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J Lydon - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • 1 hydroxytropacocaine an abundant alkaloid of Erythroxylum novogranatense var novogranatense and var truxillense
    Phytochemistry, 1994
    Co-Authors: James M Moore, John F. Casale, Patrick A Hays, Donald A Cooper, J Lydon
    Abstract:

    A new alkaloid, 1-hydroxytropacocaine, was isolated from leaves of greenhouse-cultivated Erythroxylum novogranatense var. novogranatense and identified. Quantitative levels of this alkaloid in dry leaf were similar to those for cocaine, i.e. 0.3–0.5% w/w. 1-Hydroxytropacocaine was also detected at 0.04–0.07% w/w (relative to dry coca leaf) in greenhouse-cultivated Erythroxylum novogranatense var. truxillense and at similar levels in Erythroxylum novogranatense var. novogranatense, grown at a tropical site other than in South America. The presence of 1-hydroxytropacocaine was <0.01% w/w (relative to dry coca leaf) in suspected Erythroxylum novogranatense var. novogranatense and Erythroxylum coca var. coca, field-cultivated in Colombia and Bolivia, respectively.

  • 1-Hydroxytropacocaine: An abundant alkaloid of Erythroxylum novogranatense var. Novogranatense and var. Truxillense
    Phytochemistry, 1994
    Co-Authors: James M Moore, John F. Casale, Patrick A Hays, Donald A Cooper, J Lydon
    Abstract:

    A new alkaloid, 1-hydroxytropacocaine, was isolated from leaves of greenhouse-cultivated Erythroxylum novogranatense var. novogranatense and identified. Quantitative levels of this alkaloid in dry leaf were similar to those for cocaine, i.e. 0.3–0.5% w/w. 1-Hydroxytropacocaine was also detected at 0.04–0.07% w/w (relative to dry coca leaf) in greenhouse-cultivated Erythroxylum novogranatense var. truxillense and at similar levels in Erythroxylum novogranatense var. novogranatense, grown at a tropical site other than in South America. The presence of 1-hydroxytropacocaine was

John F. Casale - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Chemosystematic identification of fifteen new cocaine-bearing Erythroxylum cultigens grown in Colombia for illicit cocaine production.
    Forensic science international, 2014
    Co-Authors: John F. Casale, Jennifer R. Mallette, Laura M. Jones
    Abstract:

    Colombian coca farmers have historically cultivated three varieties of coca for cocaine production (Erythroxylum novogranatense var. novogranatense, Erythroxylum novogranatense var. truxillense, and Erythroxylum coca var. ipadu). Within the past 13 years, 15 new cultigens of cocaine-bearing Erythroxylum have been propagated by Colombian coca farmers; each with differing physical characteristics, yet producing cocaine alkaloids at similar levels found in the historical and native varieties. Fifteen new cultigens were collected from throughout Colombia and propagated along with the three historical varieties within an experimental field in Colombia. Five plants/cultigen were randomly selected and examined for alkaloid content to determine their varietal characteristics when compared to the three known varieties. Ten cultigens gave classic Erythroxylum coca var. ipadu alkaloid profiles, four cultigens produced alkaloid profiles consistent with a hybridization of Erythroxylum novogranatense and Erythroxylum coca var. ipadu, while one cultigen gave heterogeneous alkaloid profiles that could not be characterized.

  • 1 hydroxytropacocaine an abundant alkaloid of Erythroxylum novogranatense var novogranatense and var truxillense
    Phytochemistry, 1994
    Co-Authors: James M Moore, John F. Casale, Patrick A Hays, Donald A Cooper, J Lydon
    Abstract:

    A new alkaloid, 1-hydroxytropacocaine, was isolated from leaves of greenhouse-cultivated Erythroxylum novogranatense var. novogranatense and identified. Quantitative levels of this alkaloid in dry leaf were similar to those for cocaine, i.e. 0.3–0.5% w/w. 1-Hydroxytropacocaine was also detected at 0.04–0.07% w/w (relative to dry coca leaf) in greenhouse-cultivated Erythroxylum novogranatense var. truxillense and at similar levels in Erythroxylum novogranatense var. novogranatense, grown at a tropical site other than in South America. The presence of 1-hydroxytropacocaine was <0.01% w/w (relative to dry coca leaf) in suspected Erythroxylum novogranatense var. novogranatense and Erythroxylum coca var. coca, field-cultivated in Colombia and Bolivia, respectively.

