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Jie Song - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Oil in water emulsions stabilized by saponified Epoxidized Soybean Oil grafted hydroxyethyl cellulose
    Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 2017
    Co-Authors: Xujua Huang, He Liu, Shibi Shang, Minggui She, Jie Song
    Abstract:

    An Oil-in-water emulsion stabilized by saponified Epoxidized Soybean Oil-grafted hydroxyethyl cellulose (H–ESO–HEC) was investigated. By using an ultrasonic method, Oil-in-water emulsions were prepared by blending 50 wt % Soybean Oil and 50 wt % H–ESO–HEC aqueous suspensions. The influence of H–ESO–HEC concentrations on the properties of Oil-in-water emulsions was examined. The H–ESO–HEC concentrations in the aqueous phase varied from 0.02 to 0.40 wt %. When the H–ESO–HEC concentration was 0.4 wt %, the emulsion remained stable for >80 days. The mean droplet sizes of the emulsions decreased by increasing the H–ESO–HEC concentration and extending the ultrasonic time. The adsorption amounts of H–ESO–HEC at the Oil–water interface increased when the H–ESO–HEC concentrations in the aqueous phase increased. The rheological property revealed that the apparent viscosity of the H–ESO–HEC-stabilized Oil-in-water emulsions increased when the H–ESO–HEC concentrations increased. Steady flow curves indicated an interf...

  • synthesis and performance of a thermosetting resin acrylated Epoxidized Soybean Oil curing with a rosin based acrylamide
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 2017
    Co-Authors: Yanping Yang, Shibi Shang, Minggui She, Xi Huang, Haibo Zhang, Jie Song
    Abstract:

    A synthesized rosin-based polymeric monomer, N-dehydroabietic acrylamide (DHA-AM), was introduced into an acrylated Epoxidized Soybean Oil (AESO)/DHA-AM system to afford a thermosetting resin through thermocuring. Different molar ratios of the thermosetting AESO/DHA-AM samples were obtained through curing in the presence of an initiator, and the curing processes of the AESO/DHA-AM systems were evaluated by differential scanning calorimetry. The structures and performances of the resulting thermosets were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, dynamic mechanical analysis, elemental analysis, thermogravimetric analysis, and contact angle (θ) analysis. The analyses showed that with increasing content of DHA-AM introduced into the copolymer, the storage modulus, glass-transition temperature, thermal stability, and θ values of the cured samples all increased. Moreover, the copolymers changed from hydrophilic materials to hydrophobic materials. The results also demonstrate that the rosin acid derivatives showed comparable properties to those of reported petroleum-based rigid compounds for the preparation of Soybean-Oil-based thermosets. The presence of DHA-AM moieties in the composite structures could expand the use of AESO into the development of heat-resistant and hydrophobic materials. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016, 133, 44545.

  • the equilibrium and dynamic surface tension of polymeric surfactants based on Epoxidized Soybean Oil grafted hydroxyethyl cellulose
    RSC Advances, 2016
    Co-Authors: Xujua Huang, He Liu, Shibi Shang, Zhaosheng Cai, Jie Song
    Abstract:

    Correction for ‘The equilibrium and dynamic surface tension of polymeric surfactants based on Epoxidized Soybean Oil grafted hydroxyethyl cellulose’ by Xujuan Huang et al., RSC Adv., 2016, 6, 64121–64128.

  • preparation and characterization of polymeric surfactants based on Epoxidized Soybean Oil grafted hydroxyethyl cellulose
    Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 2015
    Co-Authors: Xujua Huang, He Liu, Shibi Shang, Xiaoping Rao, Jie Song
    Abstract:

    Epoxidized Soybean Oil (ESO) grafted hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) was prepared via ring-opening polymerization, in which the hydroxyl groups of HEC acted as initiators and the polymeric ESO were covalently bonded to the HEC. Hydrolysis of ESO-grafted HEC (ESO-HEC) was performed with sodium hydroxide, and the hydrolyzed ESO-HEC (H-ESO-HEC) products were characterized via Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) and 1H and 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopies, high-temperature gel permeation chromatography (HT-GPC), and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The results indicated that ring-opening polymerization of ESO occurred with the hydroxyl groups of HEC as initiators. The molecular weights of the H-ESO-HEC products were varied by adjusting the mass ratio of HEC and ESO. Through neutralizing the carboxylic acid of H-ESO-HEC with sodium hydroxide, novel polymeric surfactants (H-ESO-HEC-Na) were obtained, and the effects of polymeric surfactants on the surface tension of water were investigate...

