The Experts below are selected from a list of 3102 Experts worldwide ranked by ideXlab platform
Wenhua Xiang - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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identification of Equine Influenza virus infection in asian wild horses equus przewalskii
Archives of Virology, 2014Co-Authors: Xin Yin, Wei Guo, Chao Zhu, Shihua Zhao, Jialiang Pan, Wenhua XiangAbstract:An outbreak of Equine Influenza was observed in the Asian wild horse population in Xinjiang Province, China, in 2007. Nasal swabs were collected from wild horses and inoculated into 9-10-day SPF embryonated eggs. The complete genome of the isolate was sequenced. A comparison of the amino acid sequence revealed that the isolate was an Equine Influenza virus strain, which we named A/Equine/Xinjiang/4/2007. Each gene of the virus was found to have greater than 99 % homology to Equine Influenza virus strains of the Florida-2 sublineage, which were circulating simultaneously in China, and a lesser amount of homology was found to the strain A/Equine/Qinghai/1/1994 (European lineage), which was isolated during the last outbreak in China. These observations were confirmed by phylogenetic analysis. In addition, the deduced amino acid sequence of the neuraminidase of the A/Equine/Xinjiang/4/2007 strain was identical to that of A/Equine/California/8560/2002, an American isolate, and was found to be similar to those of Florida-2 strains found in other countries by comparing them with nine other field strains that were isolated in China from 2007 to 2008. It is suggested that the neuraminidase segment of A/Equine/Xinjiang/4/2007 may have been obtained from Equine Influenza virus strains from other countries. We report for the first time an outbreak of Equine Influenza in the Asian wild horse population, and the complete genome of the virus is provided and analyzed.
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complete genomic sequences of an h3n8 Equine Influenza virus strain isolated in china
Genome Announcements, 2013Co-Authors: Chao Zhu, Wei Guo, Wenhua Xiang, Xin Yin, Duoliang RanAbstract:ABSTRACT We report the complete genomic sequence of A/Equine/Heilongjiang/1/2010, a strain of Florida sublineage clade 2 of H3N8 subtype Equine Influenza virus (EIV) isolated in northern China. This is the first announcement of a complete genomic sequence of EIV of such a clade in China.
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isolation and genetic characterization of h3n8 Equine Influenza virus from donkeys in china
Veterinary Microbiology, 2010Co-Authors: Wei Guo, Wenqiang Huang, Liping Zhao, Lingli Dai, Xinxin Zhang, Yingyuan Wang, Yan Yan, Wenhua XiangAbstract:During the 2007 outbreak of Equine Influenza (EIV) in China, an Influenza virus designated A/donkey/Xinjiang/5/2007 (donkey/Xinjiang/2007) was isolated from a symptomatic donkey in Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, China. To analyze the genetic evolution of the new isolate, the hemagglutinin (HA) gene of donkey/Xinjiang/2007 was amplified and sequenced. Sequence alignment, prediction of glycosylation sites and phylogenetic analysis of the HA1 protein of donkey/Xinjiang/2007 showed most similarity to the Florida sublineage clade 2 of the American lineage of Equine Influenza viruses. The HA1 sequence of donkey/Xinjiang/2007 had high identity with the Chinese EIV strains isolated in recent years and had low identity with A/swine/Anhui/1/2006, a horse-derived Influenza virus isolated from pigs in China. Compared with vaccine strains, the HA1 amino acid sequence of donkey/Xinjiang/2007 varied in the five putative antigenic sites to different degrees and distributed in a different branch of the HA1 phylogenetic tree. Our findings provide further evidence of an American H3N8 Equine Influenza virus in China in addition to the European H3N8 Equine Influenza virus. Accordingly, a vaccine against Equine Influenza in China should contain components of both strains of viruses to prevent widespread infection.
