The Experts below are selected from a list of 88188 Experts worldwide ranked by ideXlab platform
Charles A. Nelson - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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the effects of early institutionalization on emotional Face Processing evidence for sparing via an experience dependent mechanism
British Journal of Development Psychology, 2017Co-Authors: Audrey Young, Charles A. Nelson, Rhiannon J Luyster, Nathan A Fox, Charles H ZeanahAbstract:Early psychosocial deprivation has profound adverse effects on children's brain and behavioural development, including abnormalities in physical growth, intellectual function, social cognition, and emotional development. Nevertheless, the domain of emotional Face Processing has appeared in previous research to be relatively spared; here, we test for possible sleeper effects emerging in early adolescence. This study employed event-related potentials (ERPs) to examine the neural correlates of facial emotion Processing in 12-year-old children who took part in a randomized controlled trial of foster care as an intervention for early institutionalization. Results revealed no significant group differences in two Face and emotion-sensitive ERP components (P1 and N170), nor any association with age at placement or per cent of lifetime spent in an institution. These results converged with previous evidence from this population supporting relative sparing of facial emotion Processing. We hypothesize that this sparing is due to an experience-dependent mechanism in which the amount of exposure to Faces and facial expressions of emotion children received was sufficient to meet the low threshold required for cortical specialization of structures critical to emotion Processing. Statement of contribution What is already known on this subject? Early psychosocial deprivation leads to profoundly detrimental effects on children's brain and behavioural development. With respect to children's emotional Face Processing abilities, few adverse effects of institutionalized rearing have previously been reported. Recent studies suggest that ‘sleeper effects’ may emerge many years later, especially in the domain of Face Processing. What does this study add? Examining a cumulative 12 years of data, we found only minimal group differences and no evidence of a sleeper effect in this particular domain. These findings identify emotional Face Processing as a unique ability in which relative sparing can be found. We propose an experience-dependent mechanism in which the amount of social interaction children received met the low threshold required for cortical specialization.
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Eye-Tracking, Autonomic, and Electrophysiological Correlates of Emotional Face Processing in Adolescents with Autism Spectrum Disorder
Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 2013Co-Authors: Jennifer B. Wagner, Suzanna B. Hirsch, Vanessa K. Vogel-farley, Elizabeth Redcay, Charles A. NelsonAbstract:Individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) often have difficulty with social-emotional cues. This study examined the neural, behavioral, and autonomic correlates of emotional Face Processing in adolescents with ASD and typical development (TD) using eye-tracking and event-related potentials (ERPs) across two different paradigms. Scanning of Faces was similar across groups in the first task, but the second task found that Face-sensitive ERPs varied with emotional expressions only in TD. Further, ASD showed enhanced neural responding to non-social stimuli. In TD only, attention to eyes during eye-tracking related to faster Face-sensitive ERPs in a separate task; in ASD, a significant positive association was found between autonomic activity and attention to mouths. Overall, ASD showed an atypical pattern of emotional Face Processing, with reduced neural differentiation between emotions and a reduced relationship between gaze behavior and neural Processing of Faces.
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an erp study of emotional Face Processing in the adult and infant brain
Child Development, 2007Co-Authors: Jukka M Leppanen, Charles A. Nelson, Margaret C Moulson, Vanessa VogelfarleyAbstract:To examine the ontogeny of emotional Face Processing, event-related potentials (ERPs) were recorded from adults and 7-month-old infants while viewing pictures of fearful, happy, and neutral Faces. Face-sensitive ERPs at occipital-temporal scalp regions differentiated between fearful and neutral/happy Faces in both adults (N170 was larger for fear) and infants (P400 was larger for fear). Behavioral measures showed no overt attentional bias toward fearful Faces in adults, but in infants, the duration of the first fixation was longer for fearful than happy Faces. Together, these results suggest that the neural systems underlying the differential Processing of fearful and happy/neutral Faces are functional early in life, and that affective factors may play an important role in modulating infants' Face Processing.
