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Paul Critschristoph - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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developing a prototype for short term psychodynamic supportive Expressive Therapy an empirical study with the psychoTherapy process q set
Psychotherapy Research, 2016Co-Authors: Falk Leichsenring, Christiane Steinert, Jacques P. Barber, Paul Critschristoph, Manfred E Beutel, Frank Leweke, Mary Beth Connolly Gibbons, Stuart Ablon, Susanne Klein, Jorg WiltinkAbstract:AbstractObjective: A PsychoTherapy Process Q-set (PQS) prototype characteristic of short-term psychodynamic Therapy (STPP) does not yet exist. Method: Experts in supportive-Expressive (SE) Therapy used the 100-Item PQS questionnaire to rate an ideal short-term SE Therapy. Results: Agreement between raters was high (Cronbach's alpha = 0.94). The prototype for SE Therapy showed a significant correlation with the psychoanalytic prototype, but with 28% of variance explained, the majority of variance of the former was not explained by the latter or vice versa. Furthermore, the SE prototype showed significant correlations with the cognitive-behavioral prototype and the prototype of interpersonal Therapy by Ablon and Jones (r = 0.69, 0.43). Conclusions: We recommend using the PQS prototype presented here for future process research on STPP.
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the role of the alliance and techniques in predicting outcome of supportive Expressive dynamic Therapy for cocaine dependence
Psychoanalytic Psychology, 2008Co-Authors: Jacques P. Barber, Paul Critschristoph, Kevin S Mccarthy, Robert Gallop, Marna S Barrett, Susan Klostermann, Brian A SharplessAbstract:We examine the complex relations among therapeutic alliance, adherence to Supportive-Expressive Therapy (SET), therapist competence, and their interactions in predicting change in drug use. Experts rated early Therapy sessions of cocaine dependent patients (n 108) randomized to SET as part of the Collaborative Cocaine Treatment Study. Moderate adherence to SET and competent delivery of SET were separately associated with poorer outcome. Further, strong alliance combined with low levels of SET adherence was associated with a better outcome than moderate or high levels. Moreover, the usage of nonprescribed techniques (i.e., Individual Drug Counseling [IDC]) by SET therapists predicted better outcome in a subsample (n 36), and SET patients receiving high levels of IDC adherence had less predicted drug use compared with those with high levels of SET techniques. Overall results may suggest that decreasing cocaine use through straightforward drug counseling techniques instead of trying to help patients understand the reasons for their use is a better initial road to recovery.
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supportive Expressive Therapy for chronic depression
Journal of Clinical Psychology, 2003Co-Authors: David Mark, Jacques P. Barber, Paul CritschristophAbstract:We describe our clinical experience with a subset of chronically depressed patients characterized as introverted, with an early onset of feeling different from, and often feeling more sensitive than, others. We outline six central issues that concern a psychodynamic approach to chronically depressed people. This article describes and illustrates how a modified supportive-Expressive psychoTherapy influenced by the relational perspective can help in the treatment of these patients. In particular, we facilitate an interaction in which the patient speaks from rather than merely about his or her depressed self. A couple of clinical moments are presented to illustrate how a lack of recognition by the therapist of the self the depressed patient is at the moment leads to a kind of lifeless despair, and conversely, how the therapist's recognition facilitates the patient talking from his depressed state rather than merely about it.
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hiv risk reduction in the national institute on drug abuse cocaine collaborative treatment study
Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes, 2003Co-Authors: George E Woody, Lester Luborsky, Jack Blaine, Arlene Frank, David R Gastfriend, Robert Gallop, Ihsan M Salloum, Paul CritschristophAbstract:: HIV risk was evaluated among 487 cocaine-dependent patients recruited from five treatment programs in a trial that examined the efficacy of four outpatient-based psychosocial treatments. Treatments were offered two to three times per week for 6 months and consisted of group drug counseling (GDC) or group counseling plus individual drug counseling (IDC), cognitive Therapy (CT), or supportive-Expressive Therapy (SE). The average patient had used cocaine for 7 years, with 10 days of use in the last month. Crack smoking was the main route in 79%, and HIV risk was mainly due to multiple partners and unprotected sex. Treatment was associated with a decrease in cocaine use from an average of 10 days per month at baseline to 1 day per month at 6 months. Reduction in cocaine use was associated with an average 40% decrease in HIV risk across all treatment, gender, and ethnic groups, mainly as a result of fewer sexual partners and less unprotected sex. The combination of IDC and GDC was associated with an equal or even greater reduction in HIV risk than the other treatment conditions and thus shows promise as an effective HIV prevention strategy, at least for some patients.
