The Experts below are selected from a list of 24705 Experts worldwide ranked by ideXlab platform
Lyle R. Petersen - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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West Nile Virus: Review of the Literature
JAMA, 2013Co-Authors: Lyle R. Petersen, Aaron C. Brault, Roger S. NasciAbstract:Importance Since its introduction in North America in 1999, West Nile Virus has produced the 3 largest arboviral neuroinvasive disease outbreaks ever recorded in the United States. Objective To review the ecology, virology, epidemiology, clinical characteristics, diagnosis, prevention, and control of West Nile Virus, with an emphasis on North America. Evidence Review PubMed electronic database was searched through February 5, 2013. United States national surveillance data were gathered from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Findings West Nile Virus is now endemic throughout the contiguous United States, with 16 196 human neuroinvasive disease cases and 1549 deaths reported since 1999. More than 780 000 illnesses have likely occurred. To date, incidence is highest in the MidWest from mid-July to early September. West Nile fever develops in approximately 25% of those infected, varies greatly in clinical severity, and symptoms may be prolonged. Neuroinvasive disease (meningitis, encephalitis, acute flaccid paralysis) develops in less than 1% but carries a fatality rate of approximately 10%. Encephalitis has a highly variable clinical course but often is associated with considerable long-term morbidity. Approximately two-thirds of those with paralysis remain with significant weakness in affected limbs. Diagnosis usually rests on detection of IgM antibody in serum or cerebrospinal fluid. Treatment is supportive; no licensed human vaccine exists. Prevention uses an integrated pest management approach, which focuses on surveillance, elimination of mosquito breeding sites, and larval and adult mosquito management using pesticides to keep mosquito populations low. During outbreaks or impending outbreaks, emphasis shifts to aggressive adult mosquito control to reduce the abundance of infected, biting mosquitoes. Pesticide exposure and adverse human health events following adult mosquito control operations for West Nile Virus appear negligible. Conclusions and Relevance In North America, West Nile Virus has and will remain a formidable clinical and public health problem for years to come.
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West Nile Virus in theAmericas
Medical Clinics of North America, 2008Co-Authors: Lyle R. Petersen, Edward B. HayesAbstract:Since the first detection of West Nile Virus in the Western Hemisphere in 1999, the Virus has spread rapidly across the North American continent and as far south as Argentina. An unprecedented pattern of large annual epidemics of human neuroinvasive disease continues in North America, resulting in considerable public health impact. The high infection incidence in humans has resulted in non-mosquito transmission modes, such as through transfused blood and transplanted organs. West Nile Virus incursion into Latin America and the Caribbean Islands has resulted in surprisingly low human, avian, and equine morbidity and mortality despite evidence that West Nile Virus strains circulating in those regions are similar to those in North America.
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West Nile Virus in the Americas
The Medical clinics of North America, 2008Co-Authors: Lyle R. Petersen, Edward B. HayesAbstract:Since the first detection of West Nile Virus in the Western Hemisphere in 1999, the Virus has spread rapidly across the North American continent and as far south as Argentina. An unprecedented pattern of large annual epidemics of human neuroinvasive disease continues in North America, resulting in considerable public health impact. The high infection incidence in humans has resulted in non-mosquito transmission modes, such as through transfused blood and transplanted organs. West Nile Virus incursion into Latin America and the Caribbean Islands has resulted in surprisingly low human, avian, and equine morbidity and mortality despite evidence that West Nile Virus strains circulating in those regions are similar to those in North America.
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Problem solved? West Nile Virus and transfusion safety.
The New England journal of medicine, 2005Co-Authors: Lyle R. Petersen, Jay S. EpsteinAbstract:In 2002, just three years after its appearance in the Western Hemisphere, West Nile Virus caused the largest outbreak of arboviral encephalitis ever recorded in the United States.1 Epidemiologic investigations that year revealed that West Nile Virus could be transmitted by blood transfusion,2 and mathematical models suggested that hundreds of transmissions had occurred.3 By July 2003, shortly before a second seasonal outbreak of similar magnitude began, collaborations among blood-collection organizations, test-kit manufacturers, and government agencies culminated in near-universal screening of U.S. blood donations for West Nile Virus with the use of newly developed nucleic acid amplification tests. In this issue . . .
