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Gearóid Ó Tuathail - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • After Ethnic Cleansing: Return Outcomes in Bosnia-Herzegovina a Decade Beyond War
    Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 2009
    Co-Authors: Gearóid Ó Tuathail, John O'loughlin
    Abstract:

    Ethnic Cleansing is a violent geopolitical practice designed to separate and segregate Ethnic groups. This article describes both the war aims that justified Ethnic Cleansing in Bosnia-Herzegovina and the efforts by the international community to enable victims of Ethnic Cleansing to return to their homes. It considers the trends and geography of population returns ten years after the war, before presenting original survey research results on displacement and return experiences. An overwhelming majority of Bosnians reclaimed their prewar property and a majority of these actually returned to their homes. Those self-identifying as Bosnian Serbs were more likely to sell their prewar homes than were members of other Ethnic groups; they also tend to be less interested in multiEthnicity. The poor were more likely to reclaim and return to live in their houses than were richer groups. Those with strong attachment to their home villages were more likely to return. Despite more than a million returns, nearly half o...

  • the legacy of Ethnic Cleansing the international community and the returns process in post dayton bosnia herzegovina
    Political Geography, 2005
    Co-Authors: Carl Dahlman, Gearóid Ó Tuathail
    Abstract:

    Abstract This paper examines the international community's post-war effort to promote the return of persons displaced by Ethnic Cleansing in Bosnia–Herzegovina. The war itself began as an extreme ethnonationalist project, seeking security through territorial separation. This created a massive displacement with more than half the country's population driven from their homes largely as a result of the terrorism of Ethnic Cleansing. The peace settlement at Dayton guaranteed the right to return for displaced persons but also effectively divided the country into ethnonationalist homelands. Thus, while the initial security dilemma for the international community was to separate the warring factions and keep the peace, they soon faced an added security dilemma created by the displaced exercising their right to return to homes in what had become hostile ethnonationalist territories. Faced with obstructions to returns put in place by local ethnonationalists who continued to run day-to-day government operations in places of return, the implementation of the right to return forced the international community to overcome its apolitical and accommodating stance. Changes in the international governance of Bosnia enabled a series of policies designed to promote returns—recognized as key to reconstruction—that employed localized spatial strategies of intervention in support of returnees. After a decade of displacement, the legacy of Ethnic Cleansing endures, forming limits to returns and persistent insecurity for returning communities, thus permanently altering Bosnia's human geography and political future.

  • The legacy of Ethnic Cleansing: The international community and the returns process in post-Dayton Bosnia–Herzegovina
    Political Geography, 2005
    Co-Authors: Carl T. Dahlman, Gearóid Ó Tuathail
    Abstract:

    Abstract This paper examines the international community's post-war effort to promote the return of persons displaced by Ethnic Cleansing in Bosnia–Herzegovina. The war itself began as an extreme ethnonationalist project, seeking security through territorial separation. This created a massive displacement with more than half the country's population driven from their homes largely as a result of the terrorism of Ethnic Cleansing. The peace settlement at Dayton guaranteed the right to return for displaced persons but also effectively divided the country into ethnonationalist homelands. Thus, while the initial security dilemma for the international community was to separate the warring factions and keep the peace, they soon faced an added security dilemma created by the displaced exercising their right to return to homes in what had become hostile ethnonationalist territories. Faced with obstructions to returns put in place by local ethnonationalists who continued to run day-to-day government operations in places of return, the implementation of the right to return forced the international community to overcome its apolitical and accommodating stance. Changes in the international governance of Bosnia enabled a series of policies designed to promote returns—recognized as key to reconstruction—that employed localized spatial strategies of intervention in support of returnees. After a decade of displacement, the legacy of Ethnic Cleansing endures, forming limits to returns and persistent insecurity for returning communities, thus permanently altering Bosnia's human geography and political future.

  • The Effort to Reverse Ethnic Cleansing in Bosnia-Herzegovina: The Limits of Returns
    Eurasian Geography and Economics, 2004
    Co-Authors: Gearóid Ó Tuathail, Carl T. Dahlman
    Abstract:

    Two American-based geographers examine the international community's efforts to reverse Ethnic Cleansing in Bosnia-Herzegovina since the end of the war in 1995. The paper, based on extensive field work and semi-structured interviews, first examines the geography of the nearly one million refugees and internally displaced persons who have returned to their pre-war domiciles in Bosnia-Herzegovina. They then identify and discuss limits to the reversal of Ethnic Cleansing imposed by demographic, institutional, geopolitical, and economic factors. Journal of Economic Literature, Classification Numbers: I31, O15, O19. 7 figures, 1 table, 60 references.