Sevim Z Erha - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • ring opening polymerization of Epoxidized Soybean Oil
    Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society, 2010
    Co-Authors: Zengshe Liu, Sevim Z Erha
    Abstract:

    Ring-opening polymerization of Epoxidized Soybean Oil (ESO) catalyzed by boron trifluoride diethyl etherate (BF3·OEt2) in methylene chloride was conducted in an effort to develop useful biodegradable polymers. The resulting polymerized ESO (PESO) were characterized using infrared (IR) spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), 1H NMR, 13C NMR, solid state 13C NMR and gel permeation chromatography (GPC). The results indicated that PESO materials were highly crosslinked polymers. They had glass transition temperatures ranging from −16 to −48 °C. TGA results showed the PESO polymers were thermally stable at temperatures up to 220 °C. Decomposition of the polymers was found to occur at temperature greater than 340 °C. GPC results indicated the extracted soluble substances from PESO polymers were ESO dimers, trimers and polymers with low molecular weights. The resulting crosslinked polymers can be converted into hydrogels by chemical modification, such as hydrolysis. These soy based hydrogels will find applications in personal care and health care areas.

  • investigation of the surface properties of polymeric soaps obtained by ring opening polymerization of Epoxidized Soybean Oil
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 2008
    Co-Authors: Girma Iresaw, Zengshe Liu, Sevim Z Erha
    Abstract:

    Epoxidized Soybean Oil (ESO) was converted to a polysoap (PESO) via a two-step synthetic procedure of catalytic ring-opening polymerization, followed by hydrolysis (HPESO) with a base. Various molecular weights of PESO and HPESO were prepared by varying the reaction temperature and/or catalyst concentration. In addition, the counter ion chemistry was varied by changing the base used for saponification. The PESO and HPESO products were carefully characterized and identified using a combination of FTIR, 1H-NMR, solid state 13C-NMR, and GPC. The effect of HPESO polysoaps on the surface tension of water and the interfacial tension of water-hexadecane was investigated as a function of HPESO concentration, molecular weight, and counter ion chemistry. HPESO polysoaps were effective at lowering the surface tension of water and the interfacial tension of water-hexadecane and displayed minimum values in the range of 20–24 and 12–17 dyn/cm, respectively, at concentration of 200–250 μM. Water-hexadecane interfacial tension was also calculated from measured surface tension data using the Antonoff, harmonic mean (HM), and geometric mean (GM) methods. Measured values agreed well with those calculated using the HM and GM methods, but not the Antonoff method. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008

  • compressive properties of Epoxidized Soybean Oil clay nanocomposites
    International Journal of Plasticity, 2006
    Co-Authors: O Song, Zengshe Liu, Weinong Che, Sevim Z Erha
    Abstract:

    Abstract High- and low strain-rate compression experiments were conducted on Epoxidized Soybean Oil (ESO)/clay nanocomposites with nanoclay weights of 0%, 5%, and 8%. A pulse-shaped split Hopkinson pressure bar (SHPB) was employed to conduct high strain-rate experiments. The pulse shaping technique ensures nearly constant-strain-rate deformation under dynamically equilibrated stresses in specimens such that accurate stress–strain curves at various high rates were obtained. A MTS 810 hydraulically driven materials testing system was used to obtain low strain-rate stress–strain curves. Strain-rate and nanoclay weight effects on the compressive properties of the nanocomposites were experimentally determined. A phenomenological strain-rate-dependent material model was presented to describe the stress–strain response. The model agrees well with the experimental data at both large and small strains as well as high and low strain rates.

