The Experts below are selected from a list of 360 Experts worldwide ranked by ideXlab platform
Keith Rayner - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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using e z reader to examine the concurrent development of Eye Movement Control and reading skill
Developmental Review, 2013Co-Authors: Erik D. Reichle, Sarah J White, Denis Drieghe, Simon Paul Liversedge, Hazel I Blythe, Holly S S L Joseph, Keith RaynerAbstract:Compared to skilled adult readers, children typically make more fixations that are longer in duration, shorter saccades, and more regressions, thus reading more slowly (Blythe & Joseph, 2011). Recent attempts to understand the reasons for these differences have discovered some similarities (e.g., children and adults target their saccades similarly; Joseph, Liversedge, Blythe, White, & Rayner, 2009) and some differences (e.g., children’s fixation durations are more affected by lexical variables; Blythe, Liversedge, Joseph, White, & Rayner, 2009) that have yet to be explained. In this article, the E-Z Reader model of Eye-Movement Control in reading (Reichle, 2011; Reichle, Pollatsek, Fisher, & Rayner, 1998) is used to simulate various Eye-Movement phenomena in adults vs. children in order to evaluate hypotheses about the concurrent development of reading skill and Eye-Movement behavior. These simulations suggest that the primary difference between children and adults is their rate of lexical processing, and that different rates of (post-lexical) language processing may also contribute to some phenomena (e.g., children’s slower detection of semantic anomalies; Joseph et al., 2008). The theoretical implications of this hypothesis are discussed, including possible alternative accounts of these developmental changes, how reading skill and Eye Movements change across the entire lifespan (e.g., college-aged vs. older readers), and individual differences in reading ability.
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distributional effects of word frequency on Eye fixation durations
Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 2010Co-Authors: Adrian Staub, Sarah J White, Denis Drieghe, Elizabeth C Hollway, Keith RaynerAbstract:Recent research using word recognition paradigms, such as lexical decision and speeded pronunciation, has investigated how a range of variables affect the location and shape of response time distributions, using both parametric and non-parametric techniques. In this article, we explore the distributional effects of a word frequency manipulation on fixation durations in normal reading, making use of data from two recent Eye Movement experiments (Drieghe, Rayner, & Pollatsek, 2008; White, 2008). The ex-Gaussian distribution provided a good fit to the shape of individual subjects' distributions in both experiments. The frequency manipulation affected both the shift and skew of the distributions, in both experiments, and this conclusion was supported by the nonparametric vincentizing technique. Finally, a new experiment demonstrated that White's (2008) frequency manipulation also affects both shift and skew in response-time distributions in the lexical decision task. These results argue against models of Eye Movement Control in reading that propose that word frequency influences only a subset of fixations and support models in which there is a tight connection between Eye Movement Control and the progress of lexical processing.
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Eye Movements in reading models and data
Journal of Eye Movement Research, 2009Co-Authors: Keith RaynerAbstract:Models of Eye Movement Control in reading and their impact on the field are discussed. Differences between the E-Z Reader model and the SWIFT model are reviewed, as are benchmark data that need to be accounted for by any model of Eye Movement Control. Predictions made by the models and how models can sometimes account for counterintuitive findings are also discussed. Finally, the role of models and data in further understanding the reading process is considered.
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Extending the E-Z Reader Model of Eye Movement Control to Chinese Readers.
Cognitive science, 2007Co-Authors: Keith Rayner, Alexander PollatsekAbstract:Chinese readers' Eye Movements were simulated in the context of the E-Z Reader model, which was developed to account for the Eye Movements of readers of English. Despite obvious differences between English and Chinese, the model did a fairly good job of simulating the Eye Movements of Chinese readers. The successful simulation suggests that the Control of Eye Movements in reading Chinese is similar to that in an alphabetic language such as English.
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do readers obtain preview benefit from word n 2 a test of serial attention shift versus distributed lexical processing models of Eye Movement Control in reading
Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 2007Co-Authors: Keith Rayner, Barbara J Juhasz, Sarah J BrownAbstract:Two experiments tested predictions derived from serial lexical processing and parallel distributed models of Eye Movement Control in reading. The boundary paradigm (K. Rayner, 1975) was used, and the boundary location was set either at the end of word n - 1 (the word just to the left of the target word) or at the end of word n - 2. Serial lexical processing models predict that there should be preview benefit only when the boundary is set at word n - 1 (when the target word will be the next word fixated) and no preview benefit when the boundary is set at word n - 2. Parallel lexical models, on the other hand, predict that there should be some preview benefit in both situations. Consistent with the predictions of the serial lexical processing models, there was no preview benefit for a target word when the boundary was set at the end of word n - 2. Furthermore, there was no evidence of parafoveal-on-foveal effects.
