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Alan D Baddeley - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Alan D. Baddeley Is Working Memory StillW orking? Is Working Memory Still Working?*
2014Co-Authors: Alan D BaddeleyAbstract:nent working memory model is reviewed. The phonological and visuospa-tial subsystems have been extensively investigated, leading both to chal-lenges over interpretation of individual phenomena and to more detailed attempts to model the processes underlying the subsystems. Analysis of the controlling central executive has proved more challenging, leading to a proposed clarification in which the executive is assumed to be a limited capacity attentional system, aided by a newly postulated fourth system, the Episodic Buffer. Current interest focuses most strongly on the link between working memory and long-term memory and on the processes allowing the integration of information from the component subsystems. The model has proved valuable in accounting for data from a wide range of participant groups under a rich array of task conditions. Working memory does still appear to be working. The term working memory appears to have been first pro-posed by Miller, Galanter, and Pribram (1960) in thei
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executive and perceptual attention play different roles in visual working memory evidence from suffix and strategy effects
Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 2014Co-Authors: Graham J Hitch, Alan D Baddeley, Ming Zhang, Richard J AllenAbstract:Four experiments studied the interfering effects of a to-be-ignored ‘stimulus suffix’ on cued recall of feature bindings for a series of objects. When each object was given equal weight (Experiment 1) or rewards favored recent items (Experiments 2 and 4), a recency effect emerged that was selectively reduced by a suffix. The reduction was greater for a ‘plausible’ suffix with features drawn from the same set as the memory items, in which case a feature of the suffix was frequently recalled as an intrusion error. Changing pay-offs to reward recall of early items led to a primacy effect alongside recency (Experiments 3 and 4). Primacy, like recency, was reduced by a suffix and the reduction was greater for a suffix with plausible features, such features often being recalled as intrusion errors. Experiment 4 revealed a trade-off such that increased primacy came at the cost of a reduction in recency. These observations show that priority instructions and recency combine to determine a limited number of items that are the most accessible for immediate recall and yet at the same time the most vulnerable to interference. We interpret this outcome in terms of a labile, limited capacity ‘privileged state’ controlled by both central executive processes and perceptual attention. We suggest further that this privileged state can be usefully interpreted as the focus of attention in the Episodic Buffer.
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binding in visual working memory the role of the Episodic Buffer
Neuropsychologia, 2011Co-Authors: Alan D Baddeley, Richard J Allen, Graham J HitchAbstract:The Episodic Buffer component of working memory is assumed to play a central role in the binding of features into objects, a process that was initially assumed to depend upon executive resources. Here, we review a program of work in which we specifically tested this assumption by studying the effects of a range of attentionally demanding concurrent tasks on the capacity to encode and retain both individual features and bound objects. We found no differential effect of concurrent load, even when the process of binding was made more demanding by separating the shape and color features spatially, temporally or across visual and auditory modalities. Bound features were however more readily disrupted by subsequent stimuli, a process we studied using a suffix paradigm. This suggested a need to assume a feature-based attentional filter followed by an object based storage process. Our results are interpreted within a modified version of the multicomponent working memory model. We also discuss work examining the role of the hippocampus in visual feature binding.
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investigating the Episodic Buffer
Psychologica Belgica, 2010Co-Authors: Alan D Baddeley, Richard J Allen, Graham J HitchAbstract:A brief account is presented of the three-component working memory model proposed by Baddeley and Hitch. This is followed by an account of some of the problems it encountered in explaining how information from different subsystems with different codes could be combined, and how it was capable of communicating with long-term memory. In order to account for these, a fourth component was proposed, the Episodic Buffer. This was assumed to be a multidimensional store of limited capacity that can be accessed through conscious awareness. In an attempt to test and develop the concept, a series of experiments have explored the role of working memory in the binding of visual features into objects and verbal sequences into remembered sentences. The experiments use a dual task paradigm to investigate the role of the various subcomponents of working memory in binding. In contrast to our initial assumption, the Episodic Buffer appears to be a passive store, capable of storing bound features and making them available to conscious awareness, but not itself responsible for the process of binding.
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is the binding of visual features in working memory resource demanding
Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 2006Co-Authors: Richard J Allen, Alan D Baddeley, Graham J HitchAbstract:The Episodic Buffer component of working memory is assumed to play a role in the binding of features into chunks. A series of experiments compared memory for arrays of colors or shapes with memory for bound combinations of these features. Demanding concurrent verbal tasks were used to investigate the role of general attentional processes, producing load effects that were no greater on memory for feature combinations than for the features themselves. However, the binding condition was significantly less accurate with sequential rather than simultaneous presentation, especially for items earlier in the sequence. The findings are interpreted as evidence of a relatively automatic but fragile visual feature binding mechanism in working memory. Implications for the concept of an Episodic Buffer are discussed.