  • synthetic lubricant basestocks from Epoxidized Soybean Oil and guerbet alcohols
    Industrial Crops and Products, 2006
    Co-Authors: Hongsik Hwang, Sevim Z Erha
    Abstract:

    Vegetable Oils are biodegradable and therefore good candidates for environmentally friendly base stocks. They have excellent lubricity, but poor oxidation and low temperature stabilities. For this study, synthetic lubricant basestocks with oxidative stabilities and pour points comparable with commercial synthetic lubricant basestocks have been prepared by reacting Epoxidized Soybean Oil with Guerbet alcohols. Four different Guerbet alcohols, C12-, C14-, C16-, and C18-Guerbet alcohols were used. Reaction of Epoxidized Soybean Oil with a Guerbet alcohol in the presence of a catalytic amount of sulfuric acid provided open-ringed products. 1 H NMR has shown that transesterification follows after ring-opening reaction under the given reaction conditions. Two types of ring-opened products, 0%- and 100%-transesterified products, could be obtained under controlled reaction conditions. Pour points of the ring-opened products ranged from −18 to −36 ◦ C without pour point depressant (PPD) and from −21 to −42 ◦ C with 1% of PPD. Acetylation of hydroxy groups in the ring-opened products further lowered pour points that ranged from −27 to −42 ◦ C without PPD and from −30 to −48 ◦ C with 1% of PPD. Oxidative stability was examined using a modified Penn State microoxidation test and compared with those of synthetic lubricant basestocks and mineral Oil. Oxidative evaporations of two selected products in the microoxidation test were similar to mineral Oil and less than synthetic lubricant-based Oils, polyalphaolefin (PAO4) and diisododecyl adipate. Deposits of these products were similar to synthetic lubricant-based Oils and less than mineral Oil. © 2005 Published by Elsevier B.V.

  • green composites from renewable resources preparation of Epoxidized Soybean Oil and flax fiber composites
    Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 2006
    Co-Authors: Zengshe Liu, Sevim Z Erha, Danny E Aki, Frankli E Arto
    Abstract:

    In recent years there has been considerable interest in using natural plant fibers as reinforcements for plastics. The motivation includes cost, performance enhancement, weight reduction, and environment concerns. High performance flax fiber could potentially substitute for glass or carbon fibers as reinforcements for plastics. This study reports the "green" composites obtained from a mixture of Epoxidized Soybean Oil and epoxy resin, 1,1,1-tris(p-hydroxyphenyl)ethane triglycidyl ether (THPE-GE), reinforced with flax fiber. The compression molding method is used for making the composites. Curing agents triethylenetetramine and diethylenetriamine provide better physical properties of the composites than Jeffamine agents D-230 and EDR-148. Both the flexural modulus and the tensile modulus of the composites increase as the amount of THPE-GE increases. The flexural modulus increased at a fiber content of <10 wt %, but there is a decrease beyond 10 wt %. The tensile modulus increases with fiber content until a maximum at 13.5 wt %, and then it decreases. The flax fiber length affected the mechanical properties of the composites: the longer the fiber length, the better are the mechanical properties observed.

Zengshe Liu - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • developing acrylated Epoxidized Soybean Oil coating for improving moisture sensitivity and permeability of starch based film
    International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 2019
    Co-Authors: Zengshe Liu, Hongsheng Liu, Ying Che, Ling Che
    Abstract:

    Abstract Acrylated Epoxidized Soybean Oil (AESO)-based coatings were developed to reduce moisture sensitivity and permeability of starch-based materials. The coating was applied on starch based films by dipping the samples on AESO-based coating solutions, followed by crosslinking with ultraviolet (UV) light. Effect of AESO concentration, photoinitiator content and processing conditions on the performance of coated starch-based film was systematically investigated, in particular the effect of coating on moisture absorption, permeability and mechanical properties. The modified surface was characterized by scanning electronic microscopy and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The results showed that the moisture sensitivity of the starch-based sheets was reduced significantly since the crosslinked AESO acted as a hydrophobic layer. Moisture permeability was decreased more than 10 times after AESO treatment. It was found that the crosslinking density acted as one of the key factors, so even a very thin layer of AESO could achieve good water resistance.