Carl Dahlman - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • the legacy of Ethnic Cleansing the international community and the returns process in post dayton bosnia herzegovina
    Political Geography, 2005
    Co-Authors: Carl Dahlman, Gearóid Ó Tuathail
    Abstract:

    Abstract This paper examines the international community's post-war effort to promote the return of persons displaced by Ethnic Cleansing in Bosnia–Herzegovina. The war itself began as an extreme ethnonationalist project, seeking security through territorial separation. This created a massive displacement with more than half the country's population driven from their homes largely as a result of the terrorism of Ethnic Cleansing. The peace settlement at Dayton guaranteed the right to return for displaced persons but also effectively divided the country into ethnonationalist homelands. Thus, while the initial security dilemma for the international community was to separate the warring factions and keep the peace, they soon faced an added security dilemma created by the displaced exercising their right to return to homes in what had become hostile ethnonationalist territories. Faced with obstructions to returns put in place by local ethnonationalists who continued to run day-to-day government operations in places of return, the implementation of the right to return forced the international community to overcome its apolitical and accommodating stance. Changes in the international governance of Bosnia enabled a series of policies designed to promote returns—recognized as key to reconstruction—that employed localized spatial strategies of intervention in support of returnees. After a decade of displacement, the legacy of Ethnic Cleansing endures, forming limits to returns and persistent insecurity for returning communities, thus permanently altering Bosnia's human geography and political future.

Jared Mcbride - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Peasants into Perpetrators: The OUN-UPA and the Ethnic Cleansing of Volhynia, 1943–1944
    Slavic Review, 2016
    Co-Authors: Jared Mcbride
    Abstract:

    The Ukrainian nationalist-led Ethnic Cleansing campaign against Poles in Volhynia during 1943–44 has long been the subject of international tension and contentious public and scholarly debate. This article analyzes the topic through a microhistorical lens that looks at one Ethnic Cleansing operation in the Liuboml´ area of Volhynia that killed hundreds of Poles. Using newly declassified materials from Ukrainian secret police archives, alongside more traditional testimonial sources, I demonstrate that not all participants were prepared nationalist ideologues eager to kill. Rather, there was a range of actors involved in the massacres and the Ukrainian nationalist leadership was able to recruit average peasants to participate in Ethnic Cleansing through diverse mechanisms. This disaggregation of the killers and their motives not only contributes to growing social science research on mobilization for violence, but also challenges assumptions inherent in the double or triple occupation thesis frequently used to explain violence in Volhynia from 1939 to 1945.

  • peasants into perpetrators the oun upa and the Ethnic Cleansing of volhynia 1943 1944
    Slavic Review, 2016
    Co-Authors: Jared Mcbride
    Abstract:

    The Ukrainian nationalist-led Ethnic Cleansing campaign against Poles in Volhynia during 1943–44 has long been the subject of international tension and contentious public and scholarly debate. This article analyzes the topic through a microhistorical lens that looks at one Ethnic Cleansing operation in the Liuboml´ area of Volhynia that killed hundreds of Poles. Using newly declassified materials from Ukrainian secret police archives, alongside more traditional testimonial sources, I demonstrate that not all participants were prepared nationalist ideologues eager to kill. Rather, there was a range of actors involved in the massacres and the Ukrainian nationalist leadership was able to recruit average peasants to participate in Ethnic Cleansing through diverse mechanisms. This disaggregation of the killers and their motives not only contributes to growing social science research on mobilization for violence, but also challenges assumptions inherent in the double or triple occupation thesis frequently used to explain violence in Volhynia from 1939 to 1945.

Carl T. Dahlman - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • The legacy of Ethnic Cleansing: The international community and the returns process in post-Dayton Bosnia–Herzegovina
    Political Geography, 2005
    Co-Authors: Carl T. Dahlman, Gearóid Ó Tuathail
    Abstract:

    Abstract This paper examines the international community's post-war effort to promote the return of persons displaced by Ethnic Cleansing in Bosnia–Herzegovina. The war itself began as an extreme ethnonationalist project, seeking security through territorial separation. This created a massive displacement with more than half the country's population driven from their homes largely as a result of the terrorism of Ethnic Cleansing. The peace settlement at Dayton guaranteed the right to return for displaced persons but also effectively divided the country into ethnonationalist homelands. Thus, while the initial security dilemma for the international community was to separate the warring factions and keep the peace, they soon faced an added security dilemma created by the displaced exercising their right to return to homes in what had become hostile ethnonationalist territories. Faced with obstructions to returns put in place by local ethnonationalists who continued to run day-to-day government operations in places of return, the implementation of the right to return forced the international community to overcome its apolitical and accommodating stance. Changes in the international governance of Bosnia enabled a series of policies designed to promote returns—recognized as key to reconstruction—that employed localized spatial strategies of intervention in support of returnees. After a decade of displacement, the legacy of Ethnic Cleansing endures, forming limits to returns and persistent insecurity for returning communities, thus permanently altering Bosnia's human geography and political future.

