The Experts below are selected from a list of 273 Experts worldwide ranked by ideXlab platform
Ana L. Ramírez - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Stability of West Nile Virus (Flaviviridae: Flavivirus) RNA in Mosquito Excreta
Journal of medical entomology, 2019Co-Authors: Ana L. Ramírez, Sonja Hall-mendelin, Glen R. Hewitson, Jamie Mcmahon, Kyran M. Staunton, Scott A. Ritchie, Andrew F. Van Den HurkAbstract:Arbovirus surveillance is crucial for the implementation of vector-borne disease control measures. Recently, it has been demonstrated that mosquitoes with a disseminated arbovirus infection excrete viral RNA, which can be detected by molecular methods. Thereby, mosquito Excreta has been proposed as a sample type that could be utilized for arbovirus surveillance. In this study, we evaluated if West Nile virus (Kunjin strain, WNVKUN) RNA in Culex annulirostris Skuse (Diptera: Culicidae) Excreta deposited on different substrates could be detected after storage for up to 2 wk at tropical conditions of high heat and humidity. No significant drop in relative quantity of WNVKUN RNA (determined by comparison of Ct values) in Excreta deposited on Flinders Associate Technologies (FTA) cards was observed over 14 d, suggesting that RNA was stable for that time. There was no significant difference in relative quantity of WNVKUN RNA in Excreta deposited on FTA cards or polycarbonate substrates after 24 h. However, after 7 and 14 d, there was a significant decline in the relative quantity of viral RNA in the Excreta stored on polycarbonate substrates. For incorporation in arbovirus surveillance programs, we recommend the use of polycarbonate substrates for Excreta collection in mosquito traps deployed overnight, and the integration of FTA cards in traps serviced weekly or fortnightly. Polycarbonate substrates facilitate the collection of the majority of Excreta from a trap, and while FTA cards offer limited area coverage, they enable preservation of viral RNA in tropical conditions for extended periods of time.
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Using mosquito Excreta to enhance mosquito-borne disease surveillance
2019Co-Authors: Ana L. RamírezAbstract:Ana Ramirez evaluated the use of mosquito Excreta as a sample type for enhancing mosquito-borne disease surveillance. She found that mosquito Excreta can be used to detect pathogens and other microorganisms present in the mosquito, including viruses and parasites. Mosquito Excreta can be used for field and laboratory based studies.
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mosquito Excreta a sample type with many potential applications for the investigation of ross river virus and west nile virus ecology
PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases, 2018Co-Authors: Ana L. Ramírez, Glen R. Hewitson, Jamie Mcmahon, Scott A. Ritchie, Sonja Hallmendelin, Stephen L Doggett, Andrew F Van Den HurkAbstract:BACKGROUND: Emerging and re-emerging arthropod-borne viruses (arboviruses) cause human and animal disease globally. Field and laboratory investigation of mosquito-borne arboviruses requires analysis of mosquito samples, either individually, in pools, or a body component, or secretion such as saliva. We assessed the applicability of mosquito Excreta as a sample type that could be utilized during studies of Ross River and West Nile viruses, which could be applied to the study of other arboviruses. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: Mosquitoes were fed separate blood meals spiked with Ross River virus and West Nile virus. Excreta was collected daily by swabbing the bottom of containers containing batches and individual mosquitoes at different time points. The samples were analyzed by real-time RT-PCR or cell culture enzyme immunoassay. Viral RNA in Excreta from batches of mosquitoes was detected continuously from day 2 to day 15 post feeding. Viral RNA was detected in Excreta from at least one individual mosquito at all timepoints, with 64% and 27% of samples positive for RRV and WNV, respectively. Excretion of viral RNA was correlated with viral dissemination in the mosquito. The proportion of positive Excreta samples was higher than the proportion of positive saliva samples, suggesting that Excreta offers an attractive sample for analysis and could be used as an indicator of potential transmission. Importantly, only low levels of infectious virus were detected by cell culture, suggesting a relatively low risk to personnel handling mosquito Excreta. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: Mosquito Excreta is easily collected and provides a simple and efficient method for assessing viral dissemination, with applications ranging from vector competence experiments to complementing sugar-based arbovirus surveillance in the field, or potentially as a sample system for virus discovery.