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genetic evolution of Equine Influenza viruses isolated in china
Archives of Virology, 2010Co-Authors: Wei Guo, Wenqiang Huang, Liping Zhao, Lingli Dai, Xiaofang Hao, Wenhua XiangAbstract:China experienced an outbreak of Equine Influenza during 2007–2008. Meanwhile, its neighbor countries, such as Mongolia, India and Japan, have also been affected by various Influenza virus strains in each country. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the newly emerging Chinese strains belong to Florida sublineage clade 2, as well as the Indian strain Jammu-Katra/6/08 and the Mongolian strain Mongolia/1/08. All of these strains were derived from European strains of this clade, such as the Newmarket/1/07 and Cheshire/1/07 strains, but these were not related to Japanese strains isolated around the same time (Florida sublineage clade 1) or to Chinese strains isolated in the 1990s (European lineage). Some unique amino acid changes were found in the antigenic sites in Asian strains of Florida sublineage clade 2. Moreover, the loss of a glycosylation site was found in the Liaoning/9/08 strain. From these studies, we have determined that Equine Influenza viruses in China have evolved with some new characteristics during recent years, and this emphasizes the importance of continued Equine Influenza virus surveillance in China.
Romain Paillot - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Evaluation of a Pseudotyped Virus Neutralisation Test for the Measurement of Equine Influenza Virus-Neutralising Antibody Responses Induced by Vaccination and Infection
Vaccines, 2020Co-Authors: Rebecca Kinsley, Romain Paillot, Janet Daly, Stéphane Pronost, Manuelle De Bock, Nigel Temperton, Simon ScottAbstract:Equine Influenza is a major respiratory disease of horses that is largely controlled by vaccination in some Equine populations. Virus-neutralising antibodies, the mainstay of the protective immune response, are problematic in assaying for Equine Influenza virus, as most strains do not replicate efficiently in cell culture. Surrogate measures of protective antibody responses include the haemagglutination inhibition (HI) test and single radial haemolysis (SRH) assay. For this study, a pseudotyped virus, bearing an envelope containing the haemagglutinin (HA) from the Florida clade 2 Equine Influenza virus strain A/Equine/Richmond/1/07 (H3N8), was generated to measure HA-specific neutralising antibodies in serum samples (n = 134) from vaccinated or experimentally-infected ponies using a pseudotyped virus neutralization test (PVNT). Overall, the results of PVNT were in good agreement with results from the SRH assay (100% sensitivity, 68.53% specificity) and HI test (99.2% sensitivity, 49.03% specificity). The PVNT was apparently more sensitive than either the SRH assay or the HI test, which could be advantageous for studying the antibody kinetics, particularly when antibody levels are low. Nevertheless, further studies are required to determine whether a protective antibody level can be defined for the SRH assay and to ascertain the inter-laboratory reproducibility. In conclusion, the PVNT efficiently measures neutralising antibodies after immunization and/or experimental infection in the natural host, and may complement existing antibody assays.
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The Immunity Gap Challenge: Protection against a Recent Florida Clade 2 Equine Influenza Strain
Vaccines, 2018Co-Authors: Romain Paillot, Fernando Montesso, Dion Garrett, Maria Lopez-alvarez, Ihlan Birand, Linda HorspoolAbstract:Vaccination is one of the most effective tools for limiting the impact of Equine Influenza (EI). The humoral immunity established following a primary vaccination course can decrease significantly between the second (V2) and third immunisations (V3), leaving some horses insufficiently protected for several weeks. This so-called "immunity gap" poses a challenge to all EI vaccines. During this period, the EI infection of vaccinated animals may be followed by marked clinical signs and virus shedding. However, several EI vaccines have been shown to stimulate Equine Influenza virus (EIV)-specific cell-mediated immunity, which is likely to play a role in protection against EIV infection and/or mitigate the clinical and virological signs of EI. Reducing the interval between V2 and V3 has been shown to be counterproductive to longer-term immunity. Further research is needed to define and address the "immunity gap" in horses. This study aimed to measure the level of protection induced by a whole inactivated, ISCOMatrix adjuvanted, EI and tetanus vaccine (Equilis Prequenza-Te) when challenged during the immunity gap (i.e., immediately before the recommended boost immunisation, more than 5 months after V2) using infection with a recent heterologous Florida Clade 2 (FC2) Equine Influenza virus (EIV) strain. This vaccine was tested in a Welsh mountain pony model. A group of seven ponies was vaccinated twice, 4 weeks apart. The protective antibody response was measured and ponies were challenged, along with 5 unvaccinated control ponies, by experimental infection with the FC2 A/eq/Northamptonshire/1/13 EIV strain, 158 days (around 5.2 months) after V2 and their clinical signs and virus shedding were monitored. EI serology was measured by single radial haemolysis (SRH) and haemagglutination inhibition (HI). Clinical signs and virus shedding (measured by qRT-PCR and hen's egg titration) were compared with controls. All vaccinates had detectable, low SRH antibody titres and most had detectable, low HI titres. Significant clinical and virological protection was observed in vaccinates (p < 0.05), supporting the good performance of this vaccine against a recent EIV strain. In this study, the impact of the immunity gap in ponies was limited after primary vaccination with this whole inactivated, ISCOMatrix adjuvanted EI and tetanus vaccine (Equilis Prequenza-Te) when infected several months after V2 with a recent FC2 strain, which is representative of EIV circulating in the EU.