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Plasticity of Face Processing in infancy
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2005Co-Authors: Olivier Pascalis, Lisa S. Scott, David J. Kelly, Robert W. Shannon, Ellen Colton Nicholson, M. Coleman, Charles A. NelsonAbstract:Experience plays a crucial role for the normal development of many perceptual and cognitive functions, such as speech perception. For example, between 6 and 10 months of age, the infant's ability to discriminate among native speech sounds improves, whereas the ability to discriminate among foreign speech sounds declines. However, a recent investigation suggests that some experience with nonnative languages from 9 months of age facilitates the maintenance of this ability at 12 months. Nelson has suggested that the systems underlying Face Processing may be similarly sculpted by experience with different kinds of Faces. In the current investigation, we demonstrate that, in human infants between 6 and 9 months of age, exposure to nonnative Faces, in this case, Faces of Barbary macaques (Macaca sylvanus), facilitates the discrimination of monkey Faces, an ability that is otherwise lost around 9 months of age. These data support, and further elucidate, the role of early experience in the development of Face Processing.
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is Face Processing species specific during the first year of life
Science, 2002Co-Authors: Olivier Pascalis, Michelle De Haan, Charles A. NelsonAbstract:Between 6 and 10 months of age, the infant's ability to discriminate among native speech sounds improves, whereas the same ability to discriminate among foreign speech sounds decreases. Our study aimed to determine whether this perceptual narrowing is unique to language or might also apply to Face Processing. We tested discrimination of human and monkey Faces by 6-month-olds, 9-month-olds, and adults, using the visual paired-comparison procedure. Only the youngest group showed discrimination between individuals of both species; older infants and adults only showed evidence of discrimination of their own species. These results suggest that the "perceptual narrowing" phenomenon may represent a more general change in neural networks involved in early cognition.
Chantal Kemner - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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basic abnormalities in visual Processing affect Face Processing at an early age in autism spectrum disorder
Biological Psychiatry, 2010Co-Authors: Petra H J M Vlamings, Lisa M Jonkman, Emma Van Daalen, Rutger Jan Van Der Gaag, Chantal KemnerAbstract:Background A detailed visual Processing style has been noted in autism spectrum disorder (ASD); this contributes to problems in Face Processing and has been directly related to abnormal Processing of spatial frequencies (SFs). Little is known about the early development of Face Processing in ASD and the relation with abnormal SF Processing. We investigated whether young ASD children show abnormalities in low spatial frequency (LSF, global) and high spatial frequency (HSF, detailed) Processing and explored whether these are crucially involved in the early development of Face Processing. Methods Three- to 4-year-old children with ASD ( n = 22) were compared with developmentally delayed children without ASD ( n = 17). Spatial frequency Processing was studied by recording visual evoked potentials from visual brain areas while children passively viewed gratings (HSF/LSF). In addition, children watched Face stimuli with different expressions, filtered to include only HSF or LSF. Results Enhanced activity in visual brain areas was found in response to HSF versus LSF information in children with ASD, in contrast to control subjects. Furthermore, facial-expression Processing was also primarily driven by detail in ASD. Conclusions Enhanced visual Processing of detailed (HSF) information is present early in ASD and occurs for neutral (gratings), as well as for socially relevant stimuli (facial expressions). These data indicate that there is a general abnormality in visual SF Processing in early ASD and are in agreement with suggestions that a fast LSF subcortical Face Processing route might be affected in ASD. This could suggest that abnormal visual Processing is causative in the development of social problems in ASD.
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Face Processing in pervasive developmental disorder pdd the roles of expertise and spatial frequency
Journal of Neural Transmission, 2007Co-Authors: M A Boeschoten, Chantal Kemner, Herman Van Engeland, J L KenemansAbstract:Both a reduced Face expertise and a basic abnormality in visual information, e.g. spatial frequency, Processing have been proposed as possible causes of the abnormal Face Processing in Pervasive Developmental Disorder (PDD). This study investigated both the roles of expertise and spatial frequency for Face Processing in PDD. Event-related potentials (ERPs) and dipole sources were measured in response to (upright/inverted) high- and low-pass filtered Faces, houses, and stimuli for which children with PDD were experts. ERP analyses for specific posterior electrodes showed no differences between children with PDD and matched controls, but source analyses did. These showed that controls activated specialized brain sources for the Processing of Faces, which was dependent on low spatial frequency content. However, children with PDD did not. Importantly, present results argue against the idea that this is due to a reduced Face expertise on the part of the children with PDD, but instead support an abnormality in spatial frequency Processing.
