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David M. Hart - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • An agent, not a mole: Assessing the white house Office of science and technology policy
    Science and Public Policy, 2014
    Co-Authors: David M. Hart
    Abstract:

    This paper argues in favor of four criteria for assessing the performance of the Office of Science and Technology Policy (OSTP) within the Executive Office of the US President: trying to killing bad ideas (and sometimes succeeding), mobilizing expertise and confidence to support crisis response, identifying new issues and developing presidential policy initiatives, and catalyzing and coordinating multi-agency science and technology activities, especially in response to presidential goals. These criteria are illustrated with episodes from OSTP’s history. They place OSTP in a variety of roles, ranging from disinterested broker of expertise to policy entrepreneur, but always as an agent of the President. Although a full assessment using these criteria may not be feasible due to data limitations, their identification is nonetheless valuable in order to spark scholarly debate and further research and to support planning by OSTP staff and their interlocutors inside and outside of government.

R J Kavlock - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • overview of endocrine disruptor research activity in the united states
    Chemosphere, 1999
    Co-Authors: R J Kavlock
    Abstract:

    The issue of whether environmental contaminants are inducing adverse health effects in humans and wildlife via interaction with endocrine systems has gained increasing interest during the 1990s. Endocrine disruption is one of the highest priority research topics for the US EPA, and a detailed research strategy has been developed to guide the placement of resources over the next several years. To address the deficiency of testing guidelines in detecting and characterizing damage mediated by interaction with the endocrine system, EPA has issued new multi-generation testing guidelines. The new endpoints for monitoring pubertal development, semen quality, and estrous cyclicity will better enable determination of the affected sex, target organ, and life stage following exposure throughout the life cycle. Another major area of effort within EPA is the development of an endocrine disruptor screening program in response to passage of the Food Quality Protection Act of 1996. The current status of these efforts is described. On the federal level, endocrine disruption is one of the five priority research areas for the Committee on the Environment and Natural Resources (CENR) within the Executive Office of President. The CENR has developed a framework to assess research needs for endocrine disruptors, inventoried existing efforts of the federal government (nearly 400 projects were identified as active in FY96), and prioritized additional research needs based upon the needs and gaps in current efforts. It is clear that a great deal of research is underway to clarify the validity of the endocrine disruptor hypothesis and to determine the breadth of chemicals that pose a risk to the endocrine system. The degree of forward research planning and coordination across many organizations should ensure that sufficient data will be available within the next few years to allow a rigorous weight of evidence evaluation that is needed to bring together diverse types of information to make informed decisions regarding risks to humans and wildlife.

Craig Volden - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • erratum a formal model of the politics of delegation in a separation of powers system
    American Journal of Political Science, 2002
    Co-Authors: Craig Volden
    Abstract:

    in Political scientists have long been interested in conditions under which politicians delegate policy decisions to bureaucratic agencies (Wilson 1887; Landis 1938; Freedman 1981; Ara son, Gellhorn, and Robinson 1982; Fiorina 1982, 1986; McCubbins, Noll, and Weingast 1987, 1989; Moe 1989; Calvert, McCubbins, and Weingast 1989). With a recent focus on divided and unified government, scholars have claimed that bu? reaucratic discretion will be greater when the legislative and Executive branches are closely aligned (Epstein and O'Halloran 1994,1996,1999). In these models, given uncertainty over policy and Executive control over the agency, the legislature is only willing to delegate decisions to the agency when the Executive's preferences are similar to those of the legislature, as under unified government.1 While these results seem intuitive, recent empirical analyses of delegation decisions paint a more complex picture. Epstein and O'Halloran, who initially formalized these results, examine the level of discretion in congres? sional legislation in the postwar years. They do, indeed, find support for greater discretion to Executive-controlled agencies under unified govern? ment. However, they also find greater discretion to independent agencies under divided government. "The first two categories, [Executive Office of the President] and cabinet departments, are used relatively more often un? der unified government, while independent agencies and commissions are used more often under divided control" (Epstein and O'Halloran 1999, 154-155). This result is not predicted by present models of delegation, which do not differentiate among agency types. Current empirical work has also focused on the state level to assess whether there is a link between discretion and unified government. For ex? ample, Huber, Shipan, and Pfahler (2001) explore whether state governments restricted Medicaid bureaucrats more substantially under divided