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therapeutic alliance as a predictor of outcome and retention in the national institute on drug abuse collaborative cocaine treatment study
Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 2001Co-Authors: Jacques P. Barber, Paul Critschristoph, Lester Luborsky, Arlene Frank, Michael E Thase, Roger D Weiss, Robert Gallop, Mary Beth Connolly, Madeline Gladis, Carol FoltzAbstract:: The authors examined the relation between therapeutic alliance, retention, and outcome for 308 cocaine-dependent outpatients participating in the National Institute on Drug Abuse Collaborative Cocaine Treatment Study. High levels of alliance were observed in supportive-Expressive Therapy (SE), cognitive Therapy (CT), and individual drug counseling (IDC), and alliance levels increased slightly but significantly from Session 2 to Session 5 in all groups. In contrast to other studies, alliance was not a significant predictor of drug outcome. However, alliance did predict patient retention differentially across the 3 treatments. In SE and IDC, either higher levels of alliance were associated with increased retention or no relationship between alliance and retention was found, depending on the time alliance was measured. In CT, higher levels of alliance were associated with decreased retention.
Carol Foltz - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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therapeutic alliance as a predictor of outcome and retention in the national institute on drug abuse collaborative cocaine treatment study
Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 2001Co-Authors: Jacques P. Barber, Paul Critschristoph, Lester Luborsky, Arlene Frank, Michael E Thase, Roger D Weiss, Robert Gallop, Mary Beth Connolly, Madeline Gladis, Carol FoltzAbstract:: The authors examined the relation between therapeutic alliance, retention, and outcome for 308 cocaine-dependent outpatients participating in the National Institute on Drug Abuse Collaborative Cocaine Treatment Study. High levels of alliance were observed in supportive-Expressive Therapy (SE), cognitive Therapy (CT), and individual drug counseling (IDC), and alliance levels increased slightly but significantly from Session 2 to Session 5 in all groups. In contrast to other studies, alliance was not a significant predictor of drug outcome. However, alliance did predict patient retention differentially across the 3 treatments. In SE and IDC, either higher levels of alliance were associated with increased retention or no relationship between alliance and retention was found, depending on the time alliance was measured. In CT, higher levels of alliance were associated with decreased retention.
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therapeutic alliance as a predictor of outcome and retention in the national institute on drug abuse collaborative cocaine treatment study
Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 2001Co-Authors: Jacques P. Barber, Paul Critschristoph, Lester Luborsky, Arlene Frank, Michael E Thase, Roger D Weiss, Robert Gallop, Mary Beth Connolly, Madeline Gladis, Carol FoltzAbstract:The authors examined the relation between therapeutic alliance, retention, and outcome for 308 cocaine-dependent outpatients participating in the National Institute on Drug Abuse Collaborative Cocaine Treatment Study. High levels of alliance were observed in supportive-Expressive Therapy (SE), cognitive Therapy (CT), and individual drug counseling (IDC), and alliance levels increased slightly but significantly from Session 2 to Session 5 in all groups. In contrast to other studies, alliance was not a significant predictor of drug outcome. However, alliance did predict patient retention differentially across the 3 treatments. In SE and IDC, either higher levels of alliance were associated with increased retention or no relationship between alliance and retention was found, depending on the time alliance was measured. In CT, higher levels of alliance were associated with decreased retention.