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Westward ho?--The spread of West Nile Virus.
The New England journal of medicine, 2004Co-Authors: Lyle R. Petersen, Edward B. HayesAbstract:After its surprising detection in New York City in 1999, West Nile Virus became a major clinical and public health concern in North America. Drs. Lyle R. Petersen and Edward B. Hayes write about the dramatic Westward spread of West Nile Virus.
Erol Fikrig - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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West Nile Virus envelope protein: role in diagnosis and immunity.
Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 2006Co-Authors: Tian Wang, John F. Anderson, Louis A. Magnarelli, Sandra L. Bushmich, Susan Wong, Raymond A. Koski, Erol FikrigAbstract:: The role of antibodies to the West Nile Virus envelope (E) protein in serodiagnosis and protection was examined. The E protein was expressed and purified in recombinant form. Antibodies to the E protein were detected in patients with West Nile Virus infection. Passive immunization with rabbit anti-E protein sera also partially protected mice from challenge with West Nile Virus. The humoral response to the West Nile Virus E protein is therefore useful as an aid in the diagnosis and may also play a role in immunity to infection.
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Use of RNA Interference to Prevent Lethal Murine West Nile Virus Infection
The Journal of infectious diseases, 2005Co-Authors: Fengwei Bai, L. Hannah Gould, Tian Wang, Utpal Pal, Fukai Bao, Erol FikrigAbstract:West Nile Virus causes fatal encephalitis in humans, mice, and other vertebrates. In the present study, we demonstrate that small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) inhibit West Nile Virus replication in vitro. Moreover, the administration of siRNAs to mice by hydrodynamic injection 24 h before challenge with an intraperitoneal inoculum of West Nile Virus reduced the viral load and afforded partial protection from lethal infection. These data show the efficacy of the prophylactic use of siRNAs against a viral infection in vivo and suggest new strategies to combat West Nile Virus.
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West Nile Virus: a growing concern?
The Journal of clinical investigation, 2004Co-Authors: L. Hannah Gould, Erol FikrigAbstract:West Nile Virus was first detected in North America in 1999 and has subsequently spread throughout the United States and Canada and into Mexico and the Caribbean. This review describes the epidemiology and ecology of West Nile Virus in North America and the prospects for effective treatments and vaccines.
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A recombinant envelope protein-based enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for West Nile Virus serodiagnosis.
Vector borne and zoonotic diseases (Larchmont N.Y.), 2002Co-Authors: Tian Wang, L. Hannah Gould, John F. Anderson, Louis A. Magnarelli, Sandra L. Bushmich, Susan J. Wong, Erol FikrigAbstract:Recombinant West Nile Virus envelope (E) protein was examined in enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to detect antibodies elicited during West Nile Virus infection. Horses (nine of 10) and humans (six of six) with confirmed West Nile Virus infection had IgG and/or IgM antibodies to the E protein. Antibodies to the recombinant West Nile Virus membrane and nonstructural 1 proteins were not detected in any of these sera. An E protein-based ELISA may aid in the serological diagnosis of West Nile Virus infection.
Edward B. Hayes - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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West Nile Virus in theAmericas
Medical Clinics of North America, 2008Co-Authors: Lyle R. Petersen, Edward B. HayesAbstract:Since the first detection of West Nile Virus in the Western Hemisphere in 1999, the Virus has spread rapidly across the North American continent and as far south as Argentina. An unprecedented pattern of large annual epidemics of human neuroinvasive disease continues in North America, resulting in considerable public health impact. The high infection incidence in humans has resulted in non-mosquito transmission modes, such as through transfused blood and transplanted organs. West Nile Virus incursion into Latin America and the Caribbean Islands has resulted in surprisingly low human, avian, and equine morbidity and mortality despite evidence that West Nile Virus strains circulating in those regions are similar to those in North America.
