circulation test was carried out from July to December 2005 to test the performance of the Soultz Geothermal reservoir. This test showed a significant difference in the production rate between the two outflow wells (GPK2 and GPK4). In order to improve the fluid circulation within the underground heat exchanger, chemical stimulations have been scheduled. In this framework, quantifying the calcite content of the granite provides a basis for identifying the calcite-rich zones as well as choosing the most suitable chemical stimulation. Measurement of calcite ponderal concentration was carried out in the cutting samples of the 3 deep wells (GPK2, GPK3, GPK4) between 4000 and 5000 m depth using manocalcimetry. Based on detailed measurements in the 3 wells, this study shows that calcite is not only a very common and ubiquitous hydrothermal mineral but that its content seems to be also spatially correlated with most of the fracture zones bearing natural flow. The conductivity of these natural flow pathways seems anti-correlated with the calcite content. Calcimetry has proved to be an easy, efficient and low-cost method for a better knowledge of hydrothermal sealing of the Soultz reservoir. This method can be applied with great benefit to all types of basement reservoirs (oil, gas, water, heat) overlain by sedimentary rocks for a better understanding of the fracture network permeability.
Tiankui Guo - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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a coupled thermal hydraulic mechanical modeling and evaluation of Geothermal extraction in the Enhanced Geothermal System based on analytic hierarchy process and fuzzy comprehensive evaluation
Applied Energy, 2020Co-Authors: Tiankui Guo, Facheng Gong, Songjun Tang, Jiang Sun, Xiaoqiang Liu, Wei ZhangAbstract:Abstract In the paper, the thermal-hydraulic-mechanical (THM) coupling model is improved by considering more factors, and a comprehensive evaluation method is proposed to optimize the heat extraction way. The thermal extraction characteristics in the Enhanced Geothermal System (EGS) and their influence factors were modeled by several researchers, and various evaluation and optimization methods were established. However, by comparing various thermal-hydraulic-mechanical (THM) models, we find that these factors of THM models are not considered comprehensively, and current EGS evaluation focuses on the individual index, the multi-objective evaluation index System of EGS has not been proposed, and a comprehensive evaluation System considering multiple indexes has not been established yet. In this study, a thermal-hydraulic-mechanical coupling model, considering matrix, fractures and changes in physical parameters of rock and fluid, was established for optimizing the EGS. The evaluation index System, including the operation life, the thermal breakthrough time, the average heat production rate, the total heat recovery factor and the re-injection factor, were presented. And the comprehensive optimization method based on analytic hierarchy process (AHP) and fuzzy comprehensive evaluation (FCE) of EGS were proposed. The model is verified by two analytical solutions. Moreover, the model was solved by finite element method (FEM) to optimize various programs of developing the EGS. In this paper, the performances of different Geothermal extraction methods are compared and the different extraction parameters are optimized. The results show that the optimized Geothermal mining method has better effect than that before optimization. The orthogonal test shows the optimal case of 5 fractures, the fracture permeability of 10D, the well spacing is 400 m and the production pressure draw-down of 20 MPa. The research results provide an accurate and effective method to optimize the development mode of Geothermal resources, which is conductive to improve the Geothermal energy efficiency.
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Evaluation of Geothermal energy extraction in Enhanced Geothermal System (EGS) with multiple fracturing horizontal wells (MFHW)
Renewable Energy, 2020Co-Authors: Facheng Gong, Tiankui Guo, Wei Sun, Bin Yang, Yimei ChenAbstract:Abstract The deep Geothermal energy produced from Enhanced Geothermal System (EGS) has a great development prospect because of enormous potential and environmental friendliness. EGS process involves a complex thermal-hydraulic process, and fractures in EGS are main channels for fluid flow and heat transfer, the understanding of which is crucial to the sustainable utilization of Geothermal reservoirs. In this paper, a 3D thermal-hydraulic coupled numerical model is proposed to describe the interaction of fluid flow and heat transfer. Besides, the EGS with multiple fracturing horizontal wells (MFHW) is adopted to evaluate the effect of multiple hydraulic fractures on Geothermal energy extraction performance. The MFHW with multiple stimulated fractures could increase fluid flow path and heat exchange area significantly, thereby enhance the heat recovery ability. Firstly, we analyzed the evolution of temperature and flow fields in EGS and compared the MFHW EGS with conventional vertical EGS. Secondly, the effects of fracturing parameters, including the fracture number, fracture length, and fracture conductivity, on heat extraction performance were investigated. Finally, the cost for drilling and hydraulic fracturing in MFHW EGS was calculated. The results indicate that MFHW EGS has a higher cumulative thermal production and a better heat extraction performance than that of conventional vertical EGS. For the optimization of hydraulic fracture parameters, the cumulative thermal production firstly increases and then decreases as the fracture number increases, the cumulative thermal production curve exists an inflection point of fracture number. Longer fracture length and higher fracture conductivity could enhance the cumulative thermal production, but the output growth slows down gradually. Considering economic cost, the best fracture parameters for MFHW EGS in this paper are the fracture number of 7, the fracture length of 300 m, and the fracture conductivity of 350 μm2•cm, respectively. The research provides a better study for multiple fracturing horizontal wells (MFHW) EGS and helps to optimize fracture parameters and Geothermal reservoir management, which is conductive to improve the Geothermal energy efficiency.