Michael Speca - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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brief supportive Expressive group Therapy for partners of men with early stage prostate cancer lessons learned from a negative randomized controlled trial
Supportive Care in Cancer, 2017Co-Authors: Linda E Carlson, Michael Speca, Codie R Rouleau, John W Robinson, Barry D BultzAbstract:The purpose of this paper is to report the results of a negative randomized controlled trial, which piloted brief supportive-Expressive Therapy (SET) for partners of men with prostate cancer, and to discuss lessons learned for future clinical trials. Partners of men with newly diagnosed, non-metastatic prostate cancer were randomized to SET (n = 45) or usual care (n = 32). SET involved six weekly group sessions emphasizing emotional expression, social support, and finding meaning in the cancer experience. Measures of mood disturbance, marital satisfaction, and social support were administered to both partners and patients at baseline, post-program, and at 3- and 6-month follow-up. There were no significant differences between SET and the control group for either patients or their wives on any outcome. Regardless of group membership, partners reported improvements in total mood disturbance (p = .011), tension (p < .001), anger (p = .041), confusion (p < .001), state anxiety (p = .001), and emotional support (p = .037), and patients reported improvements in tension (p = .003), emotional support (p = .047), positive interaction support (p = .004), and overall social support (p = .026). Compared to the natural course of recovery, SET did not improve psychosocial outcomes for either men with prostate cancer or their wives. Methodological challenges experienced in implementing this trial yield valuable lessons for future research, including designing interventions relevant to unique problems faced by specific groups, being closely guided by previous research, and the potential utility of screening for distress as an inclusion criteria in intervention trials.
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mindfulness based cancer recovery and supportive Expressive Therapy maintain telomere length relative to controls in distressed breast cancer survivors
Cancer, 2015Co-Authors: Linda E Carlson, Janine Giesedavis, Rie Tamagawa, Peter Faris, Tara L Beattie, Laura J Fick, Erin Degelman, Michael SpecaAbstract:BACKGROUND: Group psychosocial interventions including mindfulness-based cancer recovery (MBCR) and supportive-Expressive group Therapy (SET) can help breast cancer survivors decrease distress and influence cortisol levels. Although telomere length (TL) has been associated with breast cancer prognosis, the impact of these two interventions on TL has not been studied to date. METHODS: The objective of the current study was to compare the effects of MBCR and SET with a minimal intervention control condition (a 1-day stress management seminar) on TL in distressed breast cancer survivors in a randomized controlled trial. MBCR focused on training in mindfulness meditation and gentle Hatha yoga whereas SET focused on emotional expression and group support. The primary outcome measure was relative TL, the telomere/single-copy gene ratio, assessed before and after each intervention. Secondary outcomes were self-reported mood and stress symptoms. RESULTS: Eighty-eight distressed breast cancer survivors with a diagnosis of stage I to III cancer (using the American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) TNM staging system) who had completed treatment at least 3 months prior participated. Using analyses of covariance on a per-protocol sample, there were no differences noted between the MBCR and SET groups with regard to the telomere/single-copy gene ratio, but a trend effect was observed between the combined intervention group and controls (F [1,84], 3.82; P 5 .054; h 2 5.043); TL in the intervention group was maintained whereas it was found to decrease for control participants. There were no associations noted between changes in TL and changes in mood or stress scores over time. CONCLUSIONS: Psychosocial interventions providing stress reduction and emotional support resulted in trends toward TL maintenance in distressed breast cancer survivors, compared with decreases in usual care. Cancer 2014;000:000000. V C 2014 The Authors. Cancer published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of American Cancer Society. This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs License, which permits use and distribution in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited, the use is non-commercial and no modifications or adaptations are made.
