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Antonio M Bento - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Tax deductions Environmental policy and the
2000Co-Authors: Ian W H Parry, Antonio M BentoAbstract:Recent studies find that Environmental Tax swaps typically exacerbate the costs of the Tax system and therefore do not produce a "double dividend". We extend previous models by incorporating Tax-favored consumption goods (e.g. housing, medical care). The efficiency gains from recycling Environmental Tax revenues are therefore larger because pre-existing income Taxes distort both consumption decisions and factor markets. In this setting a revenue-neutral emissions Tax (or auctioned permits) produces a double dividend. Moreover, the overall costs of Environmental Tax swaps are negative, for modest emissions reductions. The efficiency gains from emissions Taxes over grandfathered permits are also much larger than previously recognized.
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Tax deductions Environmental policy and the double dividend hypothesis
Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, 1999Co-Authors: Ian W H Parry, Antonio M BentoAbstract:Abstract Recent studies find that Environmental Tax swaps typically exacerbate the costs of the Tax system and therefore do not produce a “double dividend.” We extend previous models by incorporating Tax-favored consumption goods (e.g., housing, medical care). The efficiency gains from recycling Environmental Tax revenues are therefore larger because pre-existing income Taxes distort both consumption decisions and factor markets. In this setting a revenue-neutral emissions Tax (or auctioned permits) produces a double dividend. Moreover, the overall costs of Environmental Tax swaps are negative, for modest emissions reductions. The efficiency gains from emissions Taxes over grandfathered permits are also much larger than previously recognized.
Paul Ekins - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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increasing carbon and material productivity through Environmental Tax reform
Energy Policy, 2012Co-Authors: Paul Ekins, Hector Pollitt, Philip Summerton, Unnada ChewpreechaAbstract:Abstract Environmental Tax reform (ETR), a shift in Taxation towards Environmental Taxes, has been implemented on a small scale in a number of European countries. This paper first gives a short review of the literature about ETR. An Appendix briefly describes the model used for a modelling exercise to explore, through scenarios with low and high international energy prices, the implications of a large-scale ETR in the European Union, sufficient to reach the EU's emission reduction targets for 2020. The paper then reports the results of the exercise. The ETR results in increased carbon and materials, but reduced labour, productivity, with the emission reductions distributed across all sectors as a reduction in the demand for all fossil fuels. There are also small GDP increases for most, but not all, EU countries for all the scenarios, and for the EU as a whole. Both the Environmental and macroeconomic outcomes are better with low than with high energy prices, because the former both increases the scale of the ETR required to reach the targets, and reduces the outflow of foreign exchange to pay for energy imports. ETR emerges from the exercise as an attractive and cost-effective policy for Environmental improvement.
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the implications for households of Environmental Tax reform etr in europe
Ecological Economics, 2011Co-Authors: Paul Ekins, Hector Pollitt, Jennifer Barton, Daniel BlobelAbstract:Abstract The paper discusses the distributional implications of Environmental Tax reform (ETR) for households, and presents new results from modelling the impacts of a major ETR for the European Union. The distributional effects arise from the new Environmental Taxes, any Tax reductions made as part of the ETR, the wider macroeconomic impacts from the ETR, any special provisions in the ETR, and the Environmental benefits from the ETR. The paper's literature review makes clear that while the impacts from Taxes on the household use of energy are very often regressive, transport Taxes tend not to be, although the impacts differ between urban and rural households. Moreover, the net distributional impact is often less regressive, or not at all, once the wider distributional effects are taken into account. Residual regressive effects can in principle be removed by further adjustments in the Tax or benefits system. The modelling results suggest that an ETR in Europe will actually increase real incomes across the EU as a whole, and will not be generally regressive, although the results differ by country and for different socio-economic groups. The political acceptability of ETR may depend on the worst effects on these groups being mitigated in some way.
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a major Environmental Tax reform for the uk results for the economy employment and the environment
Environmental and Resource Economics, 2011Co-Authors: Paul Ekins, Philip Summerton, Chris Thoung, Daniel LeeAbstract:This paper reports the results of a major modelling exercise to gain insights into the possible economic and Environmental effects of a large-scale Environmental Tax reform (ETR) in the UK. ETR involves a shift in the target of Taxation away from labour or firms towards pollution or the use of natural resources, in such a way that overall Tax revenues are unchanged. It is hoped that such a Tax shift will deliver Environmental improvements while having a neutral or positive effect on the economy. The modelling was set up to explore the extent to which this would be the case. The paper starts with a brief literature review identifying the theoretical hypotheses relating to ETR and summarising the results of some of the evaluations of ETRs that have been implemented. It then briefly describes the model used for the analysis in this paper. The main body of the paper then describes the scenarios set up to explore the main impacts and the results of modelling these scenarios. These results suggest that substantial reductions in greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions can be achieved with minimal impacts on output and an overall increase in employment, such that ETR emerges as a very attractive policy for GHG emission reduction.