John M Henderson - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Neural correlates of individual differences in fixation duration during natural reading.
Quarterly journal of experimental psychology (2006), 2017Co-Authors: John M Henderson, Wonil Choi, Steven G. Luke, Joseph SchmidtAbstract:AbstractReading requires integration of language and cognitive processes with attention and Eye Movement Control. Individuals differ in their reading ability, but little is known about the neurocognitive processes associated with these individual differences. To investigate this issue, we combined Eyetracking and fMRI, simultaneously recording Eye Movements and BOLD activity while subjects read text passages. We found that the variability and skew of fixation duration distributions across individuals, as assessed by ex-Gaussian analyses, decreased with increasing neural activity in regions associated with the cortical Eye Movement Control network (Left FEF, Left IPS, Left IFG, and Right IFG). The results suggest that individual differences in fixation duration during reading are related to underlying neurocognitive processes associated with the Eye Movement Control system and its relationship to language processing. The results also show that Eye Movements and fMRI can be combined to investigate the neura...
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predicting cognitive state from Eye Movements
PLOS ONE, 2013Co-Authors: John M Henderson, Steven G. Luke, Svetlana V Shinkareva, Jing Wang, Jenn OlejarczykAbstract:In human vision, acuity and color sensitivity are greatest at the center of fixation and fall off rapidly as visual eccentricity increases. Humans exploit the high resolution of central vision by actively moving their Eyes three to four times each second. Here we demonstrate that it is possible to classify the task that a person is engaged in from their Eye Movements using multivariate pattern classification. The results have important theoretical implications for computational and neural models of Eye Movement Control. They also have important practical implications for using passively recorded Eye Movements to infer the cognitive state of a viewer, information that can be used as input for intelligent human-computer interfaces and related applications.
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Eye Movement Control during scene viewing immediate effects of scene luminance on fixation durations
Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 2013Co-Authors: John M Henderson, Antje Nuthmann, Steven G. LukeAbstract:Recent research on Eye Movements during scene viewing has primarily focused on where the Eyes fixate. But Eye fixations also differ in their durations. Here we investigated whether fixation durations in scene viewing are under the direct and immediate Control of the current visual input. Subjects freely viewed photographs of scenes in preparation for a later memory test while their Eye Movements were recorded. Using a novel scene degradation paradigm based on a saccade-contingent display change method, scenes were reduced in luminance during saccades ending in critical fixations. Results from two experiments showed that the durations of the critical fixations were immediately affected by scene luminance, with a monotonic relationship between luminance reduction and fixation duration. The results are the first to demonstrate that fixation durations in scene viewing are immediately influenced by the ease of processing of the image currently in view. These results are consistent with the CRISP (a timer-Controlled Random-Walk with Inhibition for Saccade Planning) computational model of saccade generation in scenes, proposing that difficulty in moment-by-moment visual and cognitive processing of the scene modulates fixation durations.
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Eye Movement Control in scene viewing and reading evidence from the stimulus onset delay paradigm
Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 2013Co-Authors: Steven G. Luke, Antje Nuthmann, John M HendersonAbstract:The present study used the stimulus onset delay paradigm to investigate Eye Movement Control in reading and in scene viewing in a within-participants design. Short onset delays (0, 25, 50, 200, and 350 ms) were chosen to simulate the type of natural processing difficulty encountered in reading and scene viewing. Fixation duration increased linearly with delay duration, and the effect was equivalent for both tasks. Although fixations were longer in scene viewing, the effects of onset delay were highly consistent across tasks. These results suggest that reading and scene viewing share a common mechanism for saccade planning and Control.
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object scene inconsistencies do not capture gaze evidence from the flash preview moving window paradigm
Attention Perception & Psychophysics, 2011Co-Authors: John M HendersonAbstract:In the present study, we investigated the influence of object–scene relationships on Eye Movement Control during scene viewing. We specifically tested whether an object that is inconsistent with its scene context is able to capture gaze from the visual periphery. In four experiments, we presented rendered images of naturalistic scenes and compared baseline consistent objects with semantically, syntactically, or both semantically and syntactically inconsistent objects within those scenes. To disentangle the effects of extrafoveal and foveal object–scene processing on Eye Movement Control, we used the flash-preview moving-window paradigm: A short scene preview was followed by an object search or free viewing of the scene, during which visual input was available only via a small gaze-contingent window. This method maximized extrafoveal processing during the preview but limited scene analysis to near-foveal regions during later stages of scene viewing. Across all experiments, there was no indication of an attraction of gaze toward object–scene inconsistencies. Rather than capturing gaze, the semantic inconsistency of an object weakened contextual guidance, resulting in impeded search performance and inefficient Eye Movement Control. We conclude that inconsistent objects do not capture gaze from an initial glimpse of a scene.