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the use of a recombinant canarypox based Equine Influenza vaccine during the 2007 australian outbreak a systematic review and summary
Pathogenetics, 2016Co-Authors: Romain Paillot, C M ElhageAbstract:In 2007, Australia experienced the most extensive Equine Influenza outbreak observed in recent years. Extraordinary measures were rapidly implemented in order to control and prevent the spread of this highly contagious disease. The control strategy involved stringent movement restriction and disease surveillance, seconded by emergency post-outbreak vaccination strategies. Sixteen months after the first case and 12 months following the last reported case, Australia regained its Equine Influenza-free OIE status. This systematic review reports and summarises information relating to the implementation of emergency vaccination during the 2007 Australian Equine Influenza outbreak, including the choice of vaccine and implementation strategies.
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A Systematic Review of Recent Advances in Equine Influenza Vaccination
Vaccines, 2014Co-Authors: Romain PaillotAbstract:Equine Influenza (EI) is a major respiratory disease of horses, which is still causing substantial outbreaks worldwide despite several decades of surveillance and prevention. Alongside quarantine procedures, vaccination is widely used to prevent or limit spread of the disease. The panel of EI vaccines commercially available is probably one of the most varied, including whole inactivated virus vaccines, Immuno-Stimulating Complex adjuvanted vaccines (ISCOM and ISCOM-Matrix), a live attenuated Equine Influenza virus (EIV) vaccine and a recombinant poxvirus-vectored vaccine. Several other strategies of vaccination are also evaluated. This systematic review reports the advances of EI vaccines during the last few years as well as some of the mechanisms behind the inefficient or sub-optimal response of horses to vaccination.
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whole inactivated Equine Influenza vaccine efficacy against a representative clade 2 Equine Influenza virus ifngamma synthesis and duration of humoral immunity
Veterinary Microbiology, 2013Co-Authors: Romain Paillot, L Prowse, Fernando Montesso, C M Huang, H Barnes, J EscalaAbstract:Equine Influenza (EI) is a serious respiratory disease of horses induced by the Equine Influenza virus (EIV). Surveillance, quarantine procedures and vaccination are widely used to prevent or to contain the disease. This study aimed to further characterise the immune response induced by a non-updated inactivated EI and tetanus vaccine, including protection against a representative EIV isolate of the Florida clade 2 sublineage. Seven ponies were vaccinated twice with Duvaxyn IE-T Plus at an interval of four weeks. Five ponies remained unvaccinated. All ponies were experimentally infected with the EIV strain A/eq/Richmond/1/07 two weeks after the second vaccination. Clinical signs of disease were recorded and virus shedding was measured after experimental infection. Antibody response and EIV-specific IFNgamma synthesis, a marker of cell-mediated immunity, were measured at different time points of the study. Vaccination resulted in significant protection against clinical signs of disease induced by A/eq/Richmond/1/07 and reduced virus shedding when challenged at the peak of immunity. Antigenic drift has been shown to reduce protection against EIV infection. Inclusion of a more recent and representative EIV vaccine strain, as recommended by the OIE expert surveillance panel on Equine Influenza vaccine, may maximise field protection. In addition, significant levels of EIV-specific IFNgamma synthesis by peripheral blood lymphocytes were detected in immunised ponies, which provided a first evidence of CMI stimulation after vaccination with a whole inactivated EIV. Duration of humoral response was also retrospectively investigated in 14 horses vaccinated under field condition and following the appropriate immunisation schedule, up to 599 days after first immunisation. This study revealed that most immunised horses maintained significant levels of cross-reactive SRH antibody for a prolonged period of time, but individual monitoring may be beneficial to identify poor vaccine responders.