  • 1-Hydroxytropacocaine: An abundant alkaloid of Erythroxylum novogranatense var. Novogranatense and var. Truxillense
    Phytochemistry, 1994
    Co-Authors: James M Moore, John F. Casale, Patrick A Hays, Donald A Cooper, J Lydon
    Abstract:

    A new alkaloid, 1-hydroxytropacocaine, was isolated from leaves of greenhouse-cultivated Erythroxylum novogranatense var. novogranatense and identified. Quantitative levels of this alkaloid in dry leaf were similar to those for cocaine, i.e. 0.3–0.5% w/w. 1-Hydroxytropacocaine was also detected at 0.04–0.07% w/w (relative to dry coca leaf) in greenhouse-cultivated Erythroxylum novogranatense var. truxillense and at similar levels in Erythroxylum novogranatense var. novogranatense, grown at a tropical site other than in South America. The presence of 1-hydroxytropacocaine was

Emanuel L. Johnson - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Inter- and Intra-specific Variation among Five Erythroxylum Taxa Assessed by AFLP
    Annals of botany, 2005
    Co-Authors: Emanuel L. Johnson, Dapeng Zhang, Stephen D. Emche
    Abstract:

    • Background and Aims The four cultivated Erythroxylum taxa (E. coca var. coca, E. novogranatense var. novogranatense, E. coca var. ipadu and E. novogranatense var. truxillense) are indigenous to the Andean region of South America and have been cultivated for folk-medicine and, within the last century, for illicit cocaine production. The objective of this research was to assess the structure of genetic diversity within and among the four cultivated alkaloid-bearing taxa of Erythroxylum in the living collection at Beltsville Agricultural Research Center. • Methods Amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) fingerprinting was performed in 86 Erythroxylum accessions using a capillary genotyping system. Cluster analysis, multidimensional scaling (MDS) and analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) were used to assess the pattern and level of genetic variation among and within the taxa. • Key Results A clear distinction was revealed between E. coca and E. novogranatense. At the intra-specific level, significant differentiation was observed between E. c. var. coca and E. c. var. ipadu, but the differentiation between E. n. var. novogranatense and E. n. var. truxillense was negligible. Erythroxylum c. var. ipadu had a significantly lower amount of diversity than the E. c. var. coca and is genetically different from the E. c. var. ipadu currently under cultivation in Colombia, South America. • Conclusions There is a heterogeneous genetic structure among the cultivated Erythroxylum taxa where E. coca and E. novogranatense are two independent species. Erythroxylum coca var. coca is most likely the ancestral taxon of E. c. var. ipadu and a founder effect may have occurred as E. c. var. ipadu moved from the eastern Andes in Peru and Bolivia into the lowland Amazonian basin. There is an indication of artificial hybridization in coca grown in Colombia.

  • Flavonoids as chemotaxonomic markers for Erythroxylum australe.
    Zeitschrift fur Naturforschung. C Journal of biosciences, 2004
    Co-Authors: Emanuel L. Johnson, Walter F. Schmidt
    Abstract:

    Methanolic leaf extracts of Erythroxylum australe F. Muell. produced eight O-conjugated flavonoids. Six of the flavonoid aglycones were dihydroisoflavones (all dihydro-orobol derivatives), one a flavanone, eriodictyol, and one a flavonol, quercetin. The major glycosides of the flavonoids included mono-glucosyl-rhamnosyls and dirhamnosyl-glucosides with either 3, 5, 7 or 3', 4' linkage or a combination thereof The array of flavonoids present in E. australe suggests kinship to E. ulei and linkage to the four cultivated alkaloid-bearing Erythroxylum, especially the ancestral E. coca var. coca. Because of the uniqueness of the flavonoids present in leaf tissue of E. australe they are unambiguously useful as chemotaxonomic markers for the taxon.

  • Alkaloid content in two Erythroxylum taxa during juvenile growth and development
    Journal of Herbs Spices & Medicinal Plants, 2003
    Co-Authors: Emanuel L. Johnson
    Abstract:

    ABSTRACT Erythroxylum coca var. coca Lam. And Erythroxylum novogranatense var. novogranatense (Morris) Hieron (E.n. var. novogranatense) were grown in a controlled environment for 52 weeks to monitor the content of hygrine, tropinone, tropacocaine, methyl ecgonine, cocaine and cis- and trans-cinnamoylcocaine in seeds, plant parts, and organs during juvenile growth. Embryos and endosperms of var. coca contained cocaine while only embryos of var. novogranatense contained cocaine. Tropacocaine was present in hypocotyls, stems and roots of var. novogranatense, but not in var. coca. Trans-cinnamoylcocaine was the most abundant alkaloid in cotyledons (12 weeks after seeding) and leaves (24 weeks after seeding) in both var. coca and var. novogranatense. After 52 weeks of seeding growth, cocaine was the preeminent alkaloid in leaves of both taxons with a cocaine content of 0.66 percent in var. coca and 1.04 percent in var. novogranatense.