Graham J Hitch - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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executive and perceptual attention play different roles in visual working memory evidence from suffix and strategy effects
Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 2014Co-Authors: Graham J Hitch, Alan D Baddeley, Ming Zhang, Richard J AllenAbstract:Four experiments studied the interfering effects of a to-be-ignored ‘stimulus suffix’ on cued recall of feature bindings for a series of objects. When each object was given equal weight (Experiment 1) or rewards favored recent items (Experiments 2 and 4), a recency effect emerged that was selectively reduced by a suffix. The reduction was greater for a ‘plausible’ suffix with features drawn from the same set as the memory items, in which case a feature of the suffix was frequently recalled as an intrusion error. Changing pay-offs to reward recall of early items led to a primacy effect alongside recency (Experiments 3 and 4). Primacy, like recency, was reduced by a suffix and the reduction was greater for a suffix with plausible features, such features often being recalled as intrusion errors. Experiment 4 revealed a trade-off such that increased primacy came at the cost of a reduction in recency. These observations show that priority instructions and recency combine to determine a limited number of items that are the most accessible for immediate recall and yet at the same time the most vulnerable to interference. We interpret this outcome in terms of a labile, limited capacity ‘privileged state’ controlled by both central executive processes and perceptual attention. We suggest further that this privileged state can be usefully interpreted as the focus of attention in the Episodic Buffer.
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binding in visual working memory the role of the Episodic Buffer
Neuropsychologia, 2011Co-Authors: Alan D Baddeley, Richard J Allen, Graham J HitchAbstract:The Episodic Buffer component of working memory is assumed to play a central role in the binding of features into objects, a process that was initially assumed to depend upon executive resources. Here, we review a program of work in which we specifically tested this assumption by studying the effects of a range of attentionally demanding concurrent tasks on the capacity to encode and retain both individual features and bound objects. We found no differential effect of concurrent load, even when the process of binding was made more demanding by separating the shape and color features spatially, temporally or across visual and auditory modalities. Bound features were however more readily disrupted by subsequent stimuli, a process we studied using a suffix paradigm. This suggested a need to assume a feature-based attentional filter followed by an object based storage process. Our results are interpreted within a modified version of the multicomponent working memory model. We also discuss work examining the role of the hippocampus in visual feature binding.
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investigating the Episodic Buffer
Psychologica Belgica, 2010Co-Authors: Alan D Baddeley, Richard J Allen, Graham J HitchAbstract:A brief account is presented of the three-component working memory model proposed by Baddeley and Hitch. This is followed by an account of some of the problems it encountered in explaining how information from different subsystems with different codes could be combined, and how it was capable of communicating with long-term memory. In order to account for these, a fourth component was proposed, the Episodic Buffer. This was assumed to be a multidimensional store of limited capacity that can be accessed through conscious awareness. In an attempt to test and develop the concept, a series of experiments have explored the role of working memory in the binding of visual features into objects and verbal sequences into remembered sentences. The experiments use a dual task paradigm to investigate the role of the various subcomponents of working memory in binding. In contrast to our initial assumption, the Episodic Buffer appears to be a passive store, capable of storing bound features and making them available to conscious awareness, but not itself responsible for the process of binding.
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is the binding of visual features in working memory resource demanding
Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 2006Co-Authors: Richard J Allen, Alan D Baddeley, Graham J HitchAbstract:The Episodic Buffer component of working memory is assumed to play a role in the binding of features into chunks. A series of experiments compared memory for arrays of colors or shapes with memory for bound combinations of these features. Demanding concurrent verbal tasks were used to investigate the role of general attentional processes, producing load effects that were no greater on memory for feature combinations than for the features themselves. However, the binding condition was significantly less accurate with sequential rather than simultaneous presentation, especially for items earlier in the sequence. The findings are interpreted as evidence of a relatively automatic but fragile visual feature binding mechanism in working memory. Implications for the concept of an Episodic Buffer are discussed.
