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Shelbi L Russell - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Transmission mode is associated with Environment Type and taxa across bacteria-eukaryote symbioses: a systematic review and meta-analysis
    FEMS microbiology letters, 2019
    Co-Authors: Shelbi L Russell
    Abstract:

    Symbiotic associations between bacteria and eukaryotes exhibit a range of transmission strategies. The rates and distributions of transmission modes have not been thoroughly investigated across associations, despite their consequences on symbiont and host evolution. To address this empirically, I compiled data from the literature on bacteria-multicellular eukaryote associations for which transmission mode data was available. Of the total 528 analyzed symbioses, 21.2% were strictly horizontally transmitted, 36.0% exhibited some form of mixed mode transmission and 42.8% were strictly vertically transmitted. Controlling for phylogenetically independent symbiosis events revealed modes were approximately equally distributed among the 113 independent associations, at 32.1%+/-0.57% horizontal, 37.8%+/-1.4% mixed mode and 31.1%+/-1.3% vertical transmission. Binning symbioses by Environment revealed an abundance of vertical transmission on land and a lack of it in aquatic Environments. The naturally occurring uneven distribution of taxa among Environments prevented controlling for host/symbiont phylogeny. However, the results were robust over a large number of independently evolved associations, suggesting that many vertically transmitted bacteria are capable of mixed mode transmission and barriers exist that reduce the rate of horizontal transmission events. Thus, both the Environment Type and host/symbiont taxa influence symbiont transmission mode evolution.

  • Transmission mode is associated with Environment Type and taxa across bacteria-eukaryote symbioses
    2018
    Co-Authors: Shelbi L Russell
    Abstract:

    Symbiotic associations between bacteria and eukaryotes exhibit a range of transmission strategies. Anecdotal observations suggest that symbionts of terrestrial hosts tend to be strictly vertically inherited through host tissues, whereas symbionts of marine hosts tend towards horizontal transmission. Aside from a few cursory investigations, the rates and distributions of transmission modes have not been investigated in depth across associations, despite the consequences for symbiont and host evolution. To address this empirically and estimate the rate of each mode, I compiled data from the literature and for associations between transmission mode and the Environment, transmission route, symbiont function, and taxa involved in the symbiosis. Of the 441 analyzed symbioses, 50.1% were strictly vertically transmitted, 34.0% exhibited some form of mixed mode transmission, and 15.9% were strictly horizontally transmitted. Binning symbioses by their Environment revealed a significant skew towards vertical transmission on land and horizontal transmission in aquatic Environments, with mixed modes abundant in both. However, host and symbiont taxa were not randomly distributed, which prevented the full separation of these variables. Overall, the data suggest that many symbiotic taxa are capable of horizontal transmission and barriers exist that reduce the rate of these events. Thus, both the Environment Type and host/symbiont taxa combined influence symbiont transmission mode evolution.

K Meyer - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

Lars-göran Öst - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Specific phobia in youth: phenomenology and psychological characteristics.
    Behavior Therapy, 2009
    Co-Authors: Thomas H. Ollendick, Thompson E. Davis, Natoshia Raishevich, Cristian Sirbu, Lars-göran Öst
    Abstract:

    Sociodemographic and psychological characteristics of 62 youth with animal and natural Environment Types of specific phobia were examined in a treatment-seeking sample. Differences due to age, sex, ethnicity, family structure, and family socioeconomic status were not found between youth with the two Types of specific phobia. Moreover, differences were not obtained between the two groups in the clinical severity of their phobias, the perceived dangerousness of the feared outcomes associated with their phobias, the perceived levels of coping with their phobias, or overall fearfulness. However, differences between youth with the two Types of specific phobias were found on somatic/anxious symptoms, depressive symptoms, and life satisfaction. In addition, differences were noted on withdrawn, somatic complaints, anxious/depressed symptoms, and social problems as reported by the mothers of these youngsters. Finally, differences in the percent of co-occurring anxiety disorders between youth with the two Types of specific phobia were found. On all of the domains in which differences were found, youth with the natural Environment Type fared more poorly than those with the animal Type. These findings converge with those obtained in treatment studies which indicate that youth with the natural Environment Type are more difficult to treat than youth with the animal Type.

Péter Gáspár - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Using Formal Concept Analysis Tools in Road Environment-Type Detection
    Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing, 2020
    Co-Authors: Azedine Boulmakoul, Zoltán Fazekas, Lamia Karim, Ghyzlane Cherradi, Péter Gáspár
    Abstract:

    This paper presents an urban road Environment-Type (RET) detection algorithm for an ego-vehicle that is equipped with an automatic traffic sign recognition (TSR) system. The RETs considered in the paper are the downtown, the residential, and the business/industrial areas. The Galois-lattice (GL) often used in formal concept analysis (FCA) is employed to specify the RET detection problem in a formal manner. With the help of the GL, a correspondence between the traffic sign (TS) and crossroad (CR) categories, on the one hand, and the RETs, on the other, is established and represented. This correspondence is also characterized by means of a fuzzy matrix structure, and its alpha-cuts. After an FCA-based learning process, in the detection phase, i.e., while the ego-car is driven along the route, the maximum couplings between RETs and TS/CR sets are searched for in an on-the-fly manner. The proposed RET detection method is suitable for real-time implementation. The paper underlines the importance and applicability of GLs in classification problems.