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West Nile Virus in the Americas
The Medical clinics of North America, 2008Co-Authors: Lyle R. Petersen, Edward B. HayesAbstract:Since the first detection of West Nile Virus in the Western Hemisphere in 1999, the Virus has spread rapidly across the North American continent and as far south as Argentina. An unprecedented pattern of large annual epidemics of human neuroinvasive disease continues in North America, resulting in considerable public health impact. The high infection incidence in humans has resulted in non-mosquito transmission modes, such as through transfused blood and transplanted organs. West Nile Virus incursion into Latin America and the Caribbean Islands has resulted in surprisingly low human, avian, and equine morbidity and mortality despite evidence that West Nile Virus strains circulating in those regions are similar to those in North America.
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Transmission of West Nile Virus through human breast milk seems to be rare.
Pediatrics, 2007Co-Authors: Alison F. Hinckley, Daniel R. O'leary, Edward B. HayesAbstract:Introduction In September 2002, possible transmission of West Nile Virus via human milk was reported for the first time. Methods Since 2003, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention collected reports of maternal or infant West Nile Virus illness during the breastfeeding period. All of the reported instances were reviewed. In addition, milk samples from women infected during pregnancy were tested for West Nile Virus RNA and West Nile Virus-specific antibodies. Results Six infants were reported to have breastfed from mothers with West Nile Virus fever. Five of the 6 infants had no illness or detectable antibodies to West Nile Virus in serum after onset of maternal illness. One infant who was not tested and developed a rash was otherwise well 1 week after onset of maternal illness. In addition, 2 infants were reported to have developed West Nile Virus illness while breastfeeding; preceding maternal illness was not documented. Two breastfed infants whose mothers acquired West Nile Virus fever in the last week of pregnancy developed West Nile Virus-specific antibodies; both infant infections could have been congenitally acquired. Of 45 milk samples from women infected with West Nile Virus during pregnancy, 2 had West Nile Virus RNA, and 14 had immunoglobin M antibodies to West Nile Virus. Conclusions Of 10 reported instances since 2003 of maternal or infant West Nile Virus illness while breastfeeding, transmission of West Nile Virus through human milk could neither be ruled out nor confirmed for 5 cases; in 5 others, serologic tests indicated no vertical transmission. Transmission of West Nile Virus through breastfeeding seems to be rare, but more information is needed.
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Westward ho?--The spread of West Nile Virus.
The New England journal of medicine, 2004Co-Authors: Lyle R. Petersen, Edward B. HayesAbstract:After its surprising detection in New York City in 1999, West Nile Virus became a major clinical and public health concern in North America. Drs. Lyle R. Petersen and Edward B. Hayes write about the dramatic Westward spread of West Nile Virus.
Laura D. Kramer - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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West Nile Virus and Wildlife
BioScience, 2004Co-Authors: Peter P. Marra, Laura D. Kramer, Sean M. Griffing, Carolee Caffrey, Marm A. Kilpatrick, Robert G. Mclean, Christopher Brand, Emi Saito, Alan P. Dupuis, Robert J. NovakAbstract:Abstract West Nile Virus (WNV) has spread rapidly across North America, resulting in human deaths and in the deaths of untold numbers of birds, mammals, and reptiles. The Virus has reached Central America and the Caribbean and may spread to Hawaii and South America. Although tens of thousands of birds have died, and studies of some bird species show local declines, few regionwide declines can be attributed to WNV. Predicting future impacts of WNV on wildlife, and pinpointing what drives epidemics, will require substantial additional research into host susceptibility, reservoir competency, and linkages between climate, mosquitoes, and disease. Such work will entail a collaborative effort between scientists in governmental research groups, in surveillance and control programs, and in nongovernmental organizations. West Nile Virus was not the first, and it will not be the last, exotic disease to be introduced to the New World. Its spread in North America highlights the need to strengthen animal monitoring pr...