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Environmental Tax reform etr a policy for green growth
2011Co-Authors: Paul Ekins, Stefan SpeckAbstract:THE NEED AND RATIONALE FOR Environmental Tax REFORM 1. Introduction to the Issues and the Book 2. European Resource Use and Resource Productivity in a Global Context 3. Energy Consumption and CO^2 Emissions in the German and British Industrial Sectors 4. Is Environmental Tax Reform an Appropriate Policy for Industrial Sectors with Different Energy Intensities? An Analysis of UK Sub-Sectors EXPERIENCES IN Environmental Tax REFORM 5. Environmental Taxes and ETRs in Europe: The Current Situation and a Review of the Modelling Literature 6. Introducing Environmental Tax Reform: the Case of the Czech Republic 7. The Effect of the German and UK Environmental Tax Reforms on the Demand for Labour and Energy A EUROPEAN ETR FOR GROWTH AND SUSTAINABILITY 8. Models for Projecting an ETR 9. Modelling an ETR for Europe 10. Implications of ETR in Europe for Household Distribution 11. Global Economic and Environmental Impacts of an ETR in Europe 12. ETR and the Environment Industry CONCLUSIONS 13. ETR for Green Growth: Summary, Conclusions and Recommendations
Frank Hettich - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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growth effects of a revenue neutral Environmental Tax reform
Journal of Economics, 1998Co-Authors: Frank HettichAbstract:This paper analyzes Tax-policy measures within a two-sector endogenously-growing economy with elastic labor supply. Pollution is either modeled as a side product of physical capital used as a production factor in the final-good sector or as a side product of production. The framework allows us to analyze the consequences of isolated Tax changes or of a revenue-neutral Environmental Tax reform for economic growth. Although pollution does not directly affect production processes, it can be shown that a higher pollution Tax as well as a revenue-neutral Environmental Tax reform boost economic growth, whereas a Tax on capital, consumption, or labor reduces the long-term growth rate of the economy.
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growth effects of a revenue neutral Environmental Tax reform
1997Co-Authors: Frank HettichAbstract:This paper analyses Tax policy measures within a two sector endogenously growing economy with elastic labour supply. Pollution is modelled as a side product of physical capital stock used as a primary production factor in the final good sector. The framework allows to analyse consequences of isolated Tax changes or of a revenue neutral Environmental Tax reform for economic growth. Although pollution does not affect directly production processes, it can be shown that a higher pollution Tax or a revenue neutral Environmental Tax reform boosts economic growth, whereas a Tax on capital, consumption or labour reduces the long term growth rate of the economy.
Hector Pollitt - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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increasing carbon and material productivity through Environmental Tax reform
Energy Policy, 2012Co-Authors: Paul Ekins, Hector Pollitt, Philip Summerton, Unnada ChewpreechaAbstract:Abstract Environmental Tax reform (ETR), a shift in Taxation towards Environmental Taxes, has been implemented on a small scale in a number of European countries. This paper first gives a short review of the literature about ETR. An Appendix briefly describes the model used for a modelling exercise to explore, through scenarios with low and high international energy prices, the implications of a large-scale ETR in the European Union, sufficient to reach the EU's emission reduction targets for 2020. The paper then reports the results of the exercise. The ETR results in increased carbon and materials, but reduced labour, productivity, with the emission reductions distributed across all sectors as a reduction in the demand for all fossil fuels. There are also small GDP increases for most, but not all, EU countries for all the scenarios, and for the EU as a whole. Both the Environmental and macroeconomic outcomes are better with low than with high energy prices, because the former both increases the scale of the ETR required to reach the targets, and reduces the outflow of foreign exchange to pay for energy imports. ETR emerges from the exercise as an attractive and cost-effective policy for Environmental improvement.
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the implications for households of Environmental Tax reform etr in europe
Ecological Economics, 2011Co-Authors: Paul Ekins, Hector Pollitt, Jennifer Barton, Daniel BlobelAbstract:Abstract The paper discusses the distributional implications of Environmental Tax reform (ETR) for households, and presents new results from modelling the impacts of a major ETR for the European Union. The distributional effects arise from the new Environmental Taxes, any Tax reductions made as part of the ETR, the wider macroeconomic impacts from the ETR, any special provisions in the ETR, and the Environmental benefits from the ETR. The paper's literature review makes clear that while the impacts from Taxes on the household use of energy are very often regressive, transport Taxes tend not to be, although the impacts differ between urban and rural households. Moreover, the net distributional impact is often less regressive, or not at all, once the wider distributional effects are taken into account. Residual regressive effects can in principle be removed by further adjustments in the Tax or benefits system. The modelling results suggest that an ETR in Europe will actually increase real incomes across the EU as a whole, and will not be generally regressive, although the results differ by country and for different socio-economic groups. The political acceptability of ETR may depend on the worst effects on these groups being mitigated in some way.