Jennifer M Piscopo - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • sustaining gendered practices power parties and elite political networks in argentina
    Comparative Political Studies, 2014
    Co-Authors: Susan Franceschet, Jennifer M Piscopo
    Abstract:

    This article investigates whether and how gender shapes access to elite political networks, using the case of Argentina, the first country in the world to adopt a national-level quota law in 1991. Quotas have significantly improved women’s access to elected Office, without altering either the gendered hierarchies or gendered power networks that govern political advancement. We find that while men and women elected to the national congress have considerable political experience, men are more likely to have held Executive Office, particularly posts that provide access to resources that sustain clientelism. We further find that female legislators are less likely to be married and have children than male legislators, indicating that women’s domestic responsibilities circumscribe their political careers.

De La Cruz Santos, Lorena - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Determinación del peligro de contaminación bacteriológica mediante la interacción de la vulnerabilidad acuífera y carga contaminante coliformes totales
    'Universidad Nacional de Ingenieria', 2018
    Co-Authors: De La Cruz Santos, Lorena
    Abstract:

    The following study seeks to determine the hazard of bacterial contamination, due to the interaction of the method of aquifer vulnerability "GOD" and total coliform bacterial pollution load .By developing cartographic maps. By implementing this study we look to contribute to the preservation of the quality of the aquifer Chillon, which is used as a source of water for the population of Lima. Knowing the aquifer vulnerability to be negatively impacted by anthropogenic activities can develop appropriate management in land use and water. The district of San Martin de Porres has locations without access to public water, so the population uses water from underground wells for personal hygiene or daily consumption. Also, the lack of drainage system has caused the population uses cesspits, latrines as silos and systems of excreta disposal. There is a chance of leakage of water from the River Rimac and Chillon, generating a diverse source of contamination to the aquifer. Wells was found in a state of neglect, which was not properly closed, exposing the water to direct contamination. This geographical location of the district of San Martin de Porres is added, which is bounded on the north by the Rimac River and on the south by the Chillon River, both rivers recharge the groundwater by water leaks that occur through its bed, this being a major source of aquifer contamination. For this thesis, information was gathered from public institutions such as the National Water Authority (ANA), SEDAPAL and MINSA. Getting information about the ANA of 81 inventoried wells, of which 14 underground wells in the San Martin de Porres, by reference to their spatial distribution in the cartographic map of the district were selected. The GOD method is the product of three variables: G (Grade hydraulic confinement, O (Occurrence of the substrate) and D (depth of the aquifer). The first variable of the method was the degree of hydraulic confinement, which was obtained from previous research in the area of study, indicating that the district of San Martin de Porres is an unconfined aquifer, obtaining the value of 1.0 in the GOD application method. [26] The second variable is the occurrence of the overlying substrate, which was obtained from the National Hydro geological Map and Map of District Boundaries. The district of San Martin de Porres has two types of formations: Qh-c permeable detrital Formation generally unconsolidated and Training JSKI-vs. local aquifers (detrital or cracked) or groundwater regions without appreciable amount. The Qh-c formation consists of alluvial sands with an index of 0.7 for an unconsolidated lithology and JSKI-vs. formation consists of shales with an index of 0.5 for a consolidated lithology (porous rock). [13] The latter variable is the depth of the water, which was obtained by using a water level sensor in the selected wells 14, obtaining values between 3.5 m and 22 m. depth, corresponding GOD method according to indexes between 0.7 and 0.9. [8] The product of the three variables of GOD method selected well in each resulted in an index of medium and high vulnerability. Which is plotted on a map of aquifer vulnerability on a scale of 1: 50,000. Determining the Total Coliform pollution load