Janet M Daly - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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the Influenza ns1 protein what do we know in Equine Influenza virus pathogenesis
Pathogenetics, 2016Co-Authors: Marta Barba, Janet M DalyAbstract:Equine Influenza virus remains a serious health and potential economic problem throughout most parts of the world, despite intensive vaccination programs in some horse populations. The Influenza non-structural protein 1 (NS1) has multiple functions involved in the regulation of several cellular and viral processes during Influenza infection. We review the strategies that NS1 uses to facilitate virus replication and inhibit antiviral responses in the host, including sequestering of double-stranded RNA, direct modulation of protein kinase R activity and inhibition of transcription and translation of host antiviral response genes such as type I interferon. Details are provided regarding what it is known about NS1 in Equine Influenza, especially concerning C-terminal truncation. Further research is needed to determine the role of NS1 in Equine Influenza infection, which will help to understand the pathophysiology of complicated cases related to cytokine imbalance and secondary bacterial infection, and to investigate new therapeutic and vaccination strategies.
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controlling Equine Influenza traditional to next generation serological assays
Veterinary Microbiology, 2016Co-Authors: Rebecca Kinsley, Simon D Scott, Janet M DalyAbstract:Serological assays provide an indirect route for the recognition of infectious agents via the detection of antibodies against the infectious agent of interest within serum. Serological assays for Equine Influenza A virus can be applied for different purposes: diagnosing infections; subtyping isolates; surveillance of circulating strains; and to evaluate the efficacy of vaccines before they reach the market. Haemagglutination inhibition (HI) and single radial haemolysis (SRH) assays are most commonly used in the Equine field. This review outlines how both these assays together with virus neutralization (VN) and ELISA are performed, interpreted and applied for the control of Equine Influenza, giving the limitations and advantages of each. The pseudotyped virus neutralization assay (PVNA) is also discussed as a promising prospect for the future of Equine Influenza virus serology.
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what can mathematical models bring to the control of Equine Influenza
Equine Veterinary Journal, 2013Co-Authors: Janet M Daly, J R Newton, J L N Wood, Andrew W ParkAbstract:Mathematical modelling of infectious disease is increasingly regarded as an important tool in the development of disease prevention and control measures. This article brings together key findings from various modelling studies conducted over the past 10 years that are of relevance to those on the front line of the battle against Equine Influenza.
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evolution of Equine Influenza virus in vaccinated horses
Journal of Virology, 2013Co-Authors: Pablo R Murcia, Janet M Daly, Jennifer A Mumford, Debra Elton, Gregory J Baillie, Carley Jervis, Conrad J Stack, Paul Kellam, Bryan T GrenfellAbstract:Influenza A viruses are characterized by their ability to evade host immunity, even in vaccinated individuals. To determine how prior immunity shapes viral diversity in vivo, we studied the intra- and interhost evolution of Equine Influenza virus in vaccinated horses. Although the level and structure of genetic diversity were similar to those in naive horses, intrahost bottlenecks may be more stringent in vaccinated animals, and mutations shared among horses often fall close to putative antigenic sites.
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antigenic and genetic evolution of Equine Influenza a h3n8 virus from 1968 to 2007
Journal of Virology, 2011Co-Authors: Nicola S. Lewis, David F. Burke, Colin A Russell, Eugene Skepner, Janet M Daly, Daniel L Horton, Neil Bryant, Adam RashAbstract:Equine Influenza virus is a major respiratory pathogen in horses, and outbreaks of disease often lead to substantial disruption to and economic losses for equestrian industries. The hemagglutinin (HA) protein is of key importance in the control of Equine Influenza because HA is the primary target of the protective immune response and the main component of currently licensed Influenza vaccines. However, the Influenza virus HA protein changes over time, a process called antigenic drift, and vaccine strains must be updated to remain effective. Antigenic drift is assessed primarily by the hemagglutination inhibition (HI) assay. We have generated HI assay data for Equine Influenza A (H3N8) viruses isolated between 1968 and 2007 and have used antigenic cartography to quantify antigenic differences among the isolates. The antigenic evolution of Equine Influenza viruses during this period was clustered: from 1968 to 1988, all isolates formed a single antigenic cluster, which then split into two cocirculating clusters in 1989, and then a third cocirculating cluster appeared in 2003. Viruses from all three clusters were isolated in 2007. In one of the three clusters, we show evidence of antigenic drift away from the vaccine strain over time. We determined that a single amino acid substitution was likely responsible for the antigenic differences among clusters.