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carbon leakage from unilateral Environmental Tax reforms in europe 1995 2005
Energy Policy, 2007Co-Authors: Terry Barker, Hector Pollitt, Sudhir Junankar, Philip SummertonAbstract:Abstract Studies of the effects of the Kyoto Protocol have shown carbon leakage (typically from Tax and permit schemes with lump-sum revenues recycling) to be in the range of 5–20% using static Computable General Equilibrium models. However, in practice, researchers have found that carbon leakage from the implementation of the EU ETS is unlikely to be substantial because transport costs, local market conditions, product variety and incomplete information all tend to favour local production. This study investigates potential carbon leakage from six EU Member States (MSs) that implemented Environmental Tax Reform (ETRs) unilaterally over the period 1995–2005. The study uses the large-scale multisectoral integrated energy–environment–economy (E3) model of 27 European countries, energy–environment–economy model of Europe (E3ME), to undertake a dynamic comparative analysis to assess any carbon leakage effects over the longer term 1995–2012. A counterfactual Reference case is constructed, assuming that the six countries did not introduce ETRs; then alternative scenarios are developed to assess the effects of the ETRs, including effects on CO2 emissions for the EU25 economies. Most MSs recorded a reduction in CO2 emissions when comparing the Baseline case to the Reference case. The results show that carbon leakage is very small and in some cases negative, due to technological spillover effects.
Ian W H Parry - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Environmental Tax reform principles from theory and practice
Annual Review of Resource Economics, 2012Co-Authors: Ian W H Parry, John Norregaard, Dirk HeineAbstract:On the basis of the Environmental Tax literature, this article recommends a system of upstream Taxes on fossil fuels, combined with refunds for downstream emissions capture, to reduce carbon and local pollution emissions. Motor fuel Taxes should also account for congestion and other externalities associated with vehicle use, at least until mileage-based Taxes are widely introduced. An examination of existing energy/Environmental Tax systems in Germany, Sweden, Turkey, and Vietnam suggests that there is substantial scope for policy reform. Policy options include harmonizing Taxes for pollution content across different fuels and end users, better aligning Tax rates with (albeit crude) values for externalities, and scaling back excise Taxes on vehicle ownership and electricity use that are redundant (on Environmental grounds) in the presence of more targeted Taxes.
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Environmental Tax reform principles from theory and practice to date
2012Co-Authors: Dirk Heine, John Norregaard, Ian W H ParryAbstract:This paper recommends a system of upstream Taxes on fossil fuels, combined with refunds for downstream emissions capture, to reduce carbon and local pollution emissions. Motor fuel Taxes should also account for congestion and other externalities associated with vehicle use, at least until mileage-based Taxes are widely introduced. An examination of existing energy/Environmental Tax systems in Germany, Sweden, Turkey, and Vietnam suggests that there is substantial scope for policy reform. This includes harmonizing Taxes for pollution content across different fuels and end-users, better aligning Tax rates with values for externalities, and scaling back Taxes on vehicle ownership and electricity use that are redundant (on Environmental grounds) in the presence of more targeted Taxes.
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Tax deductions Environmental policy and the
2000Co-Authors: Ian W H Parry, Antonio M BentoAbstract:Recent studies find that Environmental Tax swaps typically exacerbate the costs of the Tax system and therefore do not produce a "double dividend". We extend previous models by incorporating Tax-favored consumption goods (e.g. housing, medical care). The efficiency gains from recycling Environmental Tax revenues are therefore larger because pre-existing income Taxes distort both consumption decisions and factor markets. In this setting a revenue-neutral emissions Tax (or auctioned permits) produces a double dividend. Moreover, the overall costs of Environmental Tax swaps are negative, for modest emissions reductions. The efficiency gains from emissions Taxes over grandfathered permits are also much larger than previously recognized.
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Tax deductions Environmental policy and the double dividend hypothesis
Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, 1999Co-Authors: Ian W H Parry, Antonio M BentoAbstract:Abstract Recent studies find that Environmental Tax swaps typically exacerbate the costs of the Tax system and therefore do not produce a “double dividend.” We extend previous models by incorporating Tax-favored consumption goods (e.g., housing, medical care). The efficiency gains from recycling Environmental Tax revenues are therefore larger because pre-existing income Taxes distort both consumption decisions and factor markets. In this setting a revenue-neutral emissions Tax (or auctioned permits) produces a double dividend. Moreover, the overall costs of Environmental Tax swaps are negative, for modest emissions reductions. The efficiency gains from emissions Taxes over grandfathered permits are also much larger than previously recognized.