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John E. Bates - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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chrm2 parental monitoring and adolescent Externalizing Behavior evidence for gene environment interaction
Psychological Science, 2011Co-Authors: Danielle M Dick, John E. Bates, Kenneth A. Dodge, Gregory S. Pettit, Jacquelyn L Meyers, Shawn J Latendresse, Hanneke E Creemers, Jennifer E Lansford, John P BuddeAbstract:Psychologists, with their long-standing tradition of studying mechanistic processes, can make important contributions to further characterizing the risk associated with genes identified as influencing risk for psychiatric disorders. We report one such effort with respect to CHRM2, which codes for the cholinergic muscarinic 2 receptor and was of interest originally for its association with alcohol dependence. We tested for association between CHRM2 and prospectively measured Externalizing Behavior in a longitudinal, community-based sample of adolescents, as well as for moderation of this association by parental monitoring. We found evidence for an interaction in which the association between the genotype and Externalizing Behavior was stronger in environments with lower parental monitoring. There was also suggestion of a crossover effect, in which the genotype associated with the highest levels of Externalizing Behavior under low parental monitoring had the lowest levels of Externalizing Behavior at the extreme high end of parental monitoring. The difficulties involved in distinguishing mechanisms of gene-environment interaction are discussed.
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reciprocal relations between parents physical discipline and children s Externalizing Behavior during middle childhood and adolescence
Development and Psychopathology, 2011Co-Authors: Jennifer E Lansford, John E. Bates, Gregory S. Pettit, Robert D Laird, Michael M Criss, Daniel S Shaw, Kenneth A. DodgeAbstract:Using data from two long-term longitudinal projects, we investigated reciprocal relations between maternal reports of physical discipline and teacher and self-ratings of child Externalizing Behavior, accounting for continuity in both discipline and Externalizing over time. In Study 1, which followed a community sample of 562 boys and girls from age 6 to 9, high levels of physical discipline in a given year predicted high levels of Externalizing Behavior in the next year, and Externalizing Behavior in a given year predicted high levels of physical discipline in the next year. In Study 2, which followed an independent sample of 290 lower income, higher risk boys from age 10 to 15, mother-reported physical discipline in a given year predicted child ratings of antisocial Behavior in the next year, but child antisocial Behavior in a given year did not predict parents' use of physical discipline in the next year. In neither sample was there evidence that associations between physical discipline and child Externalizing changed as the child aged, and findings were not moderated by gender, race, socioeconomic status, or the severity of the physical discipline. Implications for the reciprocal nature of the socialization process and the risks associated with physical discipline are discussed.
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Role of GABRA2 in Trajectories of Externalizing Behavior Across Development and Evidence of Moderation by Parental Monitoring
Archives of general psychiatry, 2009Co-Authors: Danielle M Dick, Kenneth A. Dodge, Gregory S. Pettit, Shawn J Latendresse, Jennifer E Lansford, John P Budde, Alison Goate, John E. BatesAbstract:Context: As we identify genes involved in psychiatric disorders, the next step will be to study how the risk associated with susceptibility genes manifests across development and in conjunction with the environment. We describe analyses aimed at characterizing the pathway of risk associated with GABRA2, a gene previously associated with adult alcohol dependence, in a community sample of children followed longitudinally from childhood through young adulthood. Objective: To test for an association between GABRA2 and trajectories of Externalizing Behavior from adolescence to young adulthood and for moderation of genetic effects by parental monitoring. Design: Data were analyzed from the Child Development Project, with yearly assessments conducted since that time. A saliva sample was collected for DNA at the 2006 follow-up, with a 93% response rate in the target sample. Growth mixture modeling was conducted using Mplus to identify trajectories of Externalizing Behavior and to test for effects of GABRA2 sequence variants and parental monitoring. Setting: Nashville and Knoxville, Tennessee, and Bloomington, Indiana. Participants: A community-based sample of families enrolled at 3 sites as children entered kindergarten in 1987 and 1988. Analyses for the white subset of the sample (n=378) are reported here. Main Outcome Measures: Parental monitoring measured at 11 years of age; Child Behavior Checklist youth reports of Externalizing Behavior at ages 12, 14, 15, 16, 17, 19, 20, 21, and 22 years. Results: Two classes of Externalizing Behavior emerged: a stable high Externalizing class and a moderate decreasing Externalizing Behavior class. TheGABRA2 gene was associated with class membership, with subjects who showed persistent elevated trajectories of Externalizing Behavior more likely to carry the genotype previously associated with increased risk of adult alcohol dependence. A significant interaction with parental monitoring emerged; the association of GABRA2 with Externalizing trajectories diminished with high levels of parental monitoring. Conclusions: These analyses underscore the importance of studying genetic effects across development and of identifying environmental factors that moderate risk.