Roger D Meyerhoff - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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aerobic degradation of tylosin in cattle chicken and swine Excreta
Environmental Research, 2003Co-Authors: Jerold Scott Teeter, Roger D MeyerhoffAbstract:Tylosin, a fermentation-derived macrolide antibiotic, was tested to determine its aerobic degradation rate in cattle, chicken, and swine Excreta. For chicken, Excreta from a hen administered 14C-tylosin as part of a metabolism study were used. For cattle and swine, 14C-tylosin was added to control Excreta. The formation of 14C volatile breakdown products and 14CO2 was not observed throughout the study. Material balance for the carbon-14 label ranged between 94% and 104%. Initial, day-0, concentrations of tylosin-A averaged 119.52+/-4.39, 35.01+/-1.34, and 62.82+/-2.11 microg/g (dry weight basis) for cattle, chicken, and swine Excreta samples, respectively. After 30 days, samples averaged 4.16+/-0.69 and 4.11+/-0.69 microg/g tylosin-A in cattle and swine Excreta, respectively. No residues of tylosin-A or its factors were apparent in the chicken Excreta samples after 30 days of incubation. In each case, tylosin declined to less than 6.5% of the initial level after 30 days. Calculated first-order half-lives under the test conditions were 6.2 days, <7.6 days, and 7.6 days for cattle, chicken, and swine Excreta, respectively. The results indicate that tylosin residues degrade rapidly in animal Excreta. Therefore, tylosin residues should not persist in the environment.
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Aerobic degradation of tylosin in cattle, chicken, and swine Excreta.
Environmental research, 2003Co-Authors: Jerold Scott Teeter, Roger D MeyerhoffAbstract:Tylosin, a fermentation-derived macrolide antibiotic, was tested to determine its aerobic degradation rate in cattle, chicken, and swine Excreta. For chicken, Excreta from a hen administered 14C-tylosin as part of a metabolism study were used. For cattle and swine, 14C-tylosin was added to control Excreta. The formation of 14C volatile breakdown products and 14CO2 was not observed throughout the study. Material balance for the carbon-14 label ranged between 94% and 104%. Initial, day-0, concentrations of tylosin-A averaged 119.52+/-4.39, 35.01+/-1.34, and 62.82+/-2.11 microg/g (dry weight basis) for cattle, chicken, and swine Excreta samples, respectively. After 30 days, samples averaged 4.16+/-0.69 and 4.11+/-0.69 microg/g tylosin-A in cattle and swine Excreta, respectively. No residues of tylosin-A or its factors were apparent in the chicken Excreta samples after 30 days of incubation. In each case, tylosin declined to less than 6.5% of the initial level after 30 days. Calculated first-order half-lives under the test conditions were 6.2 days,
Scott A. Ritchie - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Stability of West Nile Virus (Flaviviridae: Flavivirus) RNA in Mosquito Excreta
Journal of medical entomology, 2019Co-Authors: Ana L. Ramírez, Sonja Hall-mendelin, Glen R. Hewitson, Jamie Mcmahon, Kyran M. Staunton, Scott A. Ritchie, Andrew F. Van Den HurkAbstract:Arbovirus surveillance is crucial for the implementation of vector-borne disease control measures. Recently, it has been demonstrated that mosquitoes with a disseminated arbovirus infection excrete viral RNA, which can be detected by molecular methods. Thereby, mosquito Excreta has been proposed as a sample type that could be utilized for arbovirus surveillance. In this study, we evaluated if West Nile virus (Kunjin strain, WNVKUN) RNA in Culex annulirostris Skuse (Diptera: Culicidae) Excreta deposited on different substrates could be detected after storage for up to 2 wk at tropical conditions of high heat and humidity. No significant drop in relative quantity of WNVKUN RNA (determined by comparison of Ct values) in Excreta deposited on Flinders Associate Technologies (FTA) cards was observed over 14 d, suggesting that RNA was stable for that time. There was no significant difference in relative quantity of WNVKUN RNA in Excreta deposited on FTA cards or polycarbonate substrates after 24 h. However, after 7 and 14 d, there was a significant decline in the relative quantity of viral RNA in the Excreta stored on polycarbonate substrates. For incorporation in arbovirus surveillance programs, we recommend the use of polycarbonate substrates for Excreta collection in mosquito traps deployed overnight, and the integration of FTA cards in traps serviced weekly or fortnightly. Polycarbonate substrates facilitate the collection of the majority of Excreta from a trap, and while FTA cards offer limited area coverage, they enable preservation of viral RNA in tropical conditions for extended periods of time.
