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Paul W Gallagher - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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2008 Energy Balance for the Corn-Ethanol Industry
2010Co-Authors: Hosein Shapouri, Paul W Gallagher, Ward Nefstead, Rosalie Schwartz, Stacey Noe, Roger K. ConwayAbstract:The Agricultural Resource Management Survey of corn growers for the year 2005 and the 2008 survey of dry mill Ethanol plants are used to estimate the net energy balance of corn Ethanol. This report measures all conventional fossil fuel energy used in the production of 1 gallon of corn Ethanol. The ratio is about 2.3 BTU of Ethanol for 1 BTU of energy inputs, when a portion of total energy input is allocated to byproduct and fossil fuel is used for processing energy. The ratio is somewhat higher for some firms that are partially substituting biomass energy in processing energy.
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improving sustainability of the corn Ethanol Industry
Staff General Research Papers Archive, 2009Co-Authors: Paul W Gallagher, Hosein ShapouriAbstract:Two criteria based on characteristics of plant growth establish when bio-fuels can provide sustainable energy for society. The first criteria: enough solar energy stored during plant growth becomes available for man's use. Pimentel's early evaluation of the US Ethanol Industry calculated the ratio of BTUs in Ethanol: BTUs from fossil energy of com and Ethanol production at less than one. He concluded that Ethanol is not sustainable energy, and questioned the Industry's existence. Recent energy balance ratios that include adjustments for co-product feed and higher energy efficiency in corn/Ethanol production suggest a moderate contribution from captured solar energy. The ratio is around I .3 (Shapouri et al., 2002). Dale questions the relevance of the net energy criteria, noting that economic value creation is consistent with energy ratios less than or near one. Dale (2007) proposes a second criteria for a sustainable fuel: enough C02 in the atmosphere is converted to carbon in the plant and 02 in the atmosphere through photosynthesis and plant growth to improve global-warming. Comparing greenhouse gas emissions from a refinery and an Ethanol plant, some have calculated that emissions could be about 20 % lower with today's com-Ethanol instead of the corresponding output of petroleum-based gasoline (Wang et al., 1999). Thus, recent calculations of energy ratios and C02 emission comparisons both suggest that the com-Ethanol Industry is sustainable. Further, public policies to ensure the com-Ethanol Industry 's exislence find moderale justification from both suslainability measures.
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Roles for Evolving Markets, Policies, and Technology Improvements in U.S. Corn Ethanol Industry Development
2009Co-Authors: Paul W GallagherAbstract:This article reviews changes in markets, technologies, and policies that affect corn Ethanol profit-ability and Industry expansion. Historically, the corn Ethanol Industry was stimulated by high petro-fuel prices, successful corn and processing technology improvements, and government incentives, such as a blenders' tax credit and mandated markets defined by the leaded fuel ban and reformulated fuel. Presently, the corn Ethanol Industry has expanded slightly beyond the point of a normal capital return, which is defined by limits on corn resource availability and Ethanol marketing infrastructure. A renewable fuel standard, included in a recent energy law, may eventually define minimum consumption levels for Ethanol and, implicitly, production levels for corn Ethanol. Potentially impending marketing changes, such as voluntary E20 (20 percent Ethanol) sales or expanded sales of E85-equipped automobiles, may expand Ethanol markets. Potential technology advances include growth of corn yields, corn-processing improvements for lower costs or higher revenue, and development of a corn-stoves (leaves and stalks)-based biomass Industry. Government policies to induce biomass-fuel capacity investment are economically justified and probably necessary if biofuel Industry development remains a public priority. Still, more efficient policy approaches could be developed.
