The Experts below are selected from a list of 360 Experts worldwide ranked by ideXlab platform
Paul Roe - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Ethnic Violence and the societal security dilemma
2004Co-Authors: Paul RoeAbstract:1. The Security Dilemma 2. The Ethnic Security Dilemma and the Former Yugoslavia 3. Societal Security 4. The Societal Security Dilemma 5. Serbs and Croats 6. Krajina and the Societal Security Dilemma 7. Romanians and Hungarians 8. Transylvania and the Societal Security Dilemma Conclusion
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misperception and Ethnic conflict transylvania s societal security dilemma
Review of International Studies, 2002Co-Authors: Paul RoeAbstract:This article proposes that instances of Ethnic Violence can profitably be viewed through the concept of a societal security dilemma. It begins by arguing that the explanatory value of the security dilemma might be enhanced by shifting the focus of the concept away from its traditional concern with state sovereignty to an emphasis on Ethnic identity instead. This is proposed through combining the security dilemma with the Copenhagen School's notion of societal security. In this way, the article claims that the resultant societal security dilemma is able to capture certain dynamics between Ethnic groups that its traditional variant necessarily misses. The article then goes on to show how Ethnic Violence between Hungarians and Romanians in the Transylvanian city of Tirgu Mures can be partly explained by the societal security dilemma concept. It argues that many Romanians were mobilized on the basis of the misperception that Hungarian societal security requirements necessarily threatened their own identity. The article concludes that misperceptions on both sides were enabled by the weakness of the Romanian State; that insufficient mechanisms existed for the clear, unambiguous signalling of intentions.
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former yugoslavia the security dilemma that never was
European Journal of International Relations, 2000Co-Authors: Paul RoeAbstract:This article provides a critical examination of recent attempts by International Relations theorists to apply the security dilemma concept to the intra-state level to explain the outbreak of Ethnic Violence and war. It critiques the work of Barry Posen, Stuart Kaufman and Erik Melander. In doing so, the central claim of the article is that a specifically Butterfieldian interpretation of the concept is required if the security dilemma is to manifest its greatest explanatory value; where conflict between the parties involved is directly the product of misperception. It demonstrates how in failing to employ such a conception, Posen, Melander and Kaufman's work either completely neglects or fails to address satisfactorily what is arguably the essence of the security dilemma; what Butterfield came to describe as a `tragedy'. The article thus concludes that the application of the concept in terms of the former Yugoslavia is for the most part untenable.
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the intrastate security dilemma Ethnic conflict as a tragedy
Journal of Peace Research, 1999Co-Authors: Paul RoeAbstract:This article seeks to pull together the main body of work on the security dilemma and that concerning the relatively recent move in international relations in reconceptualizing and operationalizing the concept away from its usual interstate setting. First, it will discuss some of the ways in which the security dilemma has been defined. Second, it will concentrate on the work of those writers who have conceived of 'Ethnic security dilemmas' and 'insecurity dilemmas' occurring at the intrastate level. Third, it will suggest some possible answers to the problems that this body of writing has raised. Fourth, it will both introduce and further develop the concept of the '(inter-) societal security dilemma' as a possibly more productive way of explaining the outbreak of Ethnic Violence. Moreover, throughout the article the question as to if and when Ethnic conflict can be seen as a 'tragedy' in Herbert Butterfield's sense of the word will be addressed.
Ekaterina Zhuravskaya - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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middleman minorities and Ethnic Violence anti jewish pogroms in the russian empire
The Review of Economic Studies, 2020Co-Authors: Irena Grosfeld, Seyhun Orcan Sakalli, Ekaterina ZhuravskayaAbstract:Using detailed panel data from the Pale of Settlement area between 1800 and 1927, we document that anti-Jewish pogroms—mob Violence against the Jewish minority—broke out when economic shocks coincided with political turmoil. When this happened, pogroms primarily occurred in places where Jews dominated middleman occupations, i.e., moneylending and grain trading. This evidence is inconsistent with the scapegoating hypothesis, according to which Jews were blamed for all misfortunes of the majority. Instead, the evidence is consistent with the politico-economic mechanism, in which Jewish middlemen served as providers of insurance against economic shocks to peasants and urban grain buyers in a relationship based on repeated interactions. When economic shocks occurred in times of political stability, rolling over or forgiving debts was an equilibrium outcome because both sides valued their future relationship. In contrast, during political turmoil, debtors could not commit to paying in the future, and consequently, moneylenders and grain traders had to demand immediate (re)payment. This led to Ethnic Violence, in which the break in the relationship between the majority and Jewish middlemen was the igniting factor.