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Molecular detection of West Nile Virus RNA
Expert review of molecular diagnostics, 2003Co-Authors: Pei Yong Shi, Laura D. KramerAbstract:West Nile Virus is a mosquito-borne flaviVirus that is primarily maintained in nature in a mosquito–bird–mosquito transmission cycle. Mammals, including humans and horses, are incidentally infected through biting by mosquitoes infected with West Nile Virus. Since 1994, West Nile Virus outbreaks have occurred with a high incidence of severe disease in humans and horses. In the USA, West Nile Virus was first detected in 1999 in New York City and has since spread to 39 states in humans. The Virus has resulted in over 4161 known human cases and at least 277 human deaths. Surveillance techniques employing nucleic acid-based assays have played an essential role in monitoring the spread of West Nile Virus and are displacing the former gold standard cell culture-based assays. In this article we review the current techniques for diagnosis of West Nile Virus, focusing on RNA detection, and suggest a number of new directions for genetic diagnosis of West Nile Virus.
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West Nile Virus in the Western hemisphere.
Current opinion in infectious diseases, 2001Co-Authors: Laura D. Kramer, Kristen A. BernardAbstract:West Nile Virus first appeared in the Western hemisphere in 1999 in New York. Genetic analysis determined that the Virus was introduced from the Mediterranean Basin. This review discusses the establishment of West Nile Virus in the naive environment of the northeastern USA, its ecology, epizootiology, pathology, prevention and prediction, as well as laboratory studies that have been conducted to elucidate the transmission cycle.
Tian Wang - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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West Nile Virus envelope protein: role in diagnosis and immunity.
Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 2006Co-Authors: Tian Wang, John F. Anderson, Louis A. Magnarelli, Sandra L. Bushmich, Susan Wong, Raymond A. Koski, Erol FikrigAbstract:: The role of antibodies to the West Nile Virus envelope (E) protein in serodiagnosis and protection was examined. The E protein was expressed and purified in recombinant form. Antibodies to the E protein were detected in patients with West Nile Virus infection. Passive immunization with rabbit anti-E protein sera also partially protected mice from challenge with West Nile Virus. The humoral response to the West Nile Virus E protein is therefore useful as an aid in the diagnosis and may also play a role in immunity to infection.
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Use of RNA Interference to Prevent Lethal Murine West Nile Virus Infection
The Journal of infectious diseases, 2005Co-Authors: Fengwei Bai, L. Hannah Gould, Tian Wang, Utpal Pal, Fukai Bao, Erol FikrigAbstract:West Nile Virus causes fatal encephalitis in humans, mice, and other vertebrates. In the present study, we demonstrate that small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) inhibit West Nile Virus replication in vitro. Moreover, the administration of siRNAs to mice by hydrodynamic injection 24 h before challenge with an intraperitoneal inoculum of West Nile Virus reduced the viral load and afforded partial protection from lethal infection. These data show the efficacy of the prophylactic use of siRNAs against a viral infection in vivo and suggest new strategies to combat West Nile Virus.
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A recombinant envelope protein-based enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for West Nile Virus serodiagnosis.
Vector borne and zoonotic diseases (Larchmont N.Y.), 2002Co-Authors: Tian Wang, L. Hannah Gould, John F. Anderson, Louis A. Magnarelli, Sandra L. Bushmich, Susan J. Wong, Erol FikrigAbstract:Recombinant West Nile Virus envelope (E) protein was examined in enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to detect antibodies elicited during West Nile Virus infection. Horses (nine of 10) and humans (six of six) with confirmed West Nile Virus infection had IgG and/or IgM antibodies to the E protein. Antibodies to the recombinant West Nile Virus membrane and nonstructural 1 proteins were not detected in any of these sera. An E protein-based ELISA may aid in the serological diagnosis of West Nile Virus infection.