Jessica Schrouff - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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fast temporal dynamics and causal relevance of Face Processing in the human temporal cortex
Nature Communications, 2020Co-Authors: Jessica Schrouff, Omri Raccah, Sori Baek, Vinitha Rangarajan, Sina Salehi, Janaina Mouraomiranda, Zeinab Helili, Amy L DaitchAbstract:We measured the fast temporal dynamics of Face Processing simultaneously across the human temporal cortex (TC) using intracranial recordings in eight participants. We found sites with selective responses to Faces clustered in the ventral TC, which responded increasingly strongly to marine animal, bird, mammal, and human Faces. Both Face-selective and Face-active but non-selective sites showed a posterior to anterior gradient in response time and selectivity. A sparse model focusing on information from the human Face-selective sites performed as well as, or better than, anatomically distributed models when discriminating Faces from non-Faces stimuli. Additionally, we identified the posterior fusiform site (pFUS) as causally the most relevant node for inducing distortion of conscious Face Processing by direct electrical stimulation. These findings support anatomically discrete but temporally distributed response profiles in the human brain and provide a new common ground for unifying the seemingly contradictory modular and distributed modes of Face Processing.
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fast temporal dynamics and causal relevance of Face Processing in the human temporal cortex
bioRxiv, 2018Co-Authors: Jessica Schrouff, Omri Raccah, Sori Baek, Vinitha Rangarajan, Sina Salehi, Janaina Mouraomiranda, Zeinab Helili, Amy L Daitch, Josef ParviziAbstract:Recordings with a large number of intracranial electrodes in eight neurosurgical subjects offered a unique opportunity to examine the fast temporal dynamics of Face Processing simultaneously across a relatively large extent of the human temporal cortex (TC). Measuring the power of slow oscillatory bands of activity (θ, α, β, and γ) as well as High-Frequency Broadband (HFB, 70-177 Hz) signal, we found that the HFB showed the strongest univariate and multivariate changes in response to Face compared to non-Face stimuli. Using the HFB signal as a surrogate marker for local cortical engagement, we identified recording sites with selective responses to Faces that were anatomically consistent across subjects and responded with graded strength to human, mammal, bird, and marine animal Faces. Importantly, the most Face selective sites were located more posteriorly and responded earlier than those with less selective responses to Faces. Using machine learning based methods, we demonstrated that a sparse model focusing on information from the human Face selective sites performed as well as, or better than, anatomically distributed models of Face Processing when discriminating Faces from non-Faces stimuli. Lastly, we identified the posterior fusiform (pFUS) site as causally the most relevant node for inducing distortion of Face perception by direct electrical stimulation. Our findings support the notion of Face information being processed first in the most selective sites - that are anatomically discrete and localizable within individual brains and anatomically consistent across subjects - which is then distributed in time to less selective anterior temporal sites within a time window that is too fast to be detected by current neuroimaging methods. The new information about the fast spatio-temporal dynamics of Face Processing across multiple sites of the human brain provides a new common ground for unifying the seemingly contradictory modular and distributed models of Face Processing in the human brain.
Henry P Brent - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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expert Face Processing requires visual input to the right hemisphere during infancy
Nature Neuroscience, 2003Co-Authors: Richard Le Grand, Catherine J. Mondloch, Daphne Maurer, Henry P BrentAbstract:Adult expertise in Face Processing is mediated largely by neural networks in the right hemisphere. Here we evaluate the contribution of early visual input in establishing this neural substrate. We compared visually normal individuals to patients for whom visual input had been restricted mainly to one hemisphere during infancy. We show that early deprivation of visual input to the right hemisphere severely impairs the development of expert Face Processing, whereas deprivation restricted mainly to the left hemisphere does not. Our results indicate that the neural circuitry responsible for adults’ Face expertise is not pre-specified, but requires early visual experience. However, the two hemispheres are not equipotent: only the right hemisphere is capable of using the early input to develop expertise at Face Processing.
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the effect of early visual deprivation on the development of Face Processing
Developmental Science, 2002Co-Authors: Sybil Geldart, Scania De Schonen, Catherine J. Mondloch, Daphne Maurer, Henry P BrentAbstract:We evaluated the importance of early visual input for the later development of expertise in Face Processing by studying 17 patients, aged 10 to 38 years, treated for bilateral congenital cataracts that deprived them of patterned visual input for the first 7 weeks or more after birth. We administered five computerized tasks that required matching Faces on the basis of identity (with changed facial expression or head orientation), facial expression, gaze direction and lip reading. Compared to an age-matched control group, patients’ recognition of facial identity was impaired significantly when there was a change in head orientation (e.g. from frontal to tilted up), and tended to be impaired when there was a change in facial expression (e.g. from happy to surprised). Patients performed normally when matching facial expression and direction of gaze (e.g. looking left or right), and in reading lips (e.g. pronouncing ‘u’ or ‘a’). The results indicate that visual input during early infancy is necessary for the normal development of some aspects of Face Processing, and are consistent with theories postulating the importance of early visual experience (de Schonen & Mathivet, 1989; Johnson & Morton, 1991) and separate neural mediation of different components of Face Processing (Bruce & Young, 1986).