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the international competitiveness of the u s corn Ethanol Industry a comparison with sugar Ethanol processing in brazil
Agribusiness, 2006Co-Authors: Paul W Gallagher, Hosein Shapouri, Guenter Schamel, Heather BrubakerAbstract:An indicator of competitive position, the cost difference between Ethanol import from Brazil with sugar processing and domestic production with corn in the United States under ideal conditions without tariffs in the Ethanol market, is developed conceptually+An ex ante version of the indicator that is based on historical prices and today’s technology is calculated for the last 30 years and subjected to time series analysis+ Results suggest that there are no trends, but there are cyclical periods of advantage for both industries+ Further, long-term averages suggest that profits would be similar in both countries under ideal trade conditions+ However, the corn wet-milling Industry may have slightly higher profits than other processes and locations+ Finally, the U+S+ dry-milling Industry could improve its competitive position using modified corn varieties with high starch content, and using corn residues for biomass generation of electrical and heat energy+ @EconLit Classifications: F140, L650, Q420#+ © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc+ The strategic management school defines competitiveness as the ability to profitably create value through cost leadership or product differentiation ~Kennedy,Harrrison,Kalaitzandonakes, Peterson, & Rindfuss, 1997!+ In public evaluations of the U+S+ Ethanol Industry, both the quality and the cost dimension are important+ Regarding quality, Ethanol has survived scrutiny in an additives market where several petroleum-based additives ~tetraethyl lead,benzene,and methyl tertiary-butyl ether @MTBE#!have been banned or restricted amid environmental and health concerns+ Further, Ethanol’s fuel performance and air quality attributes create value in the marketplace with existing environmental and performance standards+ Ethanol is a distinct additive product, not commodity gasoline+ Hence, Ethanol prices in the United States should exceed gasoline prices in a well-functioning
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The International Competitiveness of the U.S. Corn-Ethanol Industry
2006Co-Authors: Paul W Gallagher, Hosein Shapouri, Guenter Schamel, Heather BrubakerAbstract:An indicator of competitive position, the cost difference between Ethanol import from Brazil with sugar processing and domestic production with corn in the United States under ideal conditions without tariffs in the Ethanol market, is developed conceptually. An ex ante version of the indicator that is based on historical prices and today's technology is calculated for the last 30 years and subjected to time series analysis. Results suggest that there are no trends, but there are cyclical periods of advantage for both industries. Further, long-term averages suggest that profits would be similar in both countries under ideal trade conditions. However, the corn wet-milling Industry may have slightly higher profits than other processes and locations. Finally, the U.S. dry-milling Industry could improve its competitive position using modified corn varieties with high starch content, and using corn residues for biomass generation of electrical and heat energy.
Hosein Shapouri - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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2008 Energy Balance for the Corn-Ethanol Industry
2010Co-Authors: Hosein Shapouri, Paul W Gallagher, Ward Nefstead, Rosalie Schwartz, Stacey Noe, Roger K. ConwayAbstract:The Agricultural Resource Management Survey of corn growers for the year 2005 and the 2008 survey of dry mill Ethanol plants are used to estimate the net energy balance of corn Ethanol. This report measures all conventional fossil fuel energy used in the production of 1 gallon of corn Ethanol. The ratio is about 2.3 BTU of Ethanol for 1 BTU of energy inputs, when a portion of total energy input is allocated to byproduct and fossil fuel is used for processing energy. The ratio is somewhat higher for some firms that are partially substituting biomass energy in processing energy.
-
improving sustainability of the corn Ethanol Industry
Staff General Research Papers Archive, 2009Co-Authors: Paul W Gallagher, Hosein ShapouriAbstract:Two criteria based on characteristics of plant growth establish when bio-fuels can provide sustainable energy for society. The first criteria: enough solar energy stored during plant growth becomes available for man's use. Pimentel's early evaluation of the US Ethanol Industry calculated the ratio of BTUs in Ethanol: BTUs from fossil energy of com and Ethanol production at less than one. He concluded that Ethanol is not sustainable energy, and questioned the Industry's existence. Recent energy balance ratios that include adjustments for co-product feed and higher energy efficiency in corn/Ethanol production suggest a moderate contribution from captured solar energy. The ratio is around I .3 (Shapouri et al., 2002). Dale questions the relevance of the net energy criteria, noting that economic value creation is consistent with energy ratios less than or near one. Dale (2007) proposes a second criteria for a sustainable fuel: enough C02 in the atmosphere is converted to carbon in the plant and 02 in the atmosphere through photosynthesis and plant growth to improve global-warming. Comparing greenhouse gas emissions from a refinery and an Ethanol plant, some have calculated that emissions could be about 20 % lower with today's com-Ethanol instead of the corresponding output of petroleum-based gasoline (Wang et al., 1999). Thus, recent calculations of energy ratios and C02 emission comparisons both suggest that the com-Ethanol Industry is sustainable. Further, public policies to ensure the com-Ethanol Industry 's exislence find moderale justification from both suslainability measures.