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The Interactive Influences of Friend Deviance and Reward Dominance on the Development of Externalizing Behavior During Middle Adolescence
Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 2006Co-Authors: Jackson A. Goodnight, John E. Bates, Kenneth A. Dodge, Gregory S. PettitAbstract:This study investigated the interactive effects of friend deviance and reward dominance on the development of Externalizing Behavior of adolescents in the Child Development Project. Reward dominance was assessed at age 16 by performance on a computer-presented card-playing game in which participants had the choice of either continuing or discontinuing the game as the likelihood of reward decreased and the likelihood of punishment increased. At ages 14 and 16, friend deviance and Externalizing Behavior were assessed through self-report. As expected, based on motivational balance and response modulation theories, path analysis revealed that age 14 friend deviance predicted age 16 Externalizing Behavior controlling for age 14 Externalizing Behavior. Reward dominance was a significant moderator of the relationship between friend deviance and Externalizing Behavior. The contributions of deviant friends to the development of Externalizing Behavior were enhanced by adolescents' reward dominance.
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friendship quality peer group affiliation and peer antisocial Behavior as moderators of the link between negative parenting and adolescent Externalizing Behavior
Journal of Research on Adolescence, 2003Co-Authors: Jennifer E Lansford, Gregory S. Pettit, Kenneth A. Dodge, Michael M Criss, John E. BatesAbstract:Quality of peer relationships and perceived peer antisocial Behavior were examined as moderators of the link between negative parenting and Externalizing Behavior problems in school from middle childhood to early adolescence. Data on negative parenting (i.e., unilateral parental decision making, low supervision and awareness, and harsh discipline) were collected from 362 parents in the summer preceding the adolescents' entry into Grade 6. Adolescent reports of positive peer relationships and peer antisocial Behavior were assessed in the winter of Grade 7. The outcome measure was teacher report of adolescent Externalizing Behavior in the spring of Grade 7, controlling for Externalizing Behavior in Grade 5. High levels of friendship quality and peer group affiliation attenuated the association between unilateral parental decision making and adolescent Externalizing Behavior in school; this was particularly true when adolescents associated with peers perceived to be low in antisocial Behavior. In addition, having low-quality peer relationships and having peers perceived to be highly antisocial further amplified the association between unilateral parental decision making and adolescent Externalizing Behavior problems. Finally, high levels of friend and peer group antisocial Behavior exacerbated the predictiveness of harsh discipline for adolescents' Externalizing Behavior.
Hans M. Koot - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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language skills peer rejection and the development of Externalizing Behavior from kindergarten to fourth grade
Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 2011Co-Authors: Barbara Menting, Pol A C Van Lier, Hans M. KootAbstract:Background: Children with poorer language skills are more likely to show Externalizing Behavior problems, as well as to become rejected by their peers. Peer rejection has also been found to affect the development of Externalizing Behavior. This study explored the role of peer rejection in the link between language skills and the development of Externalizing Behavior. Methods: Six hundred and fifteen (615) children were followed from kindergarten to grade 4. Receptive language skills were measured with the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test in grade 2. Teachers reported Externalizing Behavior and peer reports of social rejection were measured annually. Results: Children with poorer receptive language skills showed increasing Externalizing Behavior, while children with better receptive language skills showed decreases in Externalizing Behavior. Children with poorer receptive language skills experienced peer rejection most frequently. The link between receptive language skills and the development of Externalizing Behavior was mediated by the development of peer rejection. Findings suggested that this mediational link applied mostly to boys. Conclusion: Children with poorer language skills are at increased risk of becoming rejected by mainstream peers, which adds to the development of Externalizing Behavior.