Richard J Allen - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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the formation of novel social category conjunctions in working memory a possible role for the Episodic Buffer
Memory, 2016Co-Authors: Russell R C Hutter, Richard J Allen, Chantelle WoodAbstract:Recent research (e.g., Hutter, Crisp, Humphreys, Waters, & Moffit; Siebler) has confirmed that combining novel social categories involves two stages (e.g., Hampton; Hastie, Schroeder, & Weber). Furthermore, it is also evident that following stage 1 (constituent additivity), the second stage in these models involves cognitively effortful complex reasoning. However, while current theory and research has addressed how category conjunctions are initially represented to some degree, it is not clear precisely where we first combine or bind existing social constituent categories. For example, how and where do we compose and temporarily store a coherent representation of an individual who shares membership of “female” and “blacksmith” categories? In this article, we consider how the revised multi-component model of working memory (Baddeley) can assist in resolving the representational limitations in the extant two-stage theoretical models. This is a new approach to understanding how novel conjunctions form new bound “composite” representations.
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evaluating the developmental trajectory of the Episodic Buffer component of working memory and its relation to word recognition in children
Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 2015Co-Authors: Shinmin Wang, Richard J Allen, Jun Ren Lee, Chia En HsiehAbstract:The creation of temporary bound representation of information from different sources is one of the key abilities attributed to the Episodic Buffer component of working memory. Whereas the role of working memory in word learning has received substantial attention, very little is known about the link between the development of word recognition skills and the ability to bind information in the Episodic Buffer of working memory and how it may develop with age. This study examined the performance of Grade 2 children (8 years old), Grade 3 children (9 years old), and young adults on a task designed to measure their ability to bind visual and auditory–verbal information in working memory. Children’s performance on this task significantly correlated with their word recognition skills even when chronological age, memory for individual elements, and other possible reading-related factors were taken into account. In addition, clear developmental trajectories were observed, with improvements in the ability to hold temporary bound information in working memory between Grades 2 and 3, and between the child and adult groups, that were independent from memory for the individual elements. These findings suggest that the capacity to temporarily bind novel auditory–verbal information to visual form in working memory is linked to the development of word recognition in children and improves with age.
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executive and perceptual attention play different roles in visual working memory evidence from suffix and strategy effects
Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 2014Co-Authors: Graham J Hitch, Alan D Baddeley, Ming Zhang, Richard J AllenAbstract:Four experiments studied the interfering effects of a to-be-ignored ‘stimulus suffix’ on cued recall of feature bindings for a series of objects. When each object was given equal weight (Experiment 1) or rewards favored recent items (Experiments 2 and 4), a recency effect emerged that was selectively reduced by a suffix. The reduction was greater for a ‘plausible’ suffix with features drawn from the same set as the memory items, in which case a feature of the suffix was frequently recalled as an intrusion error. Changing pay-offs to reward recall of early items led to a primacy effect alongside recency (Experiments 3 and 4). Primacy, like recency, was reduced by a suffix and the reduction was greater for a suffix with plausible features, such features often being recalled as intrusion errors. Experiment 4 revealed a trade-off such that increased primacy came at the cost of a reduction in recency. These observations show that priority instructions and recency combine to determine a limited number of items that are the most accessible for immediate recall and yet at the same time the most vulnerable to interference. We interpret this outcome in terms of a labile, limited capacity ‘privileged state’ controlled by both central executive processes and perceptual attention. We suggest further that this privileged state can be usefully interpreted as the focus of attention in the Episodic Buffer.
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binding in visual working memory the role of the Episodic Buffer
Neuropsychologia, 2011Co-Authors: Alan D Baddeley, Richard J Allen, Graham J HitchAbstract:The Episodic Buffer component of working memory is assumed to play a central role in the binding of features into objects, a process that was initially assumed to depend upon executive resources. Here, we review a program of work in which we specifically tested this assumption by studying the effects of a range of attentionally demanding concurrent tasks on the capacity to encode and retain both individual features and bound objects. We found no differential effect of concurrent load, even when the process of binding was made more demanding by separating the shape and color features spatially, temporally or across visual and auditory modalities. Bound features were however more readily disrupted by subsequent stimuli, a process we studied using a suffix paradigm. This suggested a need to assume a feature-based attentional filter followed by an object based storage process. Our results are interpreted within a modified version of the multicomponent working memory model. We also discuss work examining the role of the hippocampus in visual feature binding.