Wei Guo - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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identification of Equine Influenza virus infection in asian wild horses equus przewalskii
Archives of Virology, 2014Co-Authors: Xin Yin, Wei Guo, Chao Zhu, Shihua Zhao, Jialiang Pan, Wenhua XiangAbstract:An outbreak of Equine Influenza was observed in the Asian wild horse population in Xinjiang Province, China, in 2007. Nasal swabs were collected from wild horses and inoculated into 9-10-day SPF embryonated eggs. The complete genome of the isolate was sequenced. A comparison of the amino acid sequence revealed that the isolate was an Equine Influenza virus strain, which we named A/Equine/Xinjiang/4/2007. Each gene of the virus was found to have greater than 99 % homology to Equine Influenza virus strains of the Florida-2 sublineage, which were circulating simultaneously in China, and a lesser amount of homology was found to the strain A/Equine/Qinghai/1/1994 (European lineage), which was isolated during the last outbreak in China. These observations were confirmed by phylogenetic analysis. In addition, the deduced amino acid sequence of the neuraminidase of the A/Equine/Xinjiang/4/2007 strain was identical to that of A/Equine/California/8560/2002, an American isolate, and was found to be similar to those of Florida-2 strains found in other countries by comparing them with nine other field strains that were isolated in China from 2007 to 2008. It is suggested that the neuraminidase segment of A/Equine/Xinjiang/4/2007 may have been obtained from Equine Influenza virus strains from other countries. We report for the first time an outbreak of Equine Influenza in the Asian wild horse population, and the complete genome of the virus is provided and analyzed.
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complete genomic sequences of an h3n8 Equine Influenza virus strain isolated in china
Genome Announcements, 2013Co-Authors: Chao Zhu, Wei Guo, Wenhua Xiang, Xin Yin, Duoliang RanAbstract:ABSTRACT We report the complete genomic sequence of A/Equine/Heilongjiang/1/2010, a strain of Florida sublineage clade 2 of H3N8 subtype Equine Influenza virus (EIV) isolated in northern China. This is the first announcement of a complete genomic sequence of EIV of such a clade in China.
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isolation and genetic characterization of h3n8 Equine Influenza virus from donkeys in china
Veterinary Microbiology, 2010Co-Authors: Wei Guo, Wenqiang Huang, Liping Zhao, Lingli Dai, Xinxin Zhang, Yingyuan Wang, Yan Yan, Wenhua XiangAbstract:During the 2007 outbreak of Equine Influenza (EIV) in China, an Influenza virus designated A/donkey/Xinjiang/5/2007 (donkey/Xinjiang/2007) was isolated from a symptomatic donkey in Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, China. To analyze the genetic evolution of the new isolate, the hemagglutinin (HA) gene of donkey/Xinjiang/2007 was amplified and sequenced. Sequence alignment, prediction of glycosylation sites and phylogenetic analysis of the HA1 protein of donkey/Xinjiang/2007 showed most similarity to the Florida sublineage clade 2 of the American lineage of Equine Influenza viruses. The HA1 sequence of donkey/Xinjiang/2007 had high identity with the Chinese EIV strains isolated in recent years and had low identity with A/swine/Anhui/1/2006, a horse-derived Influenza virus isolated from pigs in China. Compared with vaccine strains, the HA1 amino acid sequence of donkey/Xinjiang/2007 varied in the five putative antigenic sites to different degrees and distributed in a different branch of the HA1 phylogenetic tree. Our findings provide further evidence of an American H3N8 Equine Influenza virus in China in addition to the European H3N8 Equine Influenza virus. Accordingly, a vaccine against Equine Influenza in China should contain components of both strains of viruses to prevent widespread infection.