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tailoring mind body therapies to individual needs patients program preference and psychological traits as moderators of the effects of mindfulness based cancer recovery and supportive Expressive Therapy in distressed breast cancer survivors
Journal of The National Cancer Institute Monographs, 2014Co-Authors: Linda E Carlson, Rie Tamagawa, Joanne Stephen, Richard Doll, Peter Faris, Dale Dirkse, Michael SpecaAbstract:BACKGROUND Mindfulness-based cancer recovery (MBCR) and supportive-Expressive Therapy (SET) are well-validated psycho-oncological interventions, and we have previously reported health benefits of both programs. However, little is known about patients' characteristics or program preferences that may influence outcomes. Therefore, this study examined moderators of the effects of MBCR and SET on psychological well-being among breast cancer survivors. METHODS A multi-site randomized controlled trial was conducted between 2007 and 2012 in two Canadian cities (Calgary and Vancouver). A total of 271 distressed stage I-III breast cancer survivors were randomized into MBCR, SET or a 1-day stress management seminar (SMS). Baseline measures of moderator variables included program preference, personality traits, emotional suppression, and repressive coping. Outcome measures of mood, stress symptoms, quality of life, spiritual well-being, post-traumatic growth, social support, and salivary cortisol were measured pre- and post intervention. Hierarchical regression analyses were used to assess moderator effects on outcomes. RESULTS The most preferred program was MBCR (55%). Those who were randomized to their preference improved more over time on quality of life and spiritual well-being post-intervention regardless of the actual intervention type received. Women with greater psychological morbidity at baseline showed greater improvement in stress symptoms and quality of life if they received their preferred versus nonpreferred program. CONCLUSIONS Patients' program preference and baseline psychological functioning, rather than personality, were predictive of program benefits. These results suggest incorporating program preference can maximize the efficacy of integrative oncology interventions, and emphasize the methodological importance of assessing and accommodating for preferences when conducting mind-body clinical trials.
Lester Luborsky - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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the mechanisms of sudden gains in supportive Expressive Therapy for depression
Psychotherapy Research, 2006Co-Authors: Tomasz P Andrusyna, Lester Luborsky, Thu Phuong Pham, Tony Z TangAbstract:Abstract A sudden gain is a large symptom improvement in one between-session interval. Studies of cognitive–behavioral Therapy (CBT) reported that many more cognitive changes occurred in pregain sessions (sessions immediately preceding sudden gains) than in control sessions. This study investigated sudden gains in supportive–Expressive Therapy (SE) for depression. Compared with control sessions, in these SE pregain sessions the authors found significantly greater therapist interpretation accuracy, better therapeutic alliance at a trend level, but an almost identical number of cognitive changes. Results from this SE study and past CBT studies suggest that sudden gains in different treatments may be associated with different mechanism factors: cognitive changes in CBT and accurate interpretations and possibly therapeutic alliance in SE. Zusammenfassung Die Mechanismen plotzlicher Gewinne in unterstutzend-Expressiver Therapie bei Depression Ein plotzlicher Gewinn ist eine Symptomverbesserung in einem Interva...
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hiv risk reduction in the national institute on drug abuse cocaine collaborative treatment study
Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes, 2003Co-Authors: George E Woody, Lester Luborsky, Jack Blaine, Arlene Frank, David R Gastfriend, Robert Gallop, Ihsan M Salloum, Paul CritschristophAbstract:: HIV risk was evaluated among 487 cocaine-dependent patients recruited from five treatment programs in a trial that examined the efficacy of four outpatient-based psychosocial treatments. Treatments were offered two to three times per week for 6 months and consisted of group drug counseling (GDC) or group counseling plus individual drug counseling (IDC), cognitive Therapy (CT), or supportive-Expressive Therapy (SE). The average patient had used cocaine for 7 years, with 10 days of use in the last month. Crack smoking was the main route in 79%, and HIV risk was mainly due to multiple partners and unprotected sex. Treatment was associated with a decrease in cocaine use from an average of 10 days per month at baseline to 1 day per month at 6 months. Reduction in cocaine use was associated with an average 40% decrease in HIV risk across all treatment, gender, and ethnic groups, mainly as a result of fewer sexual partners and less unprotected sex. The combination of IDC and GDC was associated with an equal or even greater reduction in HIV risk than the other treatment conditions and thus shows promise as an effective HIV prevention strategy, at least for some patients.
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therapeutic alliance as a predictor of outcome and retention in the national institute on drug abuse collaborative cocaine treatment study
Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 2001Co-Authors: Jacques P. Barber, Paul Critschristoph, Lester Luborsky, Arlene Frank, Michael E Thase, Roger D Weiss, Robert Gallop, Mary Beth Connolly, Madeline Gladis, Carol FoltzAbstract:: The authors examined the relation between therapeutic alliance, retention, and outcome for 308 cocaine-dependent outpatients participating in the National Institute on Drug Abuse Collaborative Cocaine Treatment Study. High levels of alliance were observed in supportive-Expressive Therapy (SE), cognitive Therapy (CT), and individual drug counseling (IDC), and alliance levels increased slightly but significantly from Session 2 to Session 5 in all groups. In contrast to other studies, alliance was not a significant predictor of drug outcome. However, alliance did predict patient retention differentially across the 3 treatments. In SE and IDC, either higher levels of alliance were associated with increased retention or no relationship between alliance and retention was found, depending on the time alliance was measured. In CT, higher levels of alliance were associated with decreased retention.