  • ANT/EDI40 - Fuzzy similarities for road Environment-Type detection by a connected vehicle from traffic sign probabilistic data
    Procedia Computer Science, 2020
    Co-Authors: Azedine Boulmakoul, Zoltán Fazekas, Lamia Karim, Péter Gáspár, Ghyzlane Cherradi
    Abstract:

    Abstract The road Environment recognition using embedded technologies has been researched intensively recently. Several papers deal with the detection of the urban road Environment-Type (RET), such as downtown, residential area, and business/industrial area. These RETs can characterize the road Environment around an ego-car. A RET detection approach taking into account relevant traffic signs (TSs) that are visible from the ego-car – along its route – was also proposed. It was assumed that the TS data, namely the Type and the location of each detected TS along the route, was made available for the purpose by an on-board TS recognition system (TSR). The TS data is constantly updated, aggregated and evaluated in a multi-scale manner by a RET detection system, so one can produce a probability series of occurrence of each TS Type with respect to each of the considered urban RETs. In the present paper, we develop a heuristic for dynamic RET detection using fuzzy similarities on a special graph. We also propose the generic process of this approach, which will be the subject of further development and testing.

  • Visualization of Traffic Sign Related Rules Used in Road Environment-Type Detection *
    2019 Modern Safety Technologies in Transportation (MOSATT), 2019
    Co-Authors: Zoltán Fazekas, Azedine Boulmakoul, Gábor Balázs, Péter Gáspár
    Abstract:

    A heuristic rule-based approach was proposed in a recent paper for the detection of the urban road Environment-Type (RET), such as downtown, residential area, and business/industrial area, that characterizes the road Environment around an ego-car. The RET detection approach takes into account the relevant traffic signs (TSs) that are visible from the ego-car. It is assumed that the TS data, namely the Type and the location of each detected TS along the route, is made available for the purpose by an on-board TS recognition system. The continually updated TS data is aggregated and evaluated in a multi-scale manner by the RET detection system. In the present paper, the heuristic rules – employed within the mentioned system – that handle the competition situations arising between the RET-candidates selected for and representing the various distance-scales are visualized in a vividly descriptive manner. The visualization of the rules makes the decision process easier to understand, furthermore, it facilitates the re-use, the adaptation and the extension of the rule-set for other road-related applications that rely on TS and possibly on other road-related data. A summary of the RET detection results from the mentioned paper is included herein to make the paper self-contained.

  • SysTol - A Heuristic Approach to Road Environment-Type Detection from Traffic Sign Data
    2019 4th Conference on Control and Fault Tolerant Systems (SysTol), 2019
    Co-Authors: Zoltán Fazekas, Gábor Balázs, Péter Gáspár
    Abstract:

    A heuristic approach for the detection of the road Environment-Type (RET) that appears around, and sweeps past an ego-car, while the car is being driven in an urban area, is presented in the paper. The proposed RET detection relies on the traffic signs (TSs) encountered and detected along the route. In an expedient implementation, the TS data is gathered and stored by an on-board TS recognition system. The stored TS data is continually updated, aggregated, and evaluated in a multi-scale manner, i.e., over short, medium and longer patches of the road. Heuristic rules are set up to handle various competition situations between RETs put forward by the evaluation programs responsible for the different scales. These programs make use of the current aggregated TS data, as well as the aggregated TS and RET data gathered earlier during data collection drives. The competition situations between RETs are similar to those that arise in group tournaments between sport teams, or athletes. For this reason, labels, comparison and score-calculation techniques - used by sport competition juries - have been borrowed for the purpose. The RET detection results computed in this manner are compared to those acquired via another TS-based detection approach.

  • Experimenting with Routes of Different Geometric Complexity in the Context of Urban Road Environment Detection from Traffic Sign Data
    Integration as Solution for Advanced Smart Urban Transport Systems, 2018
    Co-Authors: Zoltán Fazekas, Gábor Balázs, László Gerencsér, Péter Gáspár
    Abstract:

    Traffic sign data is used as input for detecting change in the Type of urban road Environment in which an ego-car is driven. The automatic urban road Environment Type detection is seen as a useful advanced driver assistance systems (ADAS) function that could be implemented in a straightforward manner relying on an existing ADAS function. Concretely, the traffic signs encountered along the route could be detected and logged by an on-board camera-based traffic sign recognition (TSR) system; and in order to perform the required function, it could be augmented with the change detection method described in the paper. Based on the analysis of the traffic sign and car trajectory data gathered for this preliminary study, the empirical distributions of the traffic signs along routes taken depend also on the geometrical complexity of these routes. A convenient model for describing traffic sign data along a route is a marked Poisson process. A traffic sign log is seen as a realization of such a process, and the minimum description length principle is harnessed to detect change in the road Environment Type. To test the applicability of this approach for urban routes of different complexity, a number of road Environment transitions are looked at, while taking the route complexity into consideration. Finally, the detected changes are compared to ground truth.