in groundwater was conducted at the Laboratory of the Executive Office of Environmental Health – Health Directorate V Lima Ciudad, where results of low, moderate and high pollutant loads was obtained. The hazard of bacterial contamination for total coliforms district throws a high probability of distress in a 60.54% and 39.46% in intermediate. These results demonstrate the need to develop a Management Plan for Water Resources with adequate protection of groundwater wells.TesisEl siguiente estudio consiste en la determinación del peligro de contaminación bacteriológica, mediante la interacción del método de vulnerabilidad acuífera "GOD" y la carga contaminante bacteriológica Coliformes totales .A través de la elaboración de mapas cartográficos. Con la aplicación del estudio se busca contribuir a la conservación de la calidad del acuífero Chillón, el cual es usado como una fuente de agua para la población limeña. Conociendo la vulnerabilidad que tiene el acuífero a ser impactado negativamente por las actividades antropogénicas se puede desarrollar una adecuada gestión en el uso del suelo y agua. El distrito de San Martín de Porres cuenta con localidades que no tienen acceso a la red pública de agua, por lo que la población utiliza el agua proveniente de los pozos subterráneos para su aseo personal o consumo diario. Asimismo, la carencia de la red de desagüe ha ocasionado que la población utilice pozos negros, silos y letrinas como sistemas de disposición final de excretas. Existe la probabilidad de filtraciones de agua proveniente de los Ríos Rímac y Chillón, generando una fuente de contaminación diversa hacia el acuífero. Se encontró pozos en estado de abandono, los cuales no fueron clausurados exponiendo el agua a una contaminación directa. A esto se suma la ubicación geográfica del distrito de San Martín de Porres, la cual limita por el Norte con el Río Rímac y por el Sur con el Río Chillón, ambos ríos recargan la napa freática por medio de las filtraciones de agua que se producen a través de su lecho, siendo esta una importante fuente de contaminación acuífera. Para la presente tesis, se recopiló información de instituciones públicas como la Autoridad Nacional del Agua (ANA), SEDAPAL y MINSA. Obteniendo información de 81 pozos inventariados por el ANA, de los cuales se seleccionaron 14 pozos subterráneos del distrito de San Martín de Porres, tomando como referencia su distribución espacial en el mapa cartográfico del distrito. El Método GOD, consiste en el producto de tres variables: G (Grado de confinamiento hidráulico, O (Ocurrencia del sustrato) y D (Profundidad del acuífero). La primera variable del método fue el grado de confinamiento hidráulico, el cual se obtuvo de investigaciones previas realizadas en la zona de estudio, las que indican que el distrito de San Martín de Porres es un acuífero no confinado, obteniendo el valor de 1.0 en la aplicación del método GOD. [26] La segunda variable es la ocurrencia del sustrato suprayacente, la cual se obtuvo del Mapa Hidrogeológico Nacional y del Mapa de Límites Distritales. El distrito de San Martín de Porres posee dos tipos de formaciones: Qh-c Formación detrítica permeable en general no consolidada y JsKi-vs Formación con acuíferos locales (detríticos o fisurados) o regiones sin agua subterránea con cantidad apreciable. La formación Qh-c está constituida por arenas aluviales con un índice de 0.7 para una litología no consolidada y la formación JsKi-vs está constituida por lutitas con un índice de 0.5 para una litología consolidada (rocas porosas). [13] La última variable es la profundidad del acuífero, la cual se obtuvo mediante la utilización de una sonda de nivel de agua en los 14 pozos seleccionados, obteniendo valores entre 3.5 m y 22 m. de profundidad, los cuales corresponden según el Método GOD a índices entre 0.7 y 0.9. [8] El producto de las tres variables del Método GOD en cada pozo seleccionado, dio como resultado un índice de vulnerabilidad media y alta. Los cuales se representaron en un mapa de vulnerabilidad acuífera con una escala de 1:50,000. La determinación de la carga contaminante Coliformes totales en el agua subterránea, se realizó en el Laboratorio de la Dirección Ejecutiva de Salud Ambiental - Dirección de Salud V Lima Ciudad, donde se obtuvo resultados de cargas contaminantes reducidas, moderadas y elevadas. El peligro de contaminación bacteriológica por Coliformes totales del distrito arroja una probabilidad de peligro alto en un 60.54% e intermedio en un 39.46%. Estos resultados demuestran la necesidad de elaborar un Plan de Gestión de Recursos Hídricos con una adecuada protección de los pozos de agua subterránea