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middleman minorities and Ethnic Violence anti jewish pogroms in the russian empire
Social Science Research Network, 2017Co-Authors: Irena Grosfeld, Seyhun Orcan Sakalli, Ekaterina ZhuravskayaAbstract:All over the world market-dominant minorities are victims of ethno-religious hatred and Violence. This paper aims to test the theory that Ethnic Violence had pragmatic economic roots and Ethnic Violence was directly related to occupational segregation across Ethnicities against the alternative “scapegoat theory,” according to which Jews were blamed for all economic misfortunes of the majority. In order to test these theories, we focus on pogroms between 1800 and 1939, i.e., episodes of anti-Jewish Violence, in the Pale of Settlement, where Jews were confined to live within the Russian Empire. We combine a novel data set on pogroms and the professional and Ethnic composition of the Russian Empire with data on historical climate and yield data. Using fixed-effects model, we document that heat stress in growing season, i.e., spring, leads to a fall in grain yield. Then, we exploit heat stress in spring as an exogenous source of variation in income and find that negative income shocks increase the likelihood of Violence against Jews, but only during pogrom waves that are triggered by political turmoil. We find that the likelihood of anti-Jewish Violence in the face of an income shock is higher in localities with a greater Jewish concentration among creditors. Our findings show that the ethno-economic segregation is an important determinant of Violence against minorities.
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Middleman Minorities and Ethnic Violence: Anti-Jewish Pogroms in the Russian Empire
The Review of Economic Studies, 2016Co-Authors: Irena Grosfeld, Seyhun Orcan Sakalli, Ekaterina ZhuravskayaAbstract:We present evidence to reconcile two seemingly contradictory observations: on the one hand, minorities often choose middleman occupations, such as traders and moneylenders, to avoid competition with the majority and, as a consequence, avoid conflict; on the other hand, middleman minorities do become the primary target of persecution. Using panel data on anti-Jewish pogroms in Eastern Europe between 1800 and 1927, we document that Ethnic Violence broke out when crop failures coincided with political turmoil. Crop failures without political turmoil did not cause pogroms. At the intersection of economic and political shocks, pogroms occurred in places where Jews dominated moneylending and trade in grain. This evidence is consistent with the following mechanism. When political situation was stable, negative economic shocks did not instigate pogroms because the majority valued future services of Jewish middlemen. In contrast, in times of a sharp increase in political uncertainty, Jewish middlemen became the primary target of mob Violence following an economic shock as the value of their future services fell. Peasants organized pogroms when they could not repay loans to Jewish creditors and buyers of grain turned against Jews blaming Jewish traders for an increase in grain prices.
Jared Mcbride - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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contesting the malyn massacre the legacy of inter Ethnic Violence and the second world war in eastern europe
Czech Journal of Contemporary History, 2017Co-Authors: Jared McbrideAbstract:On the morning of July 13, 1943, a German anti-partisan formation surrounded the small village of Malyn and its Czech and Ukrainian inhabitants. The soldiers gathered the entire village population in the town square and, after a document check, proceeded to lock them inside the town church, school and their homes. The soldiers then set fire to these buildings and shot them with machine guns. By the end of the day, Malyn ceased to exist. On the surface, the Malyn Massacre appears as just another ghastly crime committed by a brutal occupying force. Yet, a closer look at archival sources, popular discourse, and scholarly literature on Malyn reveals a much different picture – and a murkier one. In total, there are over fifteen different versions of what happened in Malyn that day. The Ethnic identities of the units that accompanied the Germans vary from account to account, as do the details of the crime, the justification for the reprisal, and even the Ethnicity of the victims. In analyzing materials from over ten archives in six countries and four historiographical-linguistic narratives, in addition to field research in Ukraine and the Czech Republic, this article explains why so many disparate claims about the Malyn massacre exist. I specify four discursive landscapes about Malyn (Soviet, Ukrainian, Polish, and Czech) and detail how and why each of these has come to construct their own version(s) of Malyn in relation to larger grand narratives about the war in the East. This microhistory also underscores how the trauma and legacy of wartime inter-Ethnic Violence casts a long shadow over the current understanding of the war and highlights the daunting task scholars face writing the history of this region and time period.
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contesting the malyn massacre the legacy of inter Ethnic Violence and the second world war in eastern europe
The Carl Beck Papers in Russian and East European Studies, 2016Co-Authors: Jared McbrideAbstract:On the morning of July 13, 1943, a German anti-partisan formation surrounded the small village of Malyn and its Czech and Ukrainian inhabitants. The soldiers gathered the entire village population in the town square and, after a document check, proceeded to lock them inside the town church, school and their homes. The soldiers then set fire to these buildings and shot them with machine guns. By the end of the day, Malyn ceased to exist. On the surface, the Malyn Massacre appears as just another ghastly crime committed by a brutal occupying force. Yet, a closer look at archival sources, popular discourse, and scholarly literature on Malyn reveals a much different picture – and a murkier one. In total, there are over fifteen different versions of what happened in Malyn that day. The Ethnic identities of the units that accompanied the Germans vary from account to account, as do the details of the crime, the justification for the reprisal, and even the Ethnicity of the victims. In analyzing materials from over ten archives in six countries and four historiographical-linguistic narratives, in addition to field research in Ukraine and the Czech Republic, this article explains why so many disparate claims about the Malyn massacre exist. I specify four discursive landscapes about Malyn (Soviet, Ukrainian, Polish, and Czech) and detail how and why each of these has come to construct their own version(s) of Malyn in relation to larger grand narratives about the war in the East. This microhistory also underscores how the trauma and legacy of wartime inter-Ethnic Violence casts a long shadow over the current understanding of the war and highlights the daunting task scholars face writing the history of this region and time period.