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neuroperception early visual experience and Face Processing
Nature, 2001Co-Authors: Richard Le Grand, Catherine J. Mondloch, Daphne Maurer, Henry P BrentAbstract:Adult-like expertise in Processing Face information takes years to develop1 and is mediated in part by specialized cortical mechanisms2 sensitive to the spacing of facial features (configural Processing)3. Here we show that deprivation of patterned visual input from birth until 2–6 months of age results in permanent deficits in configural Face Processing. Even after more than nine years' recovery, patients treated for bilateral congenital cataracts were severely impaired at differentiating Faces that differed only in the spacing of their features, but were normal in distinguishing those varying only in the shape of individual features. These findings indicate that early visual input is necessary for normal development of the neural architecture that will later specialize for configural Processing of Faces.
Amy L Daitch - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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fast temporal dynamics and causal relevance of Face Processing in the human temporal cortex
Nature Communications, 2020Co-Authors: Jessica Schrouff, Omri Raccah, Sori Baek, Vinitha Rangarajan, Sina Salehi, Janaina Mouraomiranda, Zeinab Helili, Amy L DaitchAbstract:We measured the fast temporal dynamics of Face Processing simultaneously across the human temporal cortex (TC) using intracranial recordings in eight participants. We found sites with selective responses to Faces clustered in the ventral TC, which responded increasingly strongly to marine animal, bird, mammal, and human Faces. Both Face-selective and Face-active but non-selective sites showed a posterior to anterior gradient in response time and selectivity. A sparse model focusing on information from the human Face-selective sites performed as well as, or better than, anatomically distributed models when discriminating Faces from non-Faces stimuli. Additionally, we identified the posterior fusiform site (pFUS) as causally the most relevant node for inducing distortion of conscious Face Processing by direct electrical stimulation. These findings support anatomically discrete but temporally distributed response profiles in the human brain and provide a new common ground for unifying the seemingly contradictory modular and distributed modes of Face Processing.
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fast temporal dynamics and causal relevance of Face Processing in the human temporal cortex
bioRxiv, 2018Co-Authors: Jessica Schrouff, Omri Raccah, Sori Baek, Vinitha Rangarajan, Sina Salehi, Janaina Mouraomiranda, Zeinab Helili, Amy L Daitch, Josef ParviziAbstract:Recordings with a large number of intracranial electrodes in eight neurosurgical subjects offered a unique opportunity to examine the fast temporal dynamics of Face Processing simultaneously across a relatively large extent of the human temporal cortex (TC). Measuring the power of slow oscillatory bands of activity (θ, α, β, and γ) as well as High-Frequency Broadband (HFB, 70-177 Hz) signal, we found that the HFB showed the strongest univariate and multivariate changes in response to Face compared to non-Face stimuli. Using the HFB signal as a surrogate marker for local cortical engagement, we identified recording sites with selective responses to Faces that were anatomically consistent across subjects and responded with graded strength to human, mammal, bird, and marine animal Faces. Importantly, the most Face selective sites were located more posteriorly and responded earlier than those with less selective responses to Faces. Using machine learning based methods, we demonstrated that a sparse model focusing on information from the human Face selective sites performed as well as, or better than, anatomically distributed models of Face Processing when discriminating Faces from non-Faces stimuli. Lastly, we identified the posterior fusiform (pFUS) site as causally the most relevant node for inducing distortion of Face perception by direct electrical stimulation. Our findings support the notion of Face information being processed first in the most selective sites - that are anatomically discrete and localizable within individual brains and anatomically consistent across subjects - which is then distributed in time to less selective anterior temporal sites within a time window that is too fast to be detected by current neuroimaging methods. The new information about the fast spatio-temporal dynamics of Face Processing across multiple sites of the human brain provides a new common ground for unifying the seemingly contradictory modular and distributed models of Face Processing in the human brain.