  • ring opening polymerization of Epoxidized Soybean Oil
    Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society, 2010
    Co-Authors: Zengshe Liu, Sevim Z Erha
    Abstract:

    Ring-opening polymerization of Epoxidized Soybean Oil (ESO) catalyzed by boron trifluoride diethyl etherate (BF3·OEt2) in methylene chloride was conducted in an effort to develop useful biodegradable polymers. The resulting polymerized ESO (PESO) were characterized using infrared (IR) spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), 1H NMR, 13C NMR, solid state 13C NMR and gel permeation chromatography (GPC). The results indicated that PESO materials were highly crosslinked polymers. They had glass transition temperatures ranging from −16 to −48 °C. TGA results showed the PESO polymers were thermally stable at temperatures up to 220 °C. Decomposition of the polymers was found to occur at temperature greater than 340 °C. GPC results indicated the extracted soluble substances from PESO polymers were ESO dimers, trimers and polymers with low molecular weights. The resulting crosslinked polymers can be converted into hydrogels by chemical modification, such as hydrolysis. These soy based hydrogels will find applications in personal care and health care areas.

  • boron trifluoride catalyzed ring opening polymerization of Epoxidized Soybean Oil in liquid carbon dioxide
    Green Chemistry, 2009
    Co-Authors: Zengshe Liu, Kenneth M Doll, Ronald A Holse
    Abstract:

    Ring-opening polymerization of Epoxidized Soybean Oil (ESO) catalyzed by boron trifluoride diethyl etherate (BF3·OEt2), in liquid carbon dioxide, was conducted in an effort to develop useful biobased biodegradable polymers. The resulting polymers (RPESO) were characterized by FTIR spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), 1H NMR, 13C NMR, solid state 13C NMR spectroscopies and gel permeation chromatography (GPC). The results indicated that ring-opening polymerization of ESO occurred at mild conditions, such as at room temperature, and a subcritical CO2 pressure of 65.5 bar. The formed RPESO materials were highly crosslinked polymers. The glass transition temperatures of these polymers ranged from −11.9 °C to −24.1 °C. TGA results showed that the RPESO polymers were thermally stable at temperatures lower than 200 °C and significant decomposition mainly occurred above 340 °C.

  • investigation of the surface properties of polymeric soaps obtained by ring opening polymerization of Epoxidized Soybean Oil
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 2008
    Co-Authors: Girma Iresaw, Zengshe Liu, Sevim Z Erha
    Abstract:

    Epoxidized Soybean Oil (ESO) was converted to a polysoap (PESO) via a two-step synthetic procedure of catalytic ring-opening polymerization, followed by hydrolysis (HPESO) with a base. Various molecular weights of PESO and HPESO were prepared by varying the reaction temperature and/or catalyst concentration. In addition, the counter ion chemistry was varied by changing the base used for saponification. The PESO and HPESO products were carefully characterized and identified using a combination of FTIR, 1H-NMR, solid state 13C-NMR, and GPC. The effect of HPESO polysoaps on the surface tension of water and the interfacial tension of water-hexadecane was investigated as a function of HPESO concentration, molecular weight, and counter ion chemistry. HPESO polysoaps were effective at lowering the surface tension of water and the interfacial tension of water-hexadecane and displayed minimum values in the range of 20–24 and 12–17 dyn/cm, respectively, at concentration of 200–250 μM. Water-hexadecane interfacial tension was also calculated from measured surface tension data using the Antonoff, harmonic mean (HM), and geometric mean (GM) methods. Measured values agreed well with those calculated using the HM and GM methods, but not the Antonoff method. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008

  • solid freeform fabrication of Epoxidized Soybean Oil epoxy composite with bis or polyalkyleneamine curing agents
    Composites Part A-applied Science and Manufacturing, 2007
    Co-Authors: Zengshe Liu, S Z Erha, Paul Calve
    Abstract:

    Extrusion freeform fabrication has been used to make bars of fiber-reinforced Epoxidized Soybean Oil (ESO)/epoxy resin. Freeform fabrication methods build materials by the repetitive addition of thin layers. The mixture of Epoxidized Soybean Oil (ESO) and epoxy resin are modified with a gelling agent to solidify the materials until curing occurs. The high strength and stiffness composites are formed through fiber reinforcement. Glass, carbon and mineral fibers are used in the formulations. It is shown that the fiber orientation follows the direction of motion of the write head that deposits the resins and has a large influence on the properties of the composite. In addition, the effects of curing agents, curing temperature, epoxy/ESO ratio, and fiber loading on mechanical properties of composites are studied and reported.

