The Experts below are selected from a list of 282 Experts worldwide ranked by ideXlab platform
Jari K. Hietanen - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Making Eye Contact with a robot: Psychophysiological responses to Eye Contact with a human and with a humanoid robot.
Biological psychology, 2020Co-Authors: Helena Kiilavuori, Veikko Sariola, Mikko J. Peltola, Jari K. HietanenAbstract:Previous research has shown that Eye Contact, in human-human interaction, elicits increased affective and attention related psychophysiological responses. In the present study, we investigated whether Eye Contact with a humanoid robot would elicit these responses. Participants were facing a humanoid robot (NAO) or a human partner, both physically present and looking at or away from the participant. The results showed that both in human-robot and human-human condition, Eye Contact versus averted gaze elicited greater skin conductance responses indexing autonomic arousal, greater facial zygomatic muscle responses (and smaller corrugator responses) associated with positive affect, and greater heart deceleration responses indexing attention allocation. With regard to the skin conductance and zygomatic responses, the human model's gaze direction had a greater effect on the responses as compared to the robot's gaze direction. In conclusion, Eye Contact elicits automatic affective and attentional reactions both when shared with a humanoid robot and with another human.
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Eye Contact in virtual reality : A psychophysiological study
Computers in Human Behavior, 2020Co-Authors: Aleksi H. Syrjämäki, Poika Isokoski, Veikko Surakka, Tytti Pasanen, Jari K. HietanenAbstract:Abstract This experiment investigated whether Eye Contact would evoke similar attention and emotion related psychophysiological responses in virtual reality (VR) as in a face-to-face interaction. Participants viewed a confederate in a live interaction (Live condition) and a confederate's avatar in VR (VR condition). In both conditions, the confederate/avatar was portraying direct and laterally averted gaze. Heart rate deceleration responses reflecting attention orienting were greater to direct gaze compared to averted gaze, and the effect was not significantly different between Live and VR conditions. However, skin conductance responses reflecting physiological arousal were larger in response to direct than averted gaze only in the Live condition. These results suggest that while Eye Contact with a live person evokes substantial attention and emotion related psychophysiological responses, the physiological effects of Eye Contact are diminished in VR.
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Genuine Eye Contact elicits self-referential processing
Consciousness and cognition, 2017Co-Authors: Jonne O. Hietanen, Jari K. HietanenAbstract:The effect of Eye Contact on self-awareness was investigated with implicit measures based on the use of first-person singular pronouns in sentences. The measures were proposed to tap into self-referential processing, that is, information processing associated with self-awareness. In addition, participants filled in a questionnaire measuring explicit self-awareness. In Experiment 1, the stimulus was a video clip showing another person and, in Experiment 2, the stimulus was a live person. In both experiments, participants were divided into two groups and presented with the stimulus person either making Eye Contact or gazing downward, depending on the group assignment. During the task, the gaze stimulus was presented before each trial of the pronoun-selection task. Eye Contact was found to increase the use of first-person pronouns, but only when participants were facing a real person, not when they were looking at a video of a person. No difference in self-reported self-awareness was found between the two gaze direction groups in either experiment. The results indicate that Eye Contact elicits self-referential processing, but the effect may be stronger, or possibly limited to, live interaction.
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Attention to Eye Contact in the West and East: Autonomic Responses and Evaluative Ratings
PloS one, 2013Co-Authors: Hironori Akechi, Yukiko Kikuchi, Atsushi Senju, Toshikazu Hasegawa, Helen Uibo, Jari K. HietanenAbstract:Eye Contact has a fundamental role in human social interaction. The special appearance of the human Eye (i.e., white sclera contrasted with a coloured iris) implies the importance of detecting another person's face through Eye Contact. Empirical studies have demonstrated that faces making Eye Contact are detected quickly and processed preferentially (i.e., the Eye Contact effect). Such sensitivity to Eye Contact seems to be innate and universal among humans; however, several studies suggest that cultural norms affect Eye Contact behaviours. For example, Japanese individuals exhibit less Eye Contact than do individuals from Western European or North American cultures. However, how culture modulates Eye Contact behaviour is unclear. The present study investigated cultural differences in autonomic correlates of attentional orienting (i.e., heart rate) and looking time. Additionally, we examined evaluative ratings of Eye Contact with another real person, displaying an emotionally neutral expression, between participants from Western European (Finnish) and East Asian (Japanese) cultures. Our results showed that Eye Contact elicited stronger heart rate deceleration responses (i.e., attentional orienting), shorter looking times, and higher ratings of subjective feelings of arousal as compared to averted gaze in both cultures. Instead, cultural differences in the Eye Contact effect were observed in various evaluative responses regarding the stimulus faces (e.g., facial emotion, approachability etc.). The rating results suggest that individuals from an East Asian culture perceive another's face as being angrier, unapproachable, and unpleasant when making Eye Contact as compared to individuals from a Western European culture. The rating results also revealed that gaze direction (direct vs. averted) could influence perceptions about another person's facial affect and disposition. These results suggest that cultural differences in Eye Contact behaviour emerge from differential display rules and cultural norms, as opposed to culture affecting Eye Contact behaviour directly at the physiological level.