Alexander Pollatsek - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Extending the E-Z Reader Model of Eye Movement Control to Chinese Readers.
Cognitive science, 2007Co-Authors: Keith Rayner, Alexander PollatsekAbstract:Chinese readers' Eye Movements were simulated in the context of the E-Z Reader model, which was developed to account for the Eye Movements of readers of English. Despite obvious differences between English and Chinese, the model did a fairly good job of simulating the Eye Movements of Chinese readers. The successful simulation suggests that the Control of Eye Movements in reading Chinese is similar to that in an alphabetic language such as English.
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E-Z Reader: A cognitive-Control, serial-attention model of Eye-Movement behavior during reading
Cognitive Systems Research, 2006Co-Authors: Erik D. Reichle, Alexander Pollatsek, Keith RaynerAbstract:The two core assumptions of the E-Z Reader model of Eye-Movement Control during reading are that: (1) a preliminary stage of lexical access (i.e., the familiarity check) triggers the initiation of a saccadic program to move the Eyes from one word to the next; and (2) attention is allocated serially, to one word at a time. This paper provides an overview of the model, some of the research that motivated its assumptions, and the various reading-related phenomena that the model can account for. This paper also summarizes how the model has been and is currently being used to guide empirical research.
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Eye Movement Control in reading
Handbook of Psycholinguistics (Second Edition), 2006Co-Authors: Keith Rayner, Alexander PollatsekAbstract:Publisher Summary During reading, one typically has impression that Eyes are gliding smoothly across the page. However, this is an incorrect impression; instead the Eyes make a series of rapid Movements (called saccades) separated by periods of time when the Eyes are relatively still (called fixations). It is only during the fixations that new visual information is encoded from the text because vision is functionally suppressed during the saccades. Fixations typically last about 200–250 ms, although individual fixations in reading can be as short as 50–100 ms and as long as 500 ms. Distributions of fixation durations look like normal distributions (with the mean around 200–250 ms) that are skewed to the right. Typically, saccades last roughly 20–40 ms; the duration of the saccade depends almost exclusively on the size of the saccade. Saccades moving from the end of one line to the next (called return sweep) typically last longer than the Movements that progress along a line, and they also tend to undershoot the intended target. Thus, a return sweep will often be followed by a corrective Movement to the left (when reading English).
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Tests of the E-Z Reader Model: Exploring the Interface between Cognition and Eye-Movement Control.
Cognitive psychology, 2005Co-Authors: Alexander Pollatsek, Erik D. Reichle, Keith RaynerAbstract:Abstract This paper is simultaneously a test and refinement of the E-Z Reader model and an exploration of the interrelationship between visual and language processing and Eye-Movements in reading. Our modeling indicates that the assumption that words in text are processed serially by skilled readers is a viable and attractive hypothesis, as it accounts not only for “normal” reading data, but also for the pattern of decrements that occur when text is withheld from view during certain periods of time, such as in the boundary paradigm and the disappearing text paradigm. Our analyses also indicate (a) that lexical processing during reading is essentially continuous and (b) that the trigger for Eye Movements has to be a different (and prior) event to the trigger for shifts of covert spatial attention. In addition, the parameter values in our model are in accordance with what is known about such processes and should be taken as serious hypotheses for how long these processes last. Although a parallel model may be able to duplicate the predictions of the E-Z Reader model, we think that it is likely to be far less parsimonious and not nearly as good a heuristic device for using Eye Movements to understand language processing in reading.
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The E-Z reader model of Eye-Movement Control in reading: comparisons to other models
The Behavioral and brain sciences, 2003Co-Authors: Erik D. Reichle, Keith Rayner, Alexander PollatsekAbstract:The E-Z Reader model (Reichle et al. 1998; 1999) provides a theoretical framework for understanding how word identification, visual processing, attention, and oculomotor Control jointly determine when and where the Eyes move during reading. In this article, we first review what is known about Eye Movements during reading. Then we provide an updated version of the model (E-Z Reader 7) and describe how it accounts for basic findings about Eye Movement Control in reading. We then review several alternative models of Eye Movement Control in reading, discussing both their core assumptions and their theoretical scope. On the basis of this discussion, we conclude that E-Z Reader provides the most comprehensive account of Eye Movement Control during reading. Finally, we provide a brief overview of what is known about the neural systems that support the various components of reading, and suggest how the cognitive constructs of our model might map onto this neural architecture.
Steven G. Luke - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Neural correlates of individual differences in fixation duration during natural reading.