  • The Effort to Reverse Ethnic Cleansing in Bosnia-Herzegovina: The Limits of Returns
    Eurasian Geography and Economics, 2004
    Co-Authors: Gearóid Ó Tuathail, Carl T. Dahlman
    Abstract:

    Two American-based geographers examine the international community's efforts to reverse Ethnic Cleansing in Bosnia-Herzegovina since the end of the war in 1995. The paper, based on extensive field work and semi-structured interviews, first examines the geography of the nearly one million refugees and internally displaced persons who have returned to their pre-war domiciles in Bosnia-Herzegovina. They then identify and discuss limits to the reversal of Ethnic Cleansing imposed by demographic, institutional, geopolitical, and economic factors. Journal of Economic Literature, Classification Numbers: I31, O15, O19. 7 figures, 1 table, 60 references.

Saumitra Jha - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Does Combat Experience Foster Organizational Skill? Evidence from Ethnic Cleansing during the Partition of South Asia
    American Political Science Review, 2012
    Co-Authors: Saumitra Jha, Steven Wilkinson
    Abstract:

    Can combat experience foster organizational skills that engender political collective action? We use the arbitrary assignment of troops to combat in World War II to identify the effect of combat experience on two channels that change local Ethnic composition and future political control: Ethnic Cleansing and co-Ethnic immigration. During the Partition of South Asia, we find that Ethnically mixed districts whose veterans were exposed to greater combat exhibited greater co-Ethnic immigration and minority Ethnic Cleansing, with minority out-migration achieved with lower loss-of-life. Further, where Ethnic groups had been in complementary economic roles or the minority received greater combat experience, there was less Ethnic Cleansing. We interpret these results as reflecting the strategic role of Ethnic Cleansing and co-Ethnic immigration by groups seeking political control and the role of combat experience in enhancing organizational skills at credibly threatening violence and engaging in collective action.

  • Veterans, Organizational Skill and Ethnic Cleansing: Evidence from the Partition of South Asia
    SSRN Electronic Journal, 2012
    Co-Authors: Saumitra Jha, Steven I. Wilkinson
    Abstract:

    Can combat experience foster organizational skills that engender political collective action? We use the arbitrary assignment of troops to frontline combat in World War II to identify the effect of combat experience on two channels that change local Ethnic composition and future political control: Ethnic Cleansing and co-Ethnic immigration. During the Partition of South Asia in 1947, an environment where national borders were themselves endogenous to Ethnic composition, we find that Ethnically mixed districts whose veterans gained more combat experience exhibit greater co-Ethnic immigration and Ethnic Cleansing. However, where Ethnic groups had been in complementary economic roles or the minority received greater combat experience, there was relatively less minority Ethnic Cleansing. We interpret these results as reflecting the substitute roles of Ethnic Cleansing and co-Ethnic immigration in altering local Ethnic composition to gain political control and the role of combat experience in enhancing organizational skill that facilitates political collective action.

  • Veterans and Ethnic Cleansing in the Partition of India
    2010
    Co-Authors: Saumitra Jha, Steven Wilkinson
    Abstract:

    The partition of Ethnically-diverse regions into homogeneous ‘homelands’ has been often mooted as a solution to civil war and Ethnic conict. However, the Partition of India in 1947, in which an estimated 3.4 million people went missing, looms large as a cautionary example. Yet, despite its iconic importance, systematic evidence assessing the political and economic determinants of Ethnic Cleansing during the Partition has hitherto been lacking. Using novel data, this paper assesses the determinants of minority outows from Indian districts between 1931 and 1951 and documents that districts that raised army units that were arbitrarily assigned to experience longer combat experience in the Second World War also experienced greater \Ethnic Cleansing"{ greater religious homogenisation both through outows of the minority population and inows of co-religionist refugees. The eect of combat experience increases in areas that were initially more mixed. The paper interprets these results as reecting