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cortisol and Externalizing Behavior in children and adolescents mixed meta analytic evidence for the inverse relation of basal cortisol and cortisol reactivity with Externalizing Behavior
Developmental Psychobiology, 2008Co-Authors: Lenneke R. A. Alink, Judi Mesman, Femmie Juffer, Marian J Bakermanskranenburg, Marinus H Van Ijzendoorn, Hans M. KootAbstract:An inverse relation between cortisol (re)activity and Externalizing Behavior has been hypothesized, but research findings seem equivocal. We tested this hypo(re)activity hypothesis in two meta-analyses, one for basal cortisol (k = 72 studies, N = 5,480) and one for cortisol reactivity to a stressor (k = 29 studies, N = 2,601). No association was found between cortisol reactivity and Externalizing Behaviors (r = −.04, 95% CI = −.11, .02). However, the relation between basal cortisol and Externalizing Behavior was significant but small (r = −.05, 95% CI = −.10, −.002). The age of the children significantly moderated this relation: Externalizing Behavior was associated with higher basal cortisol (hyperactivity) in preschoolers (r = .09, 95% CI = .002, .17), and with lower basal cortisol (hypoactivity) in elementary school-aged children (r = −.14, 95% CI = −.19, −.08). There was no significant relation between cortisol and Externalizing Behavior in adolescents. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 50: 427–450, 2008.
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Cortisol and Externalizing Behavior in children and adolescents: mixed meta-analytic evidence for the inverse relation of basal cortisol and cortisol reactivity with Externalizing Behavior.
Developmental psychobiology, 2008Co-Authors: Lenneke R. A. Alink, Judi Mesman, Femmie Juffer, Marinus H. Van Ijzendoorn, Marian J. Bakermans-kranenburg, Hans M. KootAbstract:An inverse relation between cortisol (re)activity and Externalizing Behavior has been hypothesized, but research findings seem equivocal. We tested this hypo(re)activity hypothesis in two meta-analyses, one for basal cortisol (k = 72 studies, N = 5,480) and one for cortisol reactivity to a stressor (k = 29 studies, N = 2,601). No association was found between cortisol reactivity and Externalizing Behaviors (r = -.04, 95% CI = -.11, .02). However, the relation between basal cortisol and Externalizing Behavior was significant but small (r = -.05, 95% CI = -.10, -.002). The age of the children significantly moderated this relation: Externalizing Behavior was associated with higher basal cortisol (hyperactivity) in preschoolers (r = .09, 95% CI = .002, .17), and with lower basal cortisol (hypoactivity) in elementary school-aged children (r = -.14, 95% CI = -.19, -.08). There was no significant relation between cortisol and Externalizing Behavior in adolescents.
Kenneth A. Dodge - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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reward sensitivity impulse control and social cognition as mediators of the link between childhood family adversity and Externalizing Behavior in eight countries
Development and Psychopathology, 2017Co-Authors: Jennifer E Lansford, Kenneth A. Dodge, Marc H. Bornstein, Jennifer Godwin, Lei Chang, Kirby Deaterdeckard, Laura Di Giunta, Patrick S Malone, Paul Oburu, Concetta PastorelliAbstract:Using data from 1,177 families in eight countries (Colombia, Italy, Jordan, Kenya, the Philippines, Sweden, Thailand, and the United States), we tested a conceptual model of direct effects of childhood family adversity on subsequent Externalizing Behaviors as well as indirect effects through psychological mediators. When children were 9 years old, mothers and fathers reported on financial difficulties and their use of corporal punishment, and children reported perceptions of their parents' rejection. When children were 10 years old, they completed a computerized battery of tasks assessing reward sensitivity and impulse control and responded to questions about hypothetical social provocations to assess their hostile attributions and proclivity for aggressive responding. When children were 12 years old, they reported on their Externalizing Behavior. Multigroup structural equation models revealed that across all eight countries, childhood family adversity had direct effects on Externalizing Behaviors 3 years later, and childhood family adversity had indirect effects on Externalizing Behavior through psychological mediators. The findings suggest ways in which family-level adversity poses risk for children's subsequent development of problems at psychological and Behavioral levels, situated within diverse cultural contexts.