Quarterly journal of experimental psychology (2006), 2017Co-Authors: John M Henderson, Wonil Choi, Steven G. Luke, Joseph SchmidtAbstract:AbstractReading requires integration of language and cognitive processes with attention and Eye Movement Control. Individuals differ in their reading ability, but little is known about the neurocognitive processes associated with these individual differences. To investigate this issue, we combined Eyetracking and fMRI, simultaneously recording Eye Movements and BOLD activity while subjects read text passages. We found that the variability and skew of fixation duration distributions across individuals, as assessed by ex-Gaussian analyses, decreased with increasing neural activity in regions associated with the cortical Eye Movement Control network (Left FEF, Left IPS, Left IFG, and Right IFG). The results suggest that individual differences in fixation duration during reading are related to underlying neurocognitive processes associated with the Eye Movement Control system and its relationship to language processing. The results also show that Eye Movements and fMRI can be combined to investigate the neura...
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predicting cognitive state from Eye Movements
PLOS ONE, 2013Co-Authors: John M Henderson, Steven G. Luke, Svetlana V Shinkareva, Jing Wang, Jenn OlejarczykAbstract:In human vision, acuity and color sensitivity are greatest at the center of fixation and fall off rapidly as visual eccentricity increases. Humans exploit the high resolution of central vision by actively moving their Eyes three to four times each second. Here we demonstrate that it is possible to classify the task that a person is engaged in from their Eye Movements using multivariate pattern classification. The results have important theoretical implications for computational and neural models of Eye Movement Control. They also have important practical implications for using passively recorded Eye Movements to infer the cognitive state of a viewer, information that can be used as input for intelligent human-computer interfaces and related applications.
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Eye Movement Control during scene viewing immediate effects of scene luminance on fixation durations
Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 2013Co-Authors: John M Henderson, Antje Nuthmann, Steven G. LukeAbstract:Recent research on Eye Movements during scene viewing has primarily focused on where the Eyes fixate. But Eye fixations also differ in their durations. Here we investigated whether fixation durations in scene viewing are under the direct and immediate Control of the current visual input. Subjects freely viewed photographs of scenes in preparation for a later memory test while their Eye Movements were recorded. Using a novel scene degradation paradigm based on a saccade-contingent display change method, scenes were reduced in luminance during saccades ending in critical fixations. Results from two experiments showed that the durations of the critical fixations were immediately affected by scene luminance, with a monotonic relationship between luminance reduction and fixation duration. The results are the first to demonstrate that fixation durations in scene viewing are immediately influenced by the ease of processing of the image currently in view. These results are consistent with the CRISP (a timer-Controlled Random-Walk with Inhibition for Saccade Planning) computational model of saccade generation in scenes, proposing that difficulty in moment-by-moment visual and cognitive processing of the scene modulates fixation durations.
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Eye Movement Control in scene viewing and reading evidence from the stimulus onset delay paradigm
Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 2013Co-Authors: Steven G. Luke, Antje Nuthmann, John M HendersonAbstract:The present study used the stimulus onset delay paradigm to investigate Eye Movement Control in reading and in scene viewing in a within-participants design. Short onset delays (0, 25, 50, 200, and 350 ms) were chosen to simulate the type of natural processing difficulty encountered in reading and scene viewing. Fixation duration increased linearly with delay duration, and the effect was equivalent for both tasks. Although fixations were longer in scene viewing, the effects of onset delay were highly consistent across tasks. These results suggest that reading and scene viewing share a common mechanism for saccade planning and Control.
Gary E Raney - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Eye Movement Control in reading a comparison of two types of models
Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 1996Co-Authors: Keith Rayner, Sara C Sereno, Gary E RaneyAbstract:Two classes of models have been proposed to account for Eye Movement Control during reading. Proponents of the 1st class of model claim that the decision of when to move the Eyes (reflected in fixation duration) is primarily influenced by the status of on-line language processing such as lexical access. Supporters of the 2nd class of model, however, maintain that (a) lower level oculomotor factors such as fixation location govern the decision of when to move the Eyes and (b) lexical variables exert only a weak influence. In this study, fixation duration on low-and high-frequency target words was examined as a function of fixation location and the number of fixations on a target word. The data are inconsistent with an oculomotor model.
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Eye Movement Control in reading and visual search effects of word frequency
Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 1996Co-Authors: Keith Rayner, Gary E RaneyAbstract:Eye Movements were recorded as subjects either read text or searched through texts for a target word. In the reading task, there was a robust word frequency effect wherein readers looked longer at low-frequency words than at high-frequency words. However, there was no frequency effect in the search task. The results suggest that decisions to move the Eyes during reading are made on a different basis than they are during visual search. Implications for current models of Eye Movement Control in reading are discussed.