Irena Grosfeld - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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middleman minorities and Ethnic Violence anti jewish pogroms in the russian empire
The Review of Economic Studies, 2020Co-Authors: Irena Grosfeld, Seyhun Orcan Sakalli, Ekaterina ZhuravskayaAbstract:Using detailed panel data from the Pale of Settlement area between 1800 and 1927, we document that anti-Jewish pogroms—mob Violence against the Jewish minority—broke out when economic shocks coincided with political turmoil. When this happened, pogroms primarily occurred in places where Jews dominated middleman occupations, i.e., moneylending and grain trading. This evidence is inconsistent with the scapegoating hypothesis, according to which Jews were blamed for all misfortunes of the majority. Instead, the evidence is consistent with the politico-economic mechanism, in which Jewish middlemen served as providers of insurance against economic shocks to peasants and urban grain buyers in a relationship based on repeated interactions. When economic shocks occurred in times of political stability, rolling over or forgiving debts was an equilibrium outcome because both sides valued their future relationship. In contrast, during political turmoil, debtors could not commit to paying in the future, and consequently, moneylenders and grain traders had to demand immediate (re)payment. This led to Ethnic Violence, in which the break in the relationship between the majority and Jewish middlemen was the igniting factor.
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middleman minorities and Ethnic Violence anti jewish pogroms in the russian empire
Social Science Research Network, 2017Co-Authors: Irena Grosfeld, Seyhun Orcan Sakalli, Ekaterina ZhuravskayaAbstract:All over the world market-dominant minorities are victims of ethno-religious hatred and Violence. This paper aims to test the theory that Ethnic Violence had pragmatic economic roots and Ethnic Violence was directly related to occupational segregation across Ethnicities against the alternative “scapegoat theory,” according to which Jews were blamed for all economic misfortunes of the majority. In order to test these theories, we focus on pogroms between 1800 and 1939, i.e., episodes of anti-Jewish Violence, in the Pale of Settlement, where Jews were confined to live within the Russian Empire. We combine a novel data set on pogroms and the professional and Ethnic composition of the Russian Empire with data on historical climate and yield data. Using fixed-effects model, we document that heat stress in growing season, i.e., spring, leads to a fall in grain yield. Then, we exploit heat stress in spring as an exogenous source of variation in income and find that negative income shocks increase the likelihood of Violence against Jews, but only during pogrom waves that are triggered by political turmoil. We find that the likelihood of anti-Jewish Violence in the face of an income shock is higher in localities with a greater Jewish concentration among creditors. Our findings show that the ethno-economic segregation is an important determinant of Violence against minorities.
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Middleman Minorities and Ethnic Violence: Anti-Jewish Pogroms in the Russian Empire
The Review of Economic Studies, 2016Co-Authors: Irena Grosfeld, Seyhun Orcan Sakalli, Ekaterina ZhuravskayaAbstract:We present evidence to reconcile two seemingly contradictory observations: on the one hand, minorities often choose middleman occupations, such as traders and moneylenders, to avoid competition with the majority and, as a consequence, avoid conflict; on the other hand, middleman minorities do become the primary target of persecution. Using panel data on anti-Jewish pogroms in Eastern Europe between 1800 and 1927, we document that Ethnic Violence broke out when crop failures coincided with political turmoil. Crop failures without political turmoil did not cause pogroms. At the intersection of economic and political shocks, pogroms occurred in places where Jews dominated moneylending and trade in grain. This evidence is consistent with the following mechanism. When political situation was stable, negative economic shocks did not instigate pogroms because the majority valued future services of Jewish middlemen. In contrast, in times of a sharp increase in political uncertainty, Jewish middlemen became the primary target of mob Violence following an economic shock as the value of their future services fell. Peasants organized pogroms when they could not repay loans to Jewish creditors and buyers of grain turned against Jews blaming Jewish traders for an increase in grain prices.
Tanushree Goyal - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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is Ethnic Violence self perpetuating quasi experimental evidence from hindu muslim riots in india
Social Science Research Network, 2020Co-Authors: Sam Van Noort, Tanushree GoyalAbstract:The conflict trap literature claims that Ethnic Violence tends to be self-perpetuating. Testing this hypothesis is challenging, however, as both past and current Violence could be determined by the same underlying factors. To overcome this endogeneity problem we exploit that in India the date of Hindu festivals is exogenously determined by the lunar calendar and that when a major Hindu festival falls on a Friday, the holy day for Muslims, the probability of Hindu-Muslim riots rises sharply. Using this instrument we find that Hindu-Muslim riots are no longer serially correlated. This suggests that Hindu-Muslim riots in India are not self-perpetuating.