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the international competitiveness of the u s corn Ethanol Industry a comparison with sugar Ethanol processing in brazil
Agribusiness, 2006Co-Authors: Paul W Gallagher, Hosein Shapouri, Guenter Schamel, Heather BrubakerAbstract:An indicator of competitive position, the cost difference between Ethanol import from Brazil with sugar processing and domestic production with corn in the United States under ideal conditions without tariffs in the Ethanol market, is developed conceptually+An ex ante version of the indicator that is based on historical prices and today’s technology is calculated for the last 30 years and subjected to time series analysis+ Results suggest that there are no trends, but there are cyclical periods of advantage for both industries+ Further, long-term averages suggest that profits would be similar in both countries under ideal trade conditions+ However, the corn wet-milling Industry may have slightly higher profits than other processes and locations+ Finally, the U+S+ dry-milling Industry could improve its competitive position using modified corn varieties with high starch content, and using corn residues for biomass generation of electrical and heat energy+ @EconLit Classifications: F140, L650, Q420#+ © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc+ The strategic management school defines competitiveness as the ability to profitably create value through cost leadership or product differentiation ~Kennedy,Harrrison,Kalaitzandonakes, Peterson, & Rindfuss, 1997!+ In public evaluations of the U+S+ Ethanol Industry, both the quality and the cost dimension are important+ Regarding quality, Ethanol has survived scrutiny in an additives market where several petroleum-based additives ~tetraethyl lead,benzene,and methyl tertiary-butyl ether @MTBE#!have been banned or restricted amid environmental and health concerns+ Further, Ethanol’s fuel performance and air quality attributes create value in the marketplace with existing environmental and performance standards+ Ethanol is a distinct additive product, not commodity gasoline+ Hence, Ethanol prices in the United States should exceed gasoline prices in a well-functioning
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The International Competitiveness of the U.S. Corn-Ethanol Industry
2006Co-Authors: Paul W Gallagher, Hosein Shapouri, Guenter Schamel, Heather BrubakerAbstract:An indicator of competitive position, the cost difference between Ethanol import from Brazil with sugar processing and domestic production with corn in the United States under ideal conditions without tariffs in the Ethanol market, is developed conceptually. An ex ante version of the indicator that is based on historical prices and today's technology is calculated for the last 30 years and subjected to time series analysis. Results suggest that there are no trends, but there are cyclical periods of advantage for both industries. Further, long-term averages suggest that profits would be similar in both countries under ideal trade conditions. However, the corn wet-milling Industry may have slightly higher profits than other processes and locations. Finally, the U.S. dry-milling Industry could improve its competitive position using modified corn varieties with high starch content, and using corn residues for biomass generation of electrical and heat energy.
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Plant size: Capital cost relationships in the dry mill Ethanol Industry
Biomass & Bioenergy, 2005Co-Authors: Paul W Gallagher, Heather Brubaker, Hosein ShapouriAbstract:Estimates suggest that capital costs typically increase less than proportionately with plant capacity in the dry mill Ethanol Industry because the estimated power factor is 0.836. However, capital costs increase more rapidly for Ethanol than for a typical processing enterprise, judging by the average 0.6 factor rule. Some estimates also suggest a phase of decreasing unit costs followed by a phase of increasing costs. Nonetheless dry mills could be somewhat larger than the current Industry standard, unless other scarce factors limit capacity expansion. Despite the statistical significance of an average cost-size relationship, average capital cost for plant of a given size at a particular location is still highly variable due to costs associated with unique circumstances, possibly water availability, utility access and environmental compliance.