Xujua Huang - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Oil in water emulsions stabilized by saponified Epoxidized Soybean Oil grafted hydroxyethyl cellulose
    Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 2017
    Co-Authors: Xujua Huang, He Liu, Shibi Shang, Minggui She, Jie Song
    Abstract:

    An Oil-in-water emulsion stabilized by saponified Epoxidized Soybean Oil-grafted hydroxyethyl cellulose (H–ESO–HEC) was investigated. By using an ultrasonic method, Oil-in-water emulsions were prepared by blending 50 wt % Soybean Oil and 50 wt % H–ESO–HEC aqueous suspensions. The influence of H–ESO–HEC concentrations on the properties of Oil-in-water emulsions was examined. The H–ESO–HEC concentrations in the aqueous phase varied from 0.02 to 0.40 wt %. When the H–ESO–HEC concentration was 0.4 wt %, the emulsion remained stable for >80 days. The mean droplet sizes of the emulsions decreased by increasing the H–ESO–HEC concentration and extending the ultrasonic time. The adsorption amounts of H–ESO–HEC at the Oil–water interface increased when the H–ESO–HEC concentrations in the aqueous phase increased. The rheological property revealed that the apparent viscosity of the H–ESO–HEC-stabilized Oil-in-water emulsions increased when the H–ESO–HEC concentrations increased. Steady flow curves indicated an interf...

  • enhancement of hydrophobic properties of cellulose fibers via grafting with polymeric Epoxidized Soybean Oil
    ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering, 2017
    Co-Authors: Xujua Huang, He Liu, Aiting Wang, Shibi Shang
    Abstract:

    We report on an efficient method for the formation of modified cellulose-based materials with enhanced hydrophobic properties, formed by grafting with polymeric Epoxidized Soybean Oil (ESO) as a renewable, environmentally friendly, and low cost raw material. The grafting process occurred via ring-opening polymerization, wherein the cellulose hydroxyl groups acted as initiators in the presence of a SnCl4 catalyst, linking the cellulose fibers and ESO via ether linkages, thereby forming a polymeric matrix. The surface polarity was therefore decreased by the substitution of cellulose hydroxyl groups for long-chain hydrophobic alkane moieties from ESO. The water contact angle of modified filter paper reached 145.1° with the surface free energy decreasing to 22.07 mJ m–2 and a hydration free energy of −13.09 mJ m–2. The presence of polymeric ESO nanoparticles on the modified cellulose fibers suggested that the hydrophobicity was not only dependent on the surface composition but was also closely related to the ...

  • the equilibrium and dynamic surface tension of polymeric surfactants based on Epoxidized Soybean Oil grafted hydroxyethyl cellulose
    RSC Advances, 2016
    Co-Authors: Xujua Huang, He Liu, Shibi Shang, Zhaosheng Cai, Jie Song
    Abstract:

    Correction for ‘The equilibrium and dynamic surface tension of polymeric surfactants based on Epoxidized Soybean Oil grafted hydroxyethyl cellulose’ by Xujuan Huang et al., RSC Adv., 2016, 6, 64121–64128.

  • preparation and characterization of polymeric surfactants based on Epoxidized Soybean Oil grafted hydroxyethyl cellulose
    Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 2015
    Co-Authors: Xujua Huang, He Liu, Shibi Shang, Xiaoping Rao, Jie Song
    Abstract:

    Epoxidized Soybean Oil (ESO) grafted hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) was prepared via ring-opening polymerization, in which the hydroxyl groups of HEC acted as initiators and the polymeric ESO were covalently bonded to the HEC. Hydrolysis of ESO-grafted HEC (ESO-HEC) was performed with sodium hydroxide, and the hydrolyzed ESO-HEC (H-ESO-HEC) products were characterized via Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) and 1H and 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopies, high-temperature gel permeation chromatography (HT-GPC), and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The results indicated that ring-opening polymerization of ESO occurred with the hydroxyl groups of HEC as initiators. The molecular weights of the H-ESO-HEC products were varied by adjusting the mass ratio of HEC and ESO. Through neutralizing the carboxylic acid of H-ESO-HEC with sodium hydroxide, novel polymeric surfactants (H-ESO-HEC-Na) were obtained, and the effects of polymeric surfactants on the surface tension of water were investigate...