Atsushi Senju - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Absence of preferential unconscious processing of Eye Contact in adolescents with autism spectrum disorder.
Autism Research, 2014Co-Authors: Hironori Akechi, Yukiko Kikuchi, Hiroo Osanai, Timo Stein, Atsushi Senju, Yoshikuni Tojo, Toshikazu HasegawaAbstract:Eye Contact plays an essential role in social interaction. Atypical Eye Contact is a diagnostic and widely reported feature of autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Here, we determined whether altered unconscious visual processing of Eye Contact might underlie atypical Eye Contact in ASD. Using continuous flash suppression (CFS), we found that typically developing (TD) adolescents detected faces with a direct gaze faster than faces with an averted gaze, indicating enhanced unconscious processing of Eye Contact. Critically, adolescents with ASD did not show different durations of perceptual suppression for faces with direct and averted gaze, suggesting that preferential unconscious processing of Eye Contact is absent in this group. In contrast, in a non-CFS control experiment, both adolescents with ASD and TD adolescents detected faces with a direct gaze faster than those with an averted gaze. Another CFS experiment confirmed that unconscious processing of non-social stimuli is intact for adolescents with ASD. These results suggest that atypical processing of Eye Contact in individuals with ASD could be related to a weaker initial, unconscious registration of Eye Contact.
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Attention to Eye Contact in the West and East: Autonomic Responses and Evaluative Ratings
PloS one, 2013Co-Authors: Hironori Akechi, Yukiko Kikuchi, Atsushi Senju, Toshikazu Hasegawa, Helen Uibo, Jari K. HietanenAbstract:Eye Contact has a fundamental role in human social interaction. The special appearance of the human Eye (i.e., white sclera contrasted with a coloured iris) implies the importance of detecting another person's face through Eye Contact. Empirical studies have demonstrated that faces making Eye Contact are detected quickly and processed preferentially (i.e., the Eye Contact effect). Such sensitivity to Eye Contact seems to be innate and universal among humans; however, several studies suggest that cultural norms affect Eye Contact behaviours. For example, Japanese individuals exhibit less Eye Contact than do individuals from Western European or North American cultures. However, how culture modulates Eye Contact behaviour is unclear. The present study investigated cultural differences in autonomic correlates of attentional orienting (i.e., heart rate) and looking time. Additionally, we examined evaluative ratings of Eye Contact with another real person, displaying an emotionally neutral expression, between participants from Western European (Finnish) and East Asian (Japanese) cultures. Our results showed that Eye Contact elicited stronger heart rate deceleration responses (i.e., attentional orienting), shorter looking times, and higher ratings of subjective feelings of arousal as compared to averted gaze in both cultures. Instead, cultural differences in the Eye Contact effect were observed in various evaluative responses regarding the stimulus faces (e.g., facial emotion, approachability etc.). The rating results suggest that individuals from an East Asian culture perceive another's face as being angrier, unapproachable, and unpleasant when making Eye Contact as compared to individuals from a Western European culture. The rating results also revealed that gaze direction (direct vs. averted) could influence perceptions about another person's facial affect and disposition. These results suggest that cultural differences in Eye Contact behaviour emerge from differential display rules and cultural norms, as opposed to culture affecting Eye Contact behaviour directly at the physiological level.
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Eye Contact facilitates awareness of faces during interocular suppression
Cognition, 2011Co-Authors: Timo Stein, Atsushi Senju, Marius V Peelen, Philipp SterzerAbstract:Eye Contact captures attention and receives prioritized visual processing. Here we asked whether Eye Contact might be processed outside conscious awareness. Faces with direct and averted gaze were rendered invisible using interocular suppression. In two experiments we found that faces with direct gaze overcame such suppression more rapidly than faces with averted gaze. Control experiments ruled out the influence of low-level stimulus differences and differential response criteria. These results indicate an enhanced unconscious representation of direct gaze, enabling the automatic and rapid detection of other individuals making Eye Contact with the observer.
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Is Eye Contact the key to the social brain
Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 2010Co-Authors: Atsushi Senju, Mark H JohnsonAbstract:Eye Contact plays a critical role in many aspects of face processing, including the processing of smiles. We propose that this is achieved by a subcortical route, which is activated by Eye Contact and modulates the cortical areas involve in social cognition, including the processing of facial expression. This mechanism could be impaired in individuals with autism spectrum disorders.
