Temporal Cortex

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Charles G. Gross - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Single neuron studies of inferior Temporal Cortex
    Neuropsychologia, 2007
    Co-Authors: Charles G. Gross
    Abstract:

    This paper reviews our experiments on the response properties of single neurons in inferior Temporal (IT) Cortex in the monkey that were carried out starting in 1965. It describes situational factors that led us to find neurons sensitive to images of faces and hands and summarizes the basic sensory properties of IT neurons. Subsequent developments on the cognitive properties of IT neurons and on imaging the responses of human Temporal Cortex to facial images are outlined. Finally, this paper summarizes recent results on fMRI imaging of the responses of Temporal Cortex to facial images.

  • Representations of faces and body parts in macaque Temporal Cortex: a functional MRI study.
    Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2005
    Co-Authors: Mark A. Pinsk, Charles G. Gross, Kevin Desimone, Tirin Moore, Sabine Kastner
    Abstract:

    Human neuroimaging studies suggest that areas in Temporal Cortex respond preferentially to certain biologically relevant stimulus categories such as faces and bodies. Single-cell studies in monkeys have reported cells in inferior Temporal Cortex that respond selectively to faces, hands, and bodies but provide little evidence of large clusters of category-specific cells that would form “areas.” We probed the category selectivity of macaque Temporal Cortex for representations of monkey faces and monkey body parts relative to man-made objects using functional MRI in animals trained to fixate. Two face-selective areas were activated bilaterally in the posterior and anterior superior Temporal sulcus exhibiting different degrees of category selectivity. The posterior face area was more extensively activated in the right hemisphere than in the left hemisphere. Immediately adjacent to the face areas, regions were activated bilaterally responding preferentially to body parts. Our findings suggest a category-selective organization for faces and body parts in macaque Temporal Cortex.

  • how inferior Temporal Cortex became a visual area
    Cerebral Cortex, 1994
    Co-Authors: Charles G. Gross
    Abstract:

    The origins of contemporary work