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study of the Enhanced Geothermal System egs heat mining from variably fractured hot dry rock under thermal stress
Renewable Energy, 2019Co-Authors: Wei Zhang, Tiankui Guo, Zhiyuan WangAbstract:Abstract Formation of Enhanced Geothermal System provides flow and heat transfer paths for heat extraction in HDR (hot dry rock). Based on the local thermal non-equilibrium theory, the THM(thermal-hydraulic-mechanical) coupling is established to describe the interaction of fluid flow, heat transfer and rock deformation in heat mining process. Besides, the randomly generated fractures are adopted to descript the various fracture network. Firstly, the heat mining processes of variably fractured HDR with different fracture network characteristics are researched. Secondly, heat mining performance of multi-well patterns are compared with that of doublet-well pattern. Finally, effect of the key parameters on heat mining are also investigated. The results indicate that the increase of fracture density enhances flow around and retards thermal drawdown. When the angle between fracture orientation and inlet-outlet connection is 45°, the optimal heat mining performance can be achieved. The addition of inlets in multi-well pattern conduces to large-scale utilization, and a reasonable well arrangement can avoid the thermal breakthrough. This study provides the support for EGS (Enhanced Geothermal System) stimulation and well arrangement to obtain better heat mining performance.
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performance of Enhanced Geothermal System egs in fractured Geothermal reservoirs with co2 as working fluid
Applied Thermal Engineering, 2019Co-Authors: Tiankui Guo, Facheng Gong, Xiaozhi Wang, Qiang Lin, Wei ZhangAbstract:Abstract Creating an open, connected fracture by hydraulic stimulation is vital to heat mining in an Enhanced Geothermal System (EGS). The existence of natural fractures, which seriously affects the development pattern, can complicate the hydraulic fractures. Different fracture propagation patterns of hydraulic fracturing can be achieved through different fracturing processes under certain natural fracture scales. Besides, CO2 has attracted a lot of attention as working fluid because of its superior hydrothermal properties and CO2 geological storage. At present, the study of EGS for fractured Geothermal reservoirs with CO2 as working fluid is quite limited. In this paper, we firstly presented a three-dimensional (3D) thermal–hydraulic-mechanical (THM) coupled model to analyze performance of EGS in fractured Geothermal reservoirs with different natural fractures scales, reservoir stimulation scales, and working fluids (water and CO2), aimed to guide reservoir stimulation and fracture parameter design. The results are showed as follows: If not forming connected fractures, the existence of natural fractures would cause fluid loss, an increase in natural fracture density by 0.4%, and the heat extraction rate decreases 0.06 MW on average; Forming connected fractures in the foundation of natural fractures would increase the output flow rate, so the reservoir stimulation scale increases by 0.85% and the heat extraction rate increases 0.2 MW; CO2 has better heat extraction properties than water due to its lower viscosity, greatly improving the production efficiency. Combining the hydraulic fracture conductivity tests creatively, the sensitivity analysis of fracturing parameters is studied. The heat extraction rate decreases with the increase in fracture aperture and fracture permeability. Under certain closure pressure (40 MPa in this paper), the best ceramsite proppant concentration and proppant size are 5 kg/m2 and 100 mesh, respectively, and the corresponding fracture conductivity is 1.6 μm2•cm.