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genetic evolution of Equine Influenza viruses isolated in china
Archives of Virology, 2010Co-Authors: Wei Guo, Wenqiang Huang, Liping Zhao, Lingli Dai, Xiaofang Hao, Wenhua XiangAbstract:China experienced an outbreak of Equine Influenza during 2007–2008. Meanwhile, its neighbor countries, such as Mongolia, India and Japan, have also been affected by various Influenza virus strains in each country. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the newly emerging Chinese strains belong to Florida sublineage clade 2, as well as the Indian strain Jammu-Katra/6/08 and the Mongolian strain Mongolia/1/08. All of these strains were derived from European strains of this clade, such as the Newmarket/1/07 and Cheshire/1/07 strains, but these were not related to Japanese strains isolated around the same time (Florida sublineage clade 1) or to Chinese strains isolated in the 1990s (European lineage). Some unique amino acid changes were found in the antigenic sites in Asian strains of Florida sublineage clade 2. Moreover, the loss of a glycosylation site was found in the Liaoning/9/08 strain. From these studies, we have determined that Equine Influenza viruses in China have evolved with some new characteristics during recent years, and this emphasizes the importance of continued Equine Influenza virus surveillance in China.
Leif Oxburgh - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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cocirculation of two distinct lineages of Equine Influenza virus subtype h3n8
Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 1999Co-Authors: Leif Oxburgh, B KlingebornAbstract:Direct amplification and sequencing of the hemagglutinin (HA) genes of Equine Influenza virus subtype H3N8 was undertaken in order to characterize strains of this virus circulating in Sweden. The majority of viruses from outbreaks during 1997 analyzed belonged to the American lineage of H3 Equine Influenza, and one strain was shown to belong to the European lineage. Furthermore, it was shown that recent American-lineage strains are mutated at amino acid position 190 of the HA during serial passage in embryonated hens’ eggs. Host cell adaptation of these viruses thus takes place at antigenic region B of the HA.
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identification of two antigenically and genetically distinct lineages of h3n8 Equine Influenza virus in sweden
Epidemiology and Infection, 1998Co-Authors: Leif Oxburgh, B Klingeborn, L Akerblom, T Fridberger, Tommy LinneAbstract:Four Swedish strains of Equine H3N8 Influenza virus isolated from outbreaks during the last 4 years were characterized. Antigenic typing using monoclonal antibodies raised against a variety of H3N8 strains showed that the viruses are heterogeneous, the 1993 isolate being closely related to the 1991 Swedish isolate TAB/91 and the other three isolates from 1994 and 1996 being more closely related to each other. This pattern is reflected in the phylogenetic data calculated from nucleotide sequencing of the haemagglutinin genes. H3N8 Equine Influenza can be seen to be evolving in two distinct lineages, one European and one American. The 1993 isolate is closely related to the European lineage and is the most recent Swedish strain of this lineage to be isolated. The 1994 and 1996 isolates fit into the American lineage, which contains recent isolates from the United States and also Britain. These results indicate that American-type H3N8 viruses have become endemic in Sweden and, in light of the antigenic differences which can be observed between viruses belonging to the two lineages, we believe that Equine Influenza virus vaccines should be updated with an American-type virus strain.
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evolution of h3n8 Equine Influenza virus from 1963 to 1991
Virus Research, 1994Co-Authors: Leif Oxburgh, Mikael Berg, B Klingeborn, Eva Emmoth, Tommy LinneAbstract:Abstract The antigenic properties of H3N8 Influenza viruses isolated from outbreaks of Equine Influenza in Sweden between 1979 and 1991 have been studied in hemagglutination inhibition tests with polyclonal and monoclonal antisera, and antigenic drift of the virus has been demonstrated. To clarify the basis of the antigenic drift, amino acid sequences of the globular head regions (HA1 of the hemagglutinin membrane glycoproteins of virus strains from 1979, 1984, 1988 and 1990 have been deduced from the nucleotide sequences of the hemagglutinin genes, and the sequence information has been used to construct a phylogenetic tree of H3N8 Equine Influenza strains. Several strains from previous studies have been included to give a clearer picture of viral evolution in an international context.