W. Liu - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Balancing performance of Epoxidized Soybean Oil (ESO)/poly(lactic acid) composites: Synergistic effects of carbon nanotubes and tannic acid-induced crosslinking of ESO
    Budapest University of Technology, 2019
    Co-Authors: W. Liu, J. Qiu, M. Fei, R. Qiu, E. Sakai, M. Zhang
    Abstract:

    Highly tough and biobased Epoxidized Soybean Oil (ESO)/poly(lactic acid) (PLA) blends were formulated through in-situ formation of tannic acid-crosslinked ESO (TA-c-ESO) oligomer as a dispersed phase with PLA matrix by dynamic vulcanization technique. To repair the sacrificial strength of the blends and endow the composites with electrical conductivity, different concentrations of CNTs, i.e., 0.5 to 10 wt%, were incorporated into the TA-c-ESO/PLA blends to prepare CNT/TAc-ESO/PLA nanocomposites. The added CNTs selectively localized within the PLA matrix, leading to a reduced size of TAc-ESO phase. The synergistic effects of CNTs and TA-c-ESO phase on the tensile properties, thermal stabilities, crystallization characteristics, and electrical properties of the nanocomposites were fully investigated along with the understanding of CNT reinforcing and TA-c-ESO toughening mechanism. The formation of TA-c-ESO phase significantly increased the fracture elongation and tensile toughness of the blends, while the incorporation of CNTs resulted in increased tensile strength, tensile modulus, and storage modulus of the nanocomposites; the combination of this two effects contributed to the obtained ternary composites with balanced mechanical properties and favorable electrical conductivity

  • tannic acid induced crosslinking of Epoxidized Soybean Oil for toughening poly lactic acid via dynamic vulcanization
    Polymer, 2018
    Co-Authors: W. Liu, J. Qiu, M. Fei, R. Qiu, E. Sakai, Longxiang Zhu, Kazushi Ito, Guoli Song
    Abstract:

    Abstract Epoxidized Soybean Oil (ESO) was incorporated into poly(lactic acid) (PLA) to formulate fully biobased and highly tough ESO/PLA blends by using tannic acid (TA) as a green vulcanizing agent. The crosslinking degree of ESO molecules and the interfacial compatibility between the ESO phase and PLA matrix were thus improved. The properties of the TA-ESO phase and its interfacial adhesion with PLA matrix were tailored by changing the molar ratio of TA to ESO, which significantly influenced the crystallization behavior, mechanical properties, thermal stabilities, and morphologies of the TA-ESO/PLA blends. After the incorporation of 10 wt% TA-ESO (based on the final blend) with a ‒OH groups to epoxy rings molar ratio of 0.8 into PLA system, the elongation at break (242%) and tensile toughness (57.4 MJ/m3) of the resulting PLA blend were 7 and 4 times higher than those of the blend with 10 wt% ESO, respectively. Compared to the 10 wt% ESO/PLA blend, the glass transition temperatures and thermal stabilities of the TA-ESO/PLA blends were slightly enhanced due to the increased crosslinking density of the TA-ESO phase; however, a slightly decreased crystallinity was observed for PLA after the addition of TA into ESO phase.