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mosquito Excreta a sample type with many potential applications for the investigation of ross river virus and west nile virus ecology
PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases, 2018Co-Authors: Ana L. Ramírez, Glen R. Hewitson, Jamie Mcmahon, Scott A. Ritchie, Sonja Hallmendelin, Stephen L Doggett, Andrew F Van Den HurkAbstract:BACKGROUND: Emerging and re-emerging arthropod-borne viruses (arboviruses) cause human and animal disease globally. Field and laboratory investigation of mosquito-borne arboviruses requires analysis of mosquito samples, either individually, in pools, or a body component, or secretion such as saliva. We assessed the applicability of mosquito Excreta as a sample type that could be utilized during studies of Ross River and West Nile viruses, which could be applied to the study of other arboviruses. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: Mosquitoes were fed separate blood meals spiked with Ross River virus and West Nile virus. Excreta was collected daily by swabbing the bottom of containers containing batches and individual mosquitoes at different time points. The samples were analyzed by real-time RT-PCR or cell culture enzyme immunoassay. Viral RNA in Excreta from batches of mosquitoes was detected continuously from day 2 to day 15 post feeding. Viral RNA was detected in Excreta from at least one individual mosquito at all timepoints, with 64% and 27% of samples positive for RRV and WNV, respectively. Excretion of viral RNA was correlated with viral dissemination in the mosquito. The proportion of positive Excreta samples was higher than the proportion of positive saliva samples, suggesting that Excreta offers an attractive sample for analysis and could be used as an indicator of potential transmission. Importantly, only low levels of infectious virus were detected by cell culture, suggesting a relatively low risk to personnel handling mosquito Excreta. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: Mosquito Excreta is easily collected and provides a simple and efficient method for assessing viral dissemination, with applications ranging from vector competence experiments to complementing sugar-based arbovirus surveillance in the field, or potentially as a sample system for virus discovery.
Glen R. Hewitson - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Stability of West Nile Virus (Flaviviridae: Flavivirus) RNA in Mosquito Excreta
Journal of medical entomology, 2019Co-Authors: Ana L. Ramírez, Sonja Hall-mendelin, Glen R. Hewitson, Jamie Mcmahon, Kyran M. Staunton, Scott A. Ritchie, Andrew F. Van Den HurkAbstract:Arbovirus surveillance is crucial for the implementation of vector-borne disease control measures. Recently, it has been demonstrated that mosquitoes with a disseminated arbovirus infection excrete viral RNA, which can be detected by molecular methods. Thereby, mosquito Excreta has been proposed as a sample type that could be utilized for arbovirus surveillance. In this study, we evaluated if West Nile virus (Kunjin strain, WNVKUN) RNA in Culex annulirostris Skuse (Diptera: Culicidae) Excreta deposited on different substrates could be detected after storage for up to 2 wk at tropical conditions of high heat and humidity. No significant drop in relative quantity of WNVKUN RNA (determined by comparison of Ct values) in Excreta deposited on Flinders Associate Technologies (FTA) cards was observed over 14 d, suggesting that RNA was stable for that time. There was no significant difference in relative quantity of WNVKUN RNA in Excreta deposited on FTA cards or polycarbonate substrates after 24 h. However, after 7 and 14 d, there was a significant decline in the relative quantity of viral RNA in the Excreta stored on polycarbonate substrates. For incorporation in arbovirus surveillance programs, we recommend the use of polycarbonate substrates for Excreta collection in mosquito traps deployed overnight, and the integration of FTA cards in traps serviced weekly or fortnightly. Polycarbonate substrates facilitate the collection of the majority of Excreta from a trap, and while FTA cards offer limited area coverage, they enable preservation of viral RNA in tropical conditions for extended periods of time.
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mosquito Excreta a sample type with many potential applications for the investigation of ross river virus and west nile virus ecology
PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases, 2018Co-Authors: Ana L. Ramírez, Glen R. Hewitson, Jamie Mcmahon, Scott A. Ritchie, Sonja Hallmendelin, Stephen L Doggett, Andrew F Van Den HurkAbstract:BACKGROUND: Emerging and re-emerging arthropod-borne viruses (arboviruses) cause human and animal disease globally. Field and laboratory investigation of mosquito-borne arboviruses requires analysis of mosquito samples, either individually, in pools, or a body component, or secretion such as saliva. We assessed the applicability of mosquito Excreta as a sample type that could be utilized during studies of Ross River and West Nile viruses, which could be applied to the study of other arboviruses. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: Mosquitoes were fed separate blood meals spiked with Ross River virus and West Nile virus. Excreta was collected daily by swabbing the bottom of containers containing batches and individual mosquitoes at different time points. The samples were analyzed by real-time RT-PCR or cell culture enzyme immunoassay. Viral RNA in Excreta from batches of mosquitoes was detected continuously from day 2 to day 15 post feeding. Viral RNA was detected in Excreta from at least one individual mosquito at all timepoints, with 64% and 27% of samples positive for RRV and WNV, respectively. Excretion of viral RNA was correlated with viral dissemination in the mosquito. The proportion of positive Excreta samples was higher than the proportion of positive saliva samples, suggesting that Excreta offers an attractive sample for analysis and could be used as an indicator of potential transmission. Importantly, only low levels of infectious virus were detected by cell culture, suggesting a relatively low risk to personnel handling mosquito Excreta. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: Mosquito Excreta is easily collected and provides a simple and efficient method for assessing viral dissemination, with applications ranging from vector competence experiments to complementing sugar-based arbovirus surveillance in the field, or potentially as a sample system for virus discovery.