Stephanie Wilkie - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Further exploration of Environment preference and Environment Type congruence on restoration and perceived restoration potential
    Landscape and Urban Planning, 2018
    Co-Authors: Stephanie Wilkie, Heather Clements
    Abstract:

    Abstract Previously, ‘Environmental preference as place identity’ interacted with Environment Type impacting perceived restoration potential and positive mood; this was called the congruence effect. These studies were replicated with two modifications. Place attachment and dependence, in addition to place identity, were used to investigate the convergent validity of Environmental preference. Stimuli were modified to increase presence and determine whether prior null effects on restoration were stimuli-based. Participants ( N  = 88) indicated Environmental preference (nature/urban), rated it on place attachment/identity/dependence, viewed one of three walks, and completed restoration and perceived restoration potential measures. Evidence for convergent validity between Environmental preference and place identity/attachment/dependence was found. The positive potential for urban green space was reinforced; it equalled nature in influencing fatigue and perceived restoration potential compared to urban streets. Congruence impacted two aspects of perceived restoration potential but not restoration; suggesting it may only affect perceived restoration potential but not restoration.

  • Environment preference and Environment Type congruence: effects on perceived restoration potential and restoration outcomes.
    Urban Forestry & Urban Greening, 2015
    Co-Authors: Stephanie Wilkie, Laura Clouston
    Abstract:

    Abstract The study aims were to replicate initial findings of an Environmental preference/Environment Type “congruence effect” on judgements of perceived restoration potential (Wilkie and Stavridou, 2013. Urban For. Urban Greening, 12, 163) and explore if this congruence influenced restoration outcomes. University students ( N  = 120) categorized themselves as ‘country’ or ‘city’ persons to indicate Environmental preference (nature, urban), viewed an imagery slideshow of one Environment (nature, urban green space, urban street), and completed pre-post imagery measures of directed attention, mood, and fatigue. They also rated Environments like those in the slideshow for perceived restoration potential and then completed a place identity measure in reference to their preferred Environment. The use of the dichotomous Environmental preference variable as an indicator of place identity was supported with equal, moderate-to-high levels of place identity reported by both groups. An Environment Type main effect indicated better positive/negative mood and fatigue outcomes for those in the nature condition compared to the urban street condition. Urban green space exposure resulted in a better improvement to negative mood compared to urban street exposure. Nature and urban green spaces provided equivalent changes in direct attention, mood, and fatigue. There was no Environment Type effect on directed attention or perceived restoration potential. The Environmental preference/Environment Type congruence findings replicated the previously reported effect on perceived restoration potential (Wilkie and Stavridou, 2013. Urban For. Urban Greening, 12, 163). The highest ratings were after exposure to congruent nature Environments and the lowest from exposure to urban street imagery incongruent with a nature preference. A pattern of both significant and non-significant results across outcomes indicated the congruence effect was more evident in those who preferred nature; urban preferences resulted in similar benefits outcomes across Environments. These findings support growing evidence urban green spaces provide a range of benefits; and suggest person-place concepts such as place identity should also be considered in restoration research.

  • Influence of Environmental preference and Environment Type congruence on judgments of restoration potential
    Urban Forestry & Urban Greening, 2013
    Co-Authors: Stephanie Wilkie, Andri Stavridou
    Abstract:

    Abstract This study (N = 120) explored whether congruence between Environmental preference and Environment Type influenced judgments of likelihood for directed attention restoration. The study differs from previous research by operationally defining preference as a representation of place identity from Environmental psychology rather than as the attractiveness of the location. Preference was also treated as an influence on judgments of restoration potential instead of a consequence of directed attention fatigue. Persons experiencing images congruent with their Environmental preference were expected to rate similar locations highest in restoration potential compared to incongruent images; however, this was not fully supported. Those with a nature preference perceived congruent Environments as the most potentially restorative, but this was higher than, rather than equal to, the restoration expectations of those in the urban congruent condition. As expected, nature preferences influenced judgments of urban settings; this incongruence was rated least restorative. Persons with an urban preference perceived both nature and urban Environments equal in restoration potential; this may explain circumstances when Environment choice appears inconsistent to cognitive restoration goals. Water quality in the settings also influenced restoration judgments; pleasant waterscapes resulted in the best expectations. The findings illustrate the potential contribution of place identity from Environmental psychology to the study of attention restoration outcomes and further support the growing literature endorsing the positive potential of urban settings.