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chrm2 parental monitoring and adolescent Externalizing Behavior evidence for gene environment interaction
Psychological Science, 2011Co-Authors: Danielle M Dick, John E. Bates, Kenneth A. Dodge, Gregory S. Pettit, Jacquelyn L Meyers, Shawn J Latendresse, Hanneke E Creemers, Jennifer E Lansford, John P BuddeAbstract:Psychologists, with their long-standing tradition of studying mechanistic processes, can make important contributions to further characterizing the risk associated with genes identified as influencing risk for psychiatric disorders. We report one such effort with respect to CHRM2, which codes for the cholinergic muscarinic 2 receptor and was of interest originally for its association with alcohol dependence. We tested for association between CHRM2 and prospectively measured Externalizing Behavior in a longitudinal, community-based sample of adolescents, as well as for moderation of this association by parental monitoring. We found evidence for an interaction in which the association between the genotype and Externalizing Behavior was stronger in environments with lower parental monitoring. There was also suggestion of a crossover effect, in which the genotype associated with the highest levels of Externalizing Behavior under low parental monitoring had the lowest levels of Externalizing Behavior at the extreme high end of parental monitoring. The difficulties involved in distinguishing mechanisms of gene-environment interaction are discussed.
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reciprocal relations between parents physical discipline and children s Externalizing Behavior during middle childhood and adolescence
Development and Psychopathology, 2011Co-Authors: Jennifer E Lansford, John E. Bates, Gregory S. Pettit, Robert D Laird, Michael M Criss, Daniel S Shaw, Kenneth A. DodgeAbstract:Using data from two long-term longitudinal projects, we investigated reciprocal relations between maternal reports of physical discipline and teacher and self-ratings of child Externalizing Behavior, accounting for continuity in both discipline and Externalizing over time. In Study 1, which followed a community sample of 562 boys and girls from age 6 to 9, high levels of physical discipline in a given year predicted high levels of Externalizing Behavior in the next year, and Externalizing Behavior in a given year predicted high levels of physical discipline in the next year. In Study 2, which followed an independent sample of 290 lower income, higher risk boys from age 10 to 15, mother-reported physical discipline in a given year predicted child ratings of antisocial Behavior in the next year, but child antisocial Behavior in a given year did not predict parents' use of physical discipline in the next year. In neither sample was there evidence that associations between physical discipline and child Externalizing changed as the child aged, and findings were not moderated by gender, race, socioeconomic status, or the severity of the physical discipline. Implications for the reciprocal nature of the socialization process and the risks associated with physical discipline are discussed.