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investigating the Episodic Buffer
Psychologica Belgica, 2010Co-Authors: Alan D Baddeley, Richard J Allen, Graham J HitchAbstract:A brief account is presented of the three-component working memory model proposed by Baddeley and Hitch. This is followed by an account of some of the problems it encountered in explaining how information from different subsystems with different codes could be combined, and how it was capable of communicating with long-term memory. In order to account for these, a fourth component was proposed, the Episodic Buffer. This was assumed to be a multidimensional store of limited capacity that can be accessed through conscious awareness. In an attempt to test and develop the concept, a series of experiments have explored the role of working memory in the binding of visual features into objects and verbal sequences into remembered sentences. The experiments use a dual task paradigm to investigate the role of the various subcomponents of working memory in binding. In contrast to our initial assumption, the Episodic Buffer appears to be a passive store, capable of storing bound features and making them available to conscious awareness, but not itself responsible for the process of binding.
Sarah E Lea - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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working memory deficits in boys with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder adhd an examination of orthographic coding and Episodic Buffer processes
Child Neuropsychology, 2015Co-Authors: Matt R Alderson, Lisa J Kasper, Connor H G Patros, Kristen L Hudec, Stephanie J Tarle, Sarah E LeaAbstract:The Episodic Buffer component of working memory was examined in children with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and typically developing peers (TD). Thirty-two children (ADHD = 16, TD = 16) completed three versions of a phonological working memory task that varied with regard to stimulus presentation modality (auditory, visual, or dual auditory and visual), as well as a visuospatial task. Children with ADHD experienced the largest magnitude working memory deficits when phonological stimuli were presented via a unimodal, auditory format. Their performance improved during visual and dual modality conditions but remained significantly below the performance of children in the TD group. In contrast, the TD group did not exhibit performance differences between the auditory- and visual-phonological conditions but recalled significantly more stimuli during the dual-phonological condition. Furthermore, relative to TD children, children with ADHD recalled disproportionately fewer phonological stimuli as set sizes increased, regardless of presentation modality. Finally, an examination of working memory components indicated that the largest magnitude between-group difference was associated with the central executive. Collectively, these findings suggest that ADHD-related working memory deficits reflect a combination of impaired central executive and phonological storage/rehearsal processes, as well as an impaired ability to benefit from bound multimodal information processed by the Episodic Buffer.
Francis Eustache - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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deux epreuves testant les capacites d association et de stockage d informations verbales et spatiales Episodic Buffer assessment two tasks of binding and maintenance of verbal and spatial information
2013Co-Authors: Peggy Quinette, Berengere Guillerygirard, Beatrice Desgranges, Mathieu Hainselin, Mickael Laisney, Francis EustacheAbstract:The Episodic Buffer component of working memory is assumed to play a central role in the binding of information from the subsidiary systems, and from long-term memory, into a unitary stable and coherent representation. It provides temporary storage of information held in a multimodal code. Assessment of the Episodic Buffer could provide a better basis for the neuropsychologist to understand the memory, language or attentionnal deficits found in their patients. Two tasks are presented to assess the functions of binding and maintenance of multimodal information and data collected in healthy subjects are also reported. Tasks and data collected in healthy subjects aged from 18 to 85 years are available from the website of the revue.
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the relationship between working memory and Episodic memory disorders in transient global amnesia
Neuropsychologia, 2006Co-Authors: Peggy Quinette, Berengere Guillerygirard, Audrey Noel, Vincent De La Sayette, Fausto Viader, Beatrice Desgranges, Francis EustacheAbstract:In a previous study, we investigated the relationship between the disorders of both Episodic memory and working memory in the acute phase of transient global amnesia (TGA). Since executive functions were spared, another dysfunction may be responsible for the binding and maintenance of multimodal informations and contribute to the encoding disorders observed in some patients [Quinette, P., Guillery, B., Desgranges, B., de la Sayette, V., Viader, F., & Eustache, F. (2003). Working memory and executive functions in transient global amnesia. Brain, 126, 1917–1934.]. The aim of this present study was to assess the functions of binding and maintenance of multimodal information during TGA and explore their involvement in Episodic memory disorders. We therefore conducted a more thorough investigation of working memory in 16 new patients during the acute phase of TGA using two tasks designed to assess the binding process and both dimensions of the maintenance, namely the active storage and the memory load ability. We also investigated the nature of the Episodic memory impairment in distinguishing between the performance of patients with preferential encoding deficits and those of patients with preferential storage disorders on the Episodic memory task. This distinction was closely related to the severity of amnesia, i.e. an encoding disorder was observed rather in the early phase of TGA. The results showed that while the functions of binding and maintenance of multimodal information were intact in patients with storage disorders, they were impaired in the case of encoding deficits. These results are interpreted in the recent framework of Episodic Buffer proposed by Baddeley [Baddeley, A. D. (2000). The Episodic Buffer: A new component of working memory? Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 4, 417–423] that represents an interface between working memory and Episodic memory.