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therapeutic alliance as a predictor of outcome and retention in the national institute on drug abuse collaborative cocaine treatment study
Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 2001Co-Authors: Jacques P. Barber, Paul Critschristoph, Lester Luborsky, Arlene Frank, Michael E Thase, Roger D Weiss, Robert Gallop, Mary Beth Connolly, Madeline Gladis, Carol FoltzAbstract:The authors examined the relation between therapeutic alliance, retention, and outcome for 308 cocaine-dependent outpatients participating in the National Institute on Drug Abuse Collaborative Cocaine Treatment Study. High levels of alliance were observed in supportive-Expressive Therapy (SE), cognitive Therapy (CT), and individual drug counseling (IDC), and alliance levels increased slightly but significantly from Session 2 to Session 5 in all groups. In contrast to other studies, alliance was not a significant predictor of drug outcome. However, alliance did predict patient retention differentially across the 3 treatments. In SE and IDC, either higher levels of alliance were associated with increased retention or no relationship between alliance and retention was found, depending on the time alliance was measured. In CT, higher levels of alliance were associated with decreased retention.
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psychosocial treatments for cocaine dependence national institute on drug abuse collaborative cocaine treatment study
Archives of General Psychiatry, 1999Co-Authors: Paul Critschristoph, Lester Luborsky, Lynne Siqueland, Jack Blaine, Arlene Frank, Lisa Simon Onken, Larry R Muenz, Michael E Thase, Roger D Weiss, David R GastfriendAbstract:Background This was a multicenter investigation examining the efficacy of 4 psychosocial treatments for cocaine-dependent patients. Methods Four hundred eighty-seven patients were randomly assigned to 1 of 4 manual-guided treatments: individual drug counseling plus group drug counseling (GDC), cognitive Therapy plus GDC, supportive-Expressive Therapy plus GDC, or GDC alone. Treatment was intensive, including 36 possible individual sessions and 24 group sessions for 6 months. Patients were assessed monthly during active treatment and at 9 and 12 months after baseline. Primary outcome measures were the Addiction Severity Index–Drug Use Composite score and the number of days of cocaine use in the past month. Results Compared with the 2 psychotherapies and with GDC alone, individual drug counseling plus GDC showed the greatest improvement on the Addiction Severity Index–Drug Use Composite score. Individual group counseling plus GDC was also superior to the 2 psychotherapies on the number of days of cocaine use in the past month. Hypotheses regarding the superiority of psychoTherapy to GDC for patients with greater psychiatric severity and the superiority of cognitive Therapy plus GDC compared with supportive-Expressive Therapy plus GDC for patients with antisocial personality traits or external coping style were not confirmed. Conclusion Compared with professional psychoTherapy, a manual-guided combination of intensive individual drug counseling and GDC has promise for the treatment of cocaine dependence.
Arlene Frank - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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hiv risk reduction in the national institute on drug abuse cocaine collaborative treatment study
Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes, 2003Co-Authors: George E Woody, Lester Luborsky, Jack Blaine, Arlene Frank, David R Gastfriend, Robert Gallop, Ihsan M Salloum, Paul CritschristophAbstract:: HIV risk was evaluated among 487 cocaine-dependent patients recruited from five treatment programs in a trial that examined the efficacy of four outpatient-based psychosocial treatments. Treatments were offered two to three times per week for 6 months and consisted of group drug counseling (GDC) or group counseling plus individual drug counseling (IDC), cognitive Therapy (CT), or supportive-Expressive Therapy (SE). The average patient had used cocaine for 7 years, with 10 days of use in the last month. Crack smoking was the main route in 79%, and HIV risk was mainly due to multiple partners and unprotected sex. Treatment was associated with a decrease in cocaine use from an average of 10 days per month at baseline to 1 day per month at 6 months. Reduction in cocaine use was associated with an average 40% decrease in HIV risk across all treatment, gender, and ethnic groups, mainly as a result of fewer sexual partners and less unprotected sex. The combination of IDC and GDC was associated with an equal or even greater reduction in HIV risk than the other treatment conditions and thus shows promise as an effective HIV prevention strategy, at least for some patients.