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atypical Eye Contact in autism models mechanisms and development
Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 2009Co-Authors: Atsushi Senju, Mark H JohnsonAbstract:An atypical pattern of Eye Contact behaviour is one of the most significant symptoms of Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). Recent empirical advances have revealed the developmental, cognitive and neural basis of atypical Eye Contact behaviour in ASD. We review different models and advance a new ‘fast-track modulator model’. Specifically, we propose that atypical Eye Contact processing in ASD originates in the lack of influence from a subcortical face and Eye Contact detection route, which is hypothesized to modulate Eye Contact processing and guide its emergent specialization during development.
Toshikazu Hasegawa - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Absence of preferential unconscious processing of Eye Contact in adolescents with autism spectrum disorder.
Autism Research, 2014Co-Authors: Hironori Akechi, Yukiko Kikuchi, Hiroo Osanai, Timo Stein, Atsushi Senju, Yoshikuni Tojo, Toshikazu HasegawaAbstract:Eye Contact plays an essential role in social interaction. Atypical Eye Contact is a diagnostic and widely reported feature of autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Here, we determined whether altered unconscious visual processing of Eye Contact might underlie atypical Eye Contact in ASD. Using continuous flash suppression (CFS), we found that typically developing (TD) adolescents detected faces with a direct gaze faster than faces with an averted gaze, indicating enhanced unconscious processing of Eye Contact. Critically, adolescents with ASD did not show different durations of perceptual suppression for faces with direct and averted gaze, suggesting that preferential unconscious processing of Eye Contact is absent in this group. In contrast, in a non-CFS control experiment, both adolescents with ASD and TD adolescents detected faces with a direct gaze faster than those with an averted gaze. Another CFS experiment confirmed that unconscious processing of non-social stimuli is intact for adolescents with ASD. These results suggest that atypical processing of Eye Contact in individuals with ASD could be related to a weaker initial, unconscious registration of Eye Contact.
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Attention to Eye Contact in the West and East: Autonomic Responses and Evaluative Ratings
PloS one, 2013Co-Authors: Hironori Akechi, Yukiko Kikuchi, Atsushi Senju, Toshikazu Hasegawa, Helen Uibo, Jari K. HietanenAbstract:Eye Contact has a fundamental role in human social interaction. The special appearance of the human Eye (i.e., white sclera contrasted with a coloured iris) implies the importance of detecting another person's face through Eye Contact. Empirical studies have demonstrated that faces making Eye Contact are detected quickly and processed preferentially (i.e., the Eye Contact effect). Such sensitivity to Eye Contact seems to be innate and universal among humans; however, several studies suggest that cultural norms affect Eye Contact behaviours. For example, Japanese individuals exhibit less Eye Contact than do individuals from Western European or North American cultures. However, how culture modulates Eye Contact behaviour is unclear. The present study investigated cultural differences in autonomic correlates of attentional orienting (i.e., heart rate) and looking time. Additionally, we examined evaluative ratings of Eye Contact with another real person, displaying an emotionally neutral expression, between participants from Western European (Finnish) and East Asian (Japanese) cultures. Our results showed that Eye Contact elicited stronger heart rate deceleration responses (i.e., attentional orienting), shorter looking times, and higher ratings of subjective feelings of arousal as compared to averted gaze in both cultures. Instead, cultural differences in the Eye Contact effect were observed in various evaluative responses regarding the stimulus faces (e.g., facial emotion, approachability etc.). The rating results suggest that individuals from an East Asian culture perceive another's face as being angrier, unapproachable, and unpleasant when making Eye Contact as compared to individuals from a Western European culture. The rating results also revealed that gaze direction (direct vs. averted) could influence perceptions about another person's facial affect and disposition. These results suggest that cultural differences in Eye Contact behaviour emerge from differential display rules and cultural norms, as opposed to culture affecting Eye Contact behaviour directly at the physiological level.
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Eye Contact does not facilitate detection in children with autism.
Cognition, 2003Co-Authors: Atsushi Senju, Yoshikuni Tojo, Kiyoshi Yaguchi, Toshikazu HasegawaAbstract:Eye Contact is crucial in achieving social communication. Deviant patterns of Eye Contact behavior are found in individuals with autism, who suffer from severe social and communicative deficits. This study used a visual oddball paradigm to investigate whether children with high functioning autism have difficulty in detecting mutual gaze under experimental conditions. The results revealed that children with autism were no better at detecting direct gaze than at detecting averted gaze, which is unlike normal children. This suggests that whereas typically developing children have the ability to detect direct gaze, children with autism do not. This might result in altered Eye-Contact behavior, which hampers subsequent development of social and communicative skills.