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Role of GABRA2 in Trajectories of Externalizing Behavior Across Development and Evidence of Moderation by Parental Monitoring
Archives of general psychiatry, 2009Co-Authors: Danielle M Dick, Kenneth A. Dodge, Gregory S. Pettit, Shawn J Latendresse, Jennifer E Lansford, John P Budde, Alison Goate, John E. BatesAbstract:Context: As we identify genes involved in psychiatric disorders, the next step will be to study how the risk associated with susceptibility genes manifests across development and in conjunction with the environment. We describe analyses aimed at characterizing the pathway of risk associated with GABRA2, a gene previously associated with adult alcohol dependence, in a community sample of children followed longitudinally from childhood through young adulthood. Objective: To test for an association between GABRA2 and trajectories of Externalizing Behavior from adolescence to young adulthood and for moderation of genetic effects by parental monitoring. Design: Data were analyzed from the Child Development Project, with yearly assessments conducted since that time. A saliva sample was collected for DNA at the 2006 follow-up, with a 93% response rate in the target sample. Growth mixture modeling was conducted using Mplus to identify trajectories of Externalizing Behavior and to test for effects of GABRA2 sequence variants and parental monitoring. Setting: Nashville and Knoxville, Tennessee, and Bloomington, Indiana. Participants: A community-based sample of families enrolled at 3 sites as children entered kindergarten in 1987 and 1988. Analyses for the white subset of the sample (n=378) are reported here. Main Outcome Measures: Parental monitoring measured at 11 years of age; Child Behavior Checklist youth reports of Externalizing Behavior at ages 12, 14, 15, 16, 17, 19, 20, 21, and 22 years. Results: Two classes of Externalizing Behavior emerged: a stable high Externalizing class and a moderate decreasing Externalizing Behavior class. TheGABRA2 gene was associated with class membership, with subjects who showed persistent elevated trajectories of Externalizing Behavior more likely to carry the genotype previously associated with increased risk of adult alcohol dependence. A significant interaction with parental monitoring emerged; the association of GABRA2 with Externalizing trajectories diminished with high levels of parental monitoring. Conclusions: These analyses underscore the importance of studying genetic effects across development and of identifying environmental factors that moderate risk.
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The Interactive Influences of Friend Deviance and Reward Dominance on the Development of Externalizing Behavior During Middle Adolescence
Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 2006Co-Authors: Jackson A. Goodnight, John E. Bates, Kenneth A. Dodge, Gregory S. PettitAbstract:This study investigated the interactive effects of friend deviance and reward dominance on the development of Externalizing Behavior of adolescents in the Child Development Project. Reward dominance was assessed at age 16 by performance on a computer-presented card-playing game in which participants had the choice of either continuing or discontinuing the game as the likelihood of reward decreased and the likelihood of punishment increased. At ages 14 and 16, friend deviance and Externalizing Behavior were assessed through self-report. As expected, based on motivational balance and response modulation theories, path analysis revealed that age 14 friend deviance predicted age 16 Externalizing Behavior controlling for age 14 Externalizing Behavior. Reward dominance was a significant moderator of the relationship between friend deviance and Externalizing Behavior. The contributions of deviant friends to the development of Externalizing Behavior were enhanced by adolescents' reward dominance.
Jan Van Der Ende - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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developmental trajectories of child to adolescent Externalizing Behavior and adult dsm iv disorder results of a 24 year longitudinal study
Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 2011Co-Authors: Joni Reef, Sofia Diamantopoulou, Inge Van Meurs, Frank C Verhulst, Jan Van Der EndeAbstract:Objective Childhood Externalizing Behavior is found to be relatively persistent. Developmental pathways within types of Externalizing Behavior have been recognized from childhood to adolescence. We aimed to describe the prediction of adult DSM-IV disorders from developmental trajectories of Externalizing Behavior over a period of 24 years on a longitudinal multiple birth cohort study of 2,076 children. This has not been examined yet.
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developmental trajectories of child to adolescent Externalizing Behavior and adult dsm iv disorder results of a 24 year longitudinal study
Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 2011Co-Authors: Joni Reef, Sofia Diamantopoulou, Inge Van Meurs, Frank C Verhulst, Jan Van Der EndeAbstract:Childhood Externalizing Behavior is found to be relatively persistent. Developmental pathways within types of Externalizing Behavior have been recognized from childhood to adolescence. We aimed to describe the prediction of adult DSM-IV disorders from developmental trajectories of Externalizing Behavior over a period of 24 years on a longitudinal multiple birth cohort study of 2,076 children. This has not been examined yet. Trajectories of the four Externalizing Behavior types aggression, opposition, property violations, and status violations were determined separately through latent class growth analysis (LCGA) using data of five waves, covering ages 4–18 years. Psychiatric disorders of 1,399 adults were assessed with the CIDI. We used regression analyses to determine the associations between children’s trajectories and adults’ psychiatric disorders. All Externalizing Behavior types showed significant associations with disruptive disorder in adulthood. In all antisocial Behavior types high-level trajectories showed the highest probability for predicting adult disorders. Particularly the status violations cluster predicted many disorders in adulthood. The trajectories most often predicted disruptive disorders in adulthood, but predicted also anxiety, mood, and substance use disorders. We can conclude that an elevated level of Externalizing Behavior in childhood has impact on the long-term outcome, regardless of the developmental course of Externalizing Behavior. Furthermore, different types of Externalizing Behavior (i.e., aggression, opposition, property violations, and status violations) were related to different adult outcomes, and children and adolescents with Externalizing Behavior of the status violations subtype were most likely to be affected in adulthood.