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therapeutic alliance as a predictor of outcome and retention in the national institute on drug abuse collaborative cocaine treatment study
Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 2001Co-Authors: Jacques P. Barber, Paul Critschristoph, Lester Luborsky, Arlene Frank, Michael E Thase, Roger D Weiss, Robert Gallop, Mary Beth Connolly, Madeline Gladis, Carol FoltzAbstract:The authors examined the relation between therapeutic alliance, retention, and outcome for 308 cocaine-dependent outpatients participating in the National Institute on Drug Abuse Collaborative Cocaine Treatment Study. High levels of alliance were observed in supportive-Expressive Therapy (SE), cognitive Therapy (CT), and individual drug counseling (IDC), and alliance levels increased slightly but significantly from Session 2 to Session 5 in all groups. In contrast to other studies, alliance was not a significant predictor of drug outcome. However, alliance did predict patient retention differentially across the 3 treatments. In SE and IDC, either higher levels of alliance were associated with increased retention or no relationship between alliance and retention was found, depending on the time alliance was measured. In CT, higher levels of alliance were associated with decreased retention.
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therapeutic alliance as a predictor of outcome and retention in the national institute on drug abuse collaborative cocaine treatment study
Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 2001Co-Authors: Jacques P. Barber, Paul Critschristoph, Lester Luborsky, Arlene Frank, Michael E Thase, Roger D Weiss, Robert Gallop, Mary Beth Connolly, Madeline Gladis, Carol FoltzAbstract:: The authors examined the relation between therapeutic alliance, retention, and outcome for 308 cocaine-dependent outpatients participating in the National Institute on Drug Abuse Collaborative Cocaine Treatment Study. High levels of alliance were observed in supportive-Expressive Therapy (SE), cognitive Therapy (CT), and individual drug counseling (IDC), and alliance levels increased slightly but significantly from Session 2 to Session 5 in all groups. In contrast to other studies, alliance was not a significant predictor of drug outcome. However, alliance did predict patient retention differentially across the 3 treatments. In SE and IDC, either higher levels of alliance were associated with increased retention or no relationship between alliance and retention was found, depending on the time alliance was measured. In CT, higher levels of alliance were associated with decreased retention.
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psychosocial treatments for cocaine dependence national institute on drug abuse collaborative cocaine treatment study
Archives of General Psychiatry, 1999Co-Authors: Paul Critschristoph, Lester Luborsky, Lynne Siqueland, Jack Blaine, Arlene Frank, Lisa Simon Onken, Larry R Muenz, Michael E Thase, Roger D Weiss, David R GastfriendAbstract:Background This was a multicenter investigation examining the efficacy of 4 psychosocial treatments for cocaine-dependent patients. Methods Four hundred eighty-seven patients were randomly assigned to 1 of 4 manual-guided treatments: individual drug counseling plus group drug counseling (GDC), cognitive Therapy plus GDC, supportive-Expressive Therapy plus GDC, or GDC alone. Treatment was intensive, including 36 possible individual sessions and 24 group sessions for 6 months. Patients were assessed monthly during active treatment and at 9 and 12 months after baseline. Primary outcome measures were the Addiction Severity Index–Drug Use Composite score and the number of days of cocaine use in the past month. Results Compared with the 2 psychotherapies and with GDC alone, individual drug counseling plus GDC showed the greatest improvement on the Addiction Severity Index–Drug Use Composite score. Individual group counseling plus GDC was also superior to the 2 psychotherapies on the number of days of cocaine use in the past month. Hypotheses regarding the superiority of psychoTherapy to GDC for patients with greater psychiatric severity and the superiority of cognitive Therapy plus GDC compared with supportive-Expressive Therapy plus GDC for patients with antisocial personality traits or external coping style were not confirmed. Conclusion Compared with professional psychoTherapy, a manual-guided combination of intensive individual drug counseling and GDC has promise for the treatment of cocaine dependence.