Mark H Johnson - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Is Eye Contact the key to the social brain
Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 2010Co-Authors: Atsushi Senju, Mark H JohnsonAbstract:Eye Contact plays a critical role in many aspects of face processing, including the processing of smiles. We propose that this is achieved by a subcortical route, which is activated by Eye Contact and modulates the cortical areas involve in social cognition, including the processing of facial expression. This mechanism could be impaired in individuals with autism spectrum disorders.
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atypical Eye Contact in autism models mechanisms and development
Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 2009Co-Authors: Atsushi Senju, Mark H JohnsonAbstract:An atypical pattern of Eye Contact behaviour is one of the most significant symptoms of Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). Recent empirical advances have revealed the developmental, cognitive and neural basis of atypical Eye Contact behaviour in ASD. We review different models and advance a new ‘fast-track modulator model’. Specifically, we propose that atypical Eye Contact processing in ASD originates in the lack of influence from a subcortical face and Eye Contact detection route, which is hypothesized to modulate Eye Contact processing and guide its emergent specialization during development.
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the Eye Contact effect mechanisms and development
Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 2009Co-Authors: Atsushi Senju, Mark H JohnsonAbstract:The 'Eye Contact effect' is the phenomenon that perceived Eye Contact with another human face modulates certain aspects of the concurrent and/or immediately following cognitive processing. In addition, functional imaging studies in adults have revealed that Eye Contact can modulate activity in structures in the social brain network, and developmental studies show evidence for preferential orienting towards, and processing of, faces with direct gaze from early in life. We review different theories of the Eye Contact effect and advance a 'fast-track modulator' model. Specifically, we hypothesize that perceived Eye Contact is initially detected by a subcortical route, which then modulates the activation of the social brain as it processes the accompanying detailed sensory information.
Sidney Fels - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Investigating Spherical Fish Tank Virtual Reality Displays for Establishing Realistic Eye-Contact
2019 IEEE Conference on Virtual Reality and 3D User Interfaces (VR), 2019Co-Authors: Georg Hagemann, Qian Zhou, Ian Stavness, Sidney FelsAbstract:Eye-Contact is a key aspect of non-verbal human communication in everyday tasks [1]. It provides important social and emotional information that can increase the effectiveness of human communication [8]. In a conversation, Eye-Contact, or the lack thereof, is constantly evaluated by human brains. Conversation partners derive subjective judgment of others' credibility, focus and confidence [4] from it. Seeking another person's Eye-Contact is a signal for them that focus is put on that person and the main receptive senses are prepared to receive input from the other person. Likewise breaking Eye-Contact usually indicates distraction, loss of confidence, loss of interest or shifting focus to a different target.
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ISS - Here's looking at you: A Spherical FTVR Display for Realistic Eye-Contact
Proceedings of the 2018 ACM International Conference on Interactive Surfaces and Spaces, 2018Co-Authors: Georg Hagemann, Qian Zhou, Ian Stavness, Oky Dicky Ardiansyah Prima, Sidney FelsAbstract:In this work we describe the design, implementation and initial evaluation of a spherical Fish Tank Virtual Reality (FTVR) display for realistic Eye-Contact. We identify display shape, size, and depth cues as well as model fidelity as important considerations and challenges for setting up realistic Eye-Contact and package it into a reproducible framework. Based on the design, we implemented and evaluated the system to assess the effectiveness of the Eye-Contact. In our initial evaluation participants were able to identify Eye-Contact with an accuracy of 89.6%. Moreover Eye-Contact with a virtual character triggered changes in participant's social behavior that are in line with real world Eye-Contact scenarios. Taken together, these results provide practical guidelines for building displays for realistic Eye-Contact and can be applied to applications such as teleconferencing and VR treatment in psychology.
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here s looking at you a spherical ftvr display for realistic Eye Contact
Proceedings of the 2018 ACM International Conference on Interactive Surfaces and Spaces, 2018Co-Authors: Georg Hagemann, Qian Zhou, Ian Stavness, Oky Dicky Ardiansyah Prima, Sidney FelsAbstract:In this work we describe the design, implementation and initial evaluation of a spherical Fish Tank Virtual Reality (FTVR) display for realistic Eye-Contact. We identify display shape, size, and depth cues as well as model fidelity as important considerations and challenges for setting up realistic Eye-Contact and package it into a reproducible framework. Based on the design, we implemented and evaluated the system to assess the effectiveness of the Eye-Contact. In our initial evaluation participants were able to identify Eye-Contact with an accuracy of 89.6%. Moreover Eye-Contact with a virtual character triggered changes in participant's social behavior that are in line with real world Eye-Contact scenarios. Taken together, these results provide practical guidelines for building displays for realistic Eye-Contact and can be applied to applications such as teleconferencing and VR treatment in psychology.