Gregory S. Pettit - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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chrm2 parental monitoring and adolescent Externalizing Behavior evidence for gene environment interaction
Psychological Science, 2011Co-Authors: Danielle M Dick, John E. Bates, Kenneth A. Dodge, Gregory S. Pettit, Jacquelyn L Meyers, Shawn J Latendresse, Hanneke E Creemers, Jennifer E Lansford, John P BuddeAbstract:Psychologists, with their long-standing tradition of studying mechanistic processes, can make important contributions to further characterizing the risk associated with genes identified as influencing risk for psychiatric disorders. We report one such effort with respect to CHRM2, which codes for the cholinergic muscarinic 2 receptor and was of interest originally for its association with alcohol dependence. We tested for association between CHRM2 and prospectively measured Externalizing Behavior in a longitudinal, community-based sample of adolescents, as well as for moderation of this association by parental monitoring. We found evidence for an interaction in which the association between the genotype and Externalizing Behavior was stronger in environments with lower parental monitoring. There was also suggestion of a crossover effect, in which the genotype associated with the highest levels of Externalizing Behavior under low parental monitoring had the lowest levels of Externalizing Behavior at the extreme high end of parental monitoring. The difficulties involved in distinguishing mechanisms of gene-environment interaction are discussed.
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reciprocal relations between parents physical discipline and children s Externalizing Behavior during middle childhood and adolescence
Development and Psychopathology, 2011Co-Authors: Jennifer E Lansford, John E. Bates, Gregory S. Pettit, Robert D Laird, Michael M Criss, Daniel S Shaw, Kenneth A. DodgeAbstract:Using data from two long-term longitudinal projects, we investigated reciprocal relations between maternal reports of physical discipline and teacher and self-ratings of child Externalizing Behavior, accounting for continuity in both discipline and Externalizing over time. In Study 1, which followed a community sample of 562 boys and girls from age 6 to 9, high levels of physical discipline in a given year predicted high levels of Externalizing Behavior in the next year, and Externalizing Behavior in a given year predicted high levels of physical discipline in the next year. In Study 2, which followed an independent sample of 290 lower income, higher risk boys from age 10 to 15, mother-reported physical discipline in a given year predicted child ratings of antisocial Behavior in the next year, but child antisocial Behavior in a given year did not predict parents' use of physical discipline in the next year. In neither sample was there evidence that associations between physical discipline and child Externalizing changed as the child aged, and findings were not moderated by gender, race, socioeconomic status, or the severity of the physical discipline. Implications for the reciprocal nature of the socialization process and the risks associated with physical discipline are discussed.