  • Flavonoids as markers for Erythroxylum Taxa: E. coca var. ipadu and E. novogranatense var. truxillense
    Biochemical Systematics and Ecology, 1998
    Co-Authors: Emanuel L. Johnson, Walter F. Schmidt, Helen A. Norman
    Abstract:

    Abstract Leaf extracts of Erythroxylum coca var. ipadu Plowman (E. c. var. ipadu) produced five O-conjugates of taxifolin and one O-conjugate of quercetin flavonoids, while the equivalent extract from Erythroxylum novogranatense var. truxillense (Rusby) Plowman (E. n. var. truxillense) afforded four flavonoids: (a) the first, an O-conjugate of quercetin; (b) the second, an O-conjugate of fisetin; and (c) the third and fourth O-conjugates of kaempferol. The flavonols of E. n. var. truxillense contained 4′-OEt whereas in E. c. var. ipadu none was found. E. n. var. truxillense contained the flavonol fisetin which was not found in E. c. var. ipadu and has not been previously reported for the taxa. The major sugars in leaf extracts were acylated rhamnosides with either 7, 3 or 4′ linkage or combinations thereof. Flavonoids of the four cultivated Erythroxylum taxa, all of which contain the cocaine alkaloid, differ, and may be used as chemotaxonomic markers for the taxa.

  • Leaf Flavonoids as Chemotaxonomic Markers for Two Erythroxylum Taxa
    Zeitschrift für Naturforschung C, 1997
    Co-Authors: Emanuel L. Johnson, Walter F. Schmidt, Helen A. Norman
    Abstract:

    Leaf extracts of Erythroxylum coca var. coca Lam. (E. c. var. coca) yielded six O-eonjugates of Eriodictyol flavonoids, while the equivalent extracts from Erythroxylum novogranatense var. novogranatense (Morris) Hieron (E. n. var. novogranatense) contained five flavonoids, two of which were O-conjugates of Luteolin and three were O-conjugates of Kaempferol. All six of E. c. var. coca methanolic extracted peaks (resolved by HPLC) were found to have a 2, 3 single bond, which in E. n. var. novogranatense is replaced by a 2- hydroxy allene. The other primary difference in the predominant flavonoids between these taxa is the chemical composition of the sugar and/or acyl O-conjugation and site(s) at which this conjugation occurred. The results suggest that the most abundant O-conjugated flavonoids of E. c. var. coca and E. n. var. novogranatense may be used as chemotaxonomic markers for the two taxa. Therefore, the O-conjugated peaks of Eriodictyol , are distinct chemotaxonomic markers for E. c. var. coca and the O-conjugated peaks Luteolin and Kaempferol for E. n. var. novogranatense. These taxa are two of the four cultivated Erythroxylum taxa that contain commercial quantities of the cocaine alkaloid in their leaves, this entity also sets apart the taxa from other members of Erythroxylum. We suggest that the biochemistry of flavonoids of other Erythroxylum taxa may also be species selective

David A.h. Taylor - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

James M Moore - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • 1 hydroxytropacocaine an abundant alkaloid of Erythroxylum novogranatense var novogranatense and var truxillense
    Phytochemistry, 1994
    Co-Authors: James M Moore, John F. Casale, Patrick A Hays, Donald A Cooper, J Lydon
    Abstract:

    A new alkaloid, 1-hydroxytropacocaine, was isolated from leaves of greenhouse-cultivated Erythroxylum novogranatense var. novogranatense and identified. Quantitative levels of this alkaloid in dry leaf were similar to those for cocaine, i.e. 0.3–0.5% w/w. 1-Hydroxytropacocaine was also detected at 0.04–0.07% w/w (relative to dry coca leaf) in greenhouse-cultivated Erythroxylum novogranatense var. truxillense and at similar levels in Erythroxylum novogranatense var. novogranatense, grown at a tropical site other than in South America. The presence of 1-hydroxytropacocaine was <0.01% w/w (relative to dry coca leaf) in suspected Erythroxylum novogranatense var. novogranatense and Erythroxylum coca var. coca, field-cultivated in Colombia and Bolivia, respectively.

  • 1-Hydroxytropacocaine: An abundant alkaloid of Erythroxylum novogranatense var. Novogranatense and var. Truxillense
    Phytochemistry, 1994
    Co-Authors: James M Moore, John F. Casale, Patrick A Hays, Donald A Cooper, J Lydon
    Abstract:

    A new alkaloid, 1-hydroxytropacocaine, was isolated from leaves of greenhouse-cultivated Erythroxylum novogranatense var. novogranatense and identified. Quantitative levels of this alkaloid in dry leaf were similar to those for cocaine, i.e. 0.3–0.5% w/w. 1-Hydroxytropacocaine was also detected at 0.04–0.07% w/w (relative to dry coca leaf) in greenhouse-cultivated Erythroxylum novogranatense var. truxillense and at similar levels in Erythroxylum novogranatense var. novogranatense, grown at a tropical site other than in South America. The presence of 1-hydroxytropacocaine was