  • concurrent improvements in crosslinking degree and interfacial adhesion of hemp fibers reinforced acrylated Epoxidized Soybean Oil composites
    Composites Science and Technology, 2018
    Co-Authors: W. Liu, M. Fei, R. Qiu, Yang A, Anming Jia, J. Qiu
    Abstract:

    Abstract Biocomposites with high performance and biobased contents were prepared from renewable feedstocks, i.e., hemp fibers (HFs) and acrylated Epoxidized Soybean Oil (AESO). Two bifunctional isocyanates, i.e., isocyanatoethyl methacrylate (IEM) and 3-isopropenyldimethylbenzyl isocyanate (TMI), were used as reactive diluents for AESO, respectively. The incorporated IEM or TMI carrying both C C bonds and isocyanate groups not only crosslinked with the C C bonds of AESO by a free-radical polymerization, but also reacted with the –OH groups of both AESO and HFs to concurrently improve the unsaturation level of AESO monomers and the interfacial adhesion between HFs and AESO matrix, which was verified by FTIR and DSC analyses. Both IEM-AESO and TMI-AESO resins exhibited favorable viscosities and curing temperatures for the production of HFs-reinforced composites while without the emission of hazardous air pollutants. The composite with 15 wt% IEM modified AESO (based on the total weight of IEM-AESO blend) had comparable tensile and flexural strengths with the composite from 30 wt% styrene; while the 15 wt% TMI resulting composite obtained higher tensile strength and modulus as well as flexural strength and modulus than the composites from 15 wt% IEM or 30 wt% styrene. This indicated that TMI has a higher reinforcing efficiency on the composites than IEM. Significant improvements in storage modulus, glass transition temperature, and water resistance were obtained for the composites from IEM or TMI relative to the composite from pure AESO resin, which is attributed to the simultaneously improved crosslinking density and interfacial adhesion of the composites as confirmed by SEM analysis.

  • manufacturing of thermally remoldable blends from Epoxidized Soybean Oil and poly lactic acid via dynamic cross linking in a twin screw extruder
    Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, 2018
    Co-Authors: W. Liu, J. Qiu, M. Fei, R. Qiu, E. Sakai
    Abstract:

    Fully biobased, thermally remoldable, and highly tough blends were formulated from Epoxidized Soybean Oil (ESO) and poly(lactic acid) (PLA) in a large-scale production via twin-screw extrusion and injection molding. During the melt-compounding of PLA and ESO, self-polymerization of ESO occurred in the presence of cationic initiator to form a polymerized ESO (PESO) rubbery phase within PLA matrix. The weight ratios of ESO to PLA ranging from 1:9 to 4:6 were designed to tailor the properties of the formed PESO/PLA blends such as crystallization behavior, rheological properties, mechanical properties, thermal stabilities, and morphologies. The PESO/PLA blends exhibited significantly increased elongation at break, tensile toughness, crystallinity, and complex viscosity when compared to pure PLA due to the formation of a two-phase separated structure in the blends; however, significant decreases in tensile strength, tensile modulus, storage modulus, and glass transition temperature of the blends were observed ...

  • Lipase-catalyzed transesterification of Epoxidized Soybean Oil to prepare epoxy methyl esters
    Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 2018
    Co-Authors: W. Liu, F. Dua
    Abstract:

    Epoxidized Soybean Oil methyl esters could be efficiently prepared with the transesterification of Epoxidized Soybean Oil (ESBO) with a lower dosage of methanol using lipase Novozym 435 as catalyst. The optimum parameters were as follows: the molar ratio of 5:1 (methanol to ESBO), 5% Novozym 435 as catalyst, at 45 °C for 14 h, with a stirring speed of 600rpm, under which the Epoxidized Soybean Oil methyl esters (ESBOME) could be obtained at a 95.7% yield. During the enzymatic transesterification process, the oxirane oxygen values were kept unchangeable, which indicated that excellent functional group tolerance could be achieved under such mild reaction conditions. In addition, the recyclability of the immobilized enzyme Novozym 435 in this transesterification process was examined and the results showed that the biocatalyst could be reused ten times without losing any reaction activity or selectivity. And the final products of ESBOME were also identified by IR and NMR analysis. The kinetic data obtained followed the Ping-Pong Bi mechanism model (Vmax = 6.132 mol·L-1min-1, Km,S = 0,0001 mol·L-1, Km, A = 796.148 mol·L-1, Ki, A = 0,0004 mol·L-1) with competitive inhibition by methanol