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Role of GABRA2 in Trajectories of Externalizing Behavior Across Development and Evidence of Moderation by Parental Monitoring
Archives of general psychiatry, 2009Co-Authors: Danielle M Dick, Kenneth A. Dodge, Gregory S. Pettit, Shawn J Latendresse, Jennifer E Lansford, John P Budde, Alison Goate, John E. BatesAbstract:Context: As we identify genes involved in psychiatric disorders, the next step will be to study how the risk associated with susceptibility genes manifests across development and in conjunction with the environment. We describe analyses aimed at characterizing the pathway of risk associated with GABRA2, a gene previously associated with adult alcohol dependence, in a community sample of children followed longitudinally from childhood through young adulthood. Objective: To test for an association between GABRA2 and trajectories of Externalizing Behavior from adolescence to young adulthood and for moderation of genetic effects by parental monitoring. Design: Data were analyzed from the Child Development Project, with yearly assessments conducted since that time. A saliva sample was collected for DNA at the 2006 follow-up, with a 93% response rate in the target sample. Growth mixture modeling was conducted using Mplus to identify trajectories of Externalizing Behavior and to test for effects of GABRA2 sequence variants and parental monitoring. Setting: Nashville and Knoxville, Tennessee, and Bloomington, Indiana. Participants: A community-based sample of families enrolled at 3 sites as children entered kindergarten in 1987 and 1988. Analyses for the white subset of the sample (n=378) are reported here. Main Outcome Measures: Parental monitoring measured at 11 years of age; Child Behavior Checklist youth reports of Externalizing Behavior at ages 12, 14, 15, 16, 17, 19, 20, 21, and 22 years. Results: Two classes of Externalizing Behavior emerged: a stable high Externalizing class and a moderate decreasing Externalizing Behavior class. TheGABRA2 gene was associated with class membership, with subjects who showed persistent elevated trajectories of Externalizing Behavior more likely to carry the genotype previously associated with increased risk of adult alcohol dependence. A significant interaction with parental monitoring emerged; the association of GABRA2 with Externalizing trajectories diminished with high levels of parental monitoring. Conclusions: These analyses underscore the importance of studying genetic effects across development and of identifying environmental factors that moderate risk.
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The Interactive Influences of Friend Deviance and Reward Dominance on the Development of Externalizing Behavior During Middle Adolescence
Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 2006Co-Authors: Jackson A. Goodnight, John E. Bates, Kenneth A. Dodge, Gregory S. PettitAbstract:This study investigated the interactive effects of friend deviance and reward dominance on the development of Externalizing Behavior of adolescents in the Child Development Project. Reward dominance was assessed at age 16 by performance on a computer-presented card-playing game in which participants had the choice of either continuing or discontinuing the game as the likelihood of reward decreased and the likelihood of punishment increased. At ages 14 and 16, friend deviance and Externalizing Behavior were assessed through self-report. As expected, based on motivational balance and response modulation theories, path analysis revealed that age 14 friend deviance predicted age 16 Externalizing Behavior controlling for age 14 Externalizing Behavior. Reward dominance was a significant moderator of the relationship between friend deviance and Externalizing Behavior. The contributions of deviant friends to the development of Externalizing Behavior were enhanced by adolescents' reward dominance.
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friendship quality peer group affiliation and peer antisocial Behavior as moderators of the link between negative parenting and adolescent Externalizing Behavior
Journal of Research on Adolescence, 2003Co-Authors: Jennifer E Lansford, Gregory S. Pettit, Kenneth A. Dodge, Michael M Criss, John E. BatesAbstract:Quality of peer relationships and perceived peer antisocial Behavior were examined as moderators of the link between negative parenting and Externalizing Behavior problems in school from middle childhood to early adolescence. Data on negative parenting (i.e., unilateral parental decision making, low supervision and awareness, and harsh discipline) were collected from 362 parents in the summer preceding the adolescents' entry into Grade 6. Adolescent reports of positive peer relationships and peer antisocial Behavior were assessed in the winter of Grade 7. The outcome measure was teacher report of adolescent Externalizing Behavior in the spring of Grade 7, controlling for Externalizing Behavior in Grade 5. High levels of friendship quality and peer group affiliation attenuated the association between unilateral parental decision making and adolescent Externalizing Behavior in school; this was particularly true when adolescents associated with peers perceived to be low in antisocial Behavior. In addition, having low-quality peer relationships and having peers perceived to be highly antisocial further amplified the association between unilateral parental decision making and adolescent Externalizing Behavior problems. Finally, high levels of friend and peer group antisocial Behavior exacerbated the predictiveness of harsh discipline for adolescents' Externalizing Behavior.