Marcia Azanha Ferraz Dias De Moraes - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Sugarcane Ethanol Industry effects on the GDP per capita in the Center-South region of Brazil
Revista de Economia e Agronegócio, 2017Co-Authors: Carlos Eduardo Caldarelli, Marcia Azanha Ferraz Dias De Moraes, Pietro André Telatin PaschoalinoAbstract:The demand growth for biofuels worldwide led to a significant increase in the Brazilian sugarcane Ethanol Industry from the 2000’s. This scenario affected specially the Center-South region of Brazil, which comprises the states of Sao Paulo, Parana, Minas Gerais, Mato Grosso do Sul, Mato Grosso, and Goias, as well as the Federal District of Brasilia, because it surpasses all other regions of the country in terms of the production and production facilities. Therefore, the aim of this study is to quantify the sugarcane Ethanol Industry effects on the per capita municipal gross domestic product (GDP) in the Center-South region of Brazil, for the 2000-2012 period. To that end, we estimated two econometric models, using panel data models and quantile regression. The results show that sugar Ethanol Industry has an important effect on GDP per capita for the Center-South region municipalities, furthermore the effects are more intensive on the lowest municipalities levels of the per capita GDP, thus being able to provide support for making public policy.
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Interested Parties Come to the Defense of the Sugarcane Ethanol Industry
Production of Ethanol from Sugarcane in Brazil, 2014Co-Authors: Marcia Azanha Ferraz Dias De Moraes, David ZilbermanAbstract:In 1998, the crisis of Ethanol overproduction remained entrenched leading to an overall drop in income within the sugarcane Ethanol Industry. Consequently, in 1999, there was intense movement by the parties involved on the Industry side (sugarcane suppliers, mayors of sugarcane-producing municipalities, trade associations, and workers in the Industry). The aim was to raise awareness at the highest levels of government, as well as in Brazilian society at large, about the problems and benefits arising from the production of sugarcane, sugar, and Ethanol. Among the actions taken were public protests, which occurred in several sugarcane-producing municipalities, and the signing of the “Pact for Full Employment in the Sugarcane Ethanol Industry”, as previously mentioned (end of Chap. 3).
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The Process of Deregulating the Sugarcane–Ethanol Industry
Production of Ethanol from Sugarcane in Brazil, 2014Co-Authors: Marcia Azanha Ferraz Dias De Moraes, David ZilbermanAbstract:To analyze the process of deregulation of the sugarcane–Ethanol Industry in Brazil, which spanned the years 1997–1999, a total of 28 interviews were conducted between January and August 1999. The interviewees were agribusiness leaders in the Industry, managers of production facilities, heads of Industry associations, representatives of the sugarcane suppliers, Industry consultants, legislators, and members of the public bureaucracy. Within the institutional framework existing at that time, the interviewees were influential for analysing the needs for government policy, the private strategies and the new role of the State in a free market environment.
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Deregulation of the Sugarcane Ethanol Industry in the Late 1990s: The New Role of the Government and More Efficient Ways of Marketing
Production of Ethanol from Sugarcane in Brazil, 2014Co-Authors: Marcia Azanha Ferraz Dias De Moraes, David ZilbermanAbstract:Through the interviews conducted, we gathered a considerable amount of information regarding the deregulation of the sugarcane Ethanol Industry in Brazil. We attempted to summarize the main results of our research by theme.
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the process of deregulating the sugarcane Ethanol Industry
2014Co-Authors: Marcia Azanha Ferraz Dias De Moraes, David ZilbermanAbstract:To analyze the process of deregulation of the sugarcane–Ethanol Industry in Brazil, which spanned the years 1997–1999, a total of 28 interviews were conducted between January and August 1999. The interviewees were agribusiness leaders in the Industry, managers of production facilities, heads of Industry associations, representatives of the sugarcane suppliers, Industry consultants, legislators, and members of the public bureaucracy. Within the institutional framework existing at that time, the interviewees were influential for analysing the needs for government policy, the private strategies and the new role of the State in a free market environment.