Jamie Mcmahon - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Stability of West Nile Virus (Flaviviridae: Flavivirus) RNA in Mosquito Excreta
Journal of medical entomology, 2019Co-Authors: Ana L. Ramírez, Sonja Hall-mendelin, Glen R. Hewitson, Jamie Mcmahon, Kyran M. Staunton, Scott A. Ritchie, Andrew F. Van Den HurkAbstract:Arbovirus surveillance is crucial for the implementation of vector-borne disease control measures. Recently, it has been demonstrated that mosquitoes with a disseminated arbovirus infection excrete viral RNA, which can be detected by molecular methods. Thereby, mosquito Excreta has been proposed as a sample type that could be utilized for arbovirus surveillance. In this study, we evaluated if West Nile virus (Kunjin strain, WNVKUN) RNA in Culex annulirostris Skuse (Diptera: Culicidae) Excreta deposited on different substrates could be detected after storage for up to 2 wk at tropical conditions of high heat and humidity. No significant drop in relative quantity of WNVKUN RNA (determined by comparison of Ct values) in Excreta deposited on Flinders Associate Technologies (FTA) cards was observed over 14 d, suggesting that RNA was stable for that time. There was no significant difference in relative quantity of WNVKUN RNA in Excreta deposited on FTA cards or polycarbonate substrates after 24 h. However, after 7 and 14 d, there was a significant decline in the relative quantity of viral RNA in the Excreta stored on polycarbonate substrates. For incorporation in arbovirus surveillance programs, we recommend the use of polycarbonate substrates for Excreta collection in mosquito traps deployed overnight, and the integration of FTA cards in traps serviced weekly or fortnightly. Polycarbonate substrates facilitate the collection of the majority of Excreta from a trap, and while FTA cards offer limited area coverage, they enable preservation of viral RNA in tropical conditions for extended periods of time.
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mosquito Excreta a sample type with many potential applications for the investigation of ross river virus and west nile virus ecology
PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases, 2018Co-Authors: Ana L. Ramírez, Glen R. Hewitson, Jamie Mcmahon, Scott A. Ritchie, Sonja Hallmendelin, Stephen L Doggett, Andrew F Van Den HurkAbstract:BACKGROUND: Emerging and re-emerging arthropod-borne viruses (arboviruses) cause human and animal disease globally. Field and laboratory investigation of mosquito-borne arboviruses requires analysis of mosquito samples, either individually, in pools, or a body component, or secretion such as saliva. We assessed the applicability of mosquito Excreta as a sample type that could be utilized during studies of Ross River and West Nile viruses, which could be applied to the study of other arboviruses. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: Mosquitoes were fed separate blood meals spiked with Ross River virus and West Nile virus. Excreta was collected daily by swabbing the bottom of containers containing batches and individual mosquitoes at different time points. The samples were analyzed by real-time RT-PCR or cell culture enzyme immunoassay. Viral RNA in Excreta from batches of mosquitoes was detected continuously from day 2 to day 15 post feeding. Viral RNA was detected in Excreta from at least one individual mosquito at all timepoints, with 64% and 27% of samples positive for RRV and WNV, respectively. Excretion of viral RNA was correlated with viral dissemination in the mosquito. The proportion of positive Excreta samples was higher than the proportion of positive saliva samples, suggesting that Excreta offers an attractive sample for analysis and could be used as an indicator of potential transmission. Importantly, only low levels of infectious virus were detected by cell culture, suggesting a relatively low risk to personnel handling mosquito Excreta. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: Mosquito Excreta is easily collected and provides a simple and efficient method for assessing viral dissemination, with applications ranging from vector competence experiments to complementing sugar-based arbovirus surveillance in the field, or potentially as a sample system for virus discovery.