Heather Brubaker - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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the international competitiveness of the u s corn Ethanol Industry a comparison with sugar Ethanol processing in brazil
Agribusiness, 2006Co-Authors: Paul W Gallagher, Hosein Shapouri, Guenter Schamel, Heather BrubakerAbstract:An indicator of competitive position, the cost difference between Ethanol import from Brazil with sugar processing and domestic production with corn in the United States under ideal conditions without tariffs in the Ethanol market, is developed conceptually+An ex ante version of the indicator that is based on historical prices and today’s technology is calculated for the last 30 years and subjected to time series analysis+ Results suggest that there are no trends, but there are cyclical periods of advantage for both industries+ Further, long-term averages suggest that profits would be similar in both countries under ideal trade conditions+ However, the corn wet-milling Industry may have slightly higher profits than other processes and locations+ Finally, the U+S+ dry-milling Industry could improve its competitive position using modified corn varieties with high starch content, and using corn residues for biomass generation of electrical and heat energy+ @EconLit Classifications: F140, L650, Q420#+ © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc+ The strategic management school defines competitiveness as the ability to profitably create value through cost leadership or product differentiation ~Kennedy,Harrrison,Kalaitzandonakes, Peterson, & Rindfuss, 1997!+ In public evaluations of the U+S+ Ethanol Industry, both the quality and the cost dimension are important+ Regarding quality, Ethanol has survived scrutiny in an additives market where several petroleum-based additives ~tetraethyl lead,benzene,and methyl tertiary-butyl ether @MTBE#!have been banned or restricted amid environmental and health concerns+ Further, Ethanol’s fuel performance and air quality attributes create value in the marketplace with existing environmental and performance standards+ Ethanol is a distinct additive product, not commodity gasoline+ Hence, Ethanol prices in the United States should exceed gasoline prices in a well-functioning
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The International Competitiveness of the U.S. Corn-Ethanol Industry
2006Co-Authors: Paul W Gallagher, Hosein Shapouri, Guenter Schamel, Heather BrubakerAbstract:An indicator of competitive position, the cost difference between Ethanol import from Brazil with sugar processing and domestic production with corn in the United States under ideal conditions without tariffs in the Ethanol market, is developed conceptually. An ex ante version of the indicator that is based on historical prices and today's technology is calculated for the last 30 years and subjected to time series analysis. Results suggest that there are no trends, but there are cyclical periods of advantage for both industries. Further, long-term averages suggest that profits would be similar in both countries under ideal trade conditions. However, the corn wet-milling Industry may have slightly higher profits than other processes and locations. Finally, the U.S. dry-milling Industry could improve its competitive position using modified corn varieties with high starch content, and using corn residues for biomass generation of electrical and heat energy.
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Plant size: Capital cost relationships in the dry mill Ethanol Industry
Biomass & Bioenergy, 2005Co-Authors: Paul W Gallagher, Heather Brubaker, Hosein ShapouriAbstract:Estimates suggest that capital costs typically increase less than proportionately with plant capacity in the dry mill Ethanol Industry because the estimated power factor is 0.836. However, capital costs increase more rapidly for Ethanol than for a typical processing enterprise, judging by the average 0.6 factor rule. Some estimates also suggest a phase of decreasing unit costs followed by a phase of increasing costs. Nonetheless dry mills could be somewhat larger than the current Industry standard, unless other scarce factors limit capacity expansion. Despite the statistical significance of an average cost-size relationship, average capital cost for plant of a given size at a particular location is still highly variable due to costs associated with unique circumstances, possibly water availability, utility access and environmental compliance.
Robert A. Kozak - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Critical Areas and Entry Points for Sustainability-Related Strategies in the Sugarcane-Based Ethanol Industry of Brazil
Business Strategy and the Environment, 2012Co-Authors: Wellington Spetic, Patricia Márquez, Robert A. KozakAbstract:This study reveals five critical areas that Brazil's sugarcane-based Ethanol Industry could capitalize on to incorporate sustainability into their firms' strategies. The emergent theoretical framework represents a starting point for further investigations aimed at integrating the sustainability construct and strategies for the Industry. A growing body of literature calls for strategic management to adapt to complex and ever-changing environments and sustainability trends. For many firms in developing economies, sustainability remains isolated from mainstream strategy, resulting in reactive approaches on the part of management. A qualitative research method – grounded theory – was used to induct from data. Five themes emerged from the analysis providing guidance on where sustainability-related strategies ought to begin. This research posits that existing sectoral innovation systems could be used to channel sustainability-driven innovations. In addition, a combination of public and private efforts to foster innovations based on the emergent themes could increase the value of Industry under study, while lessening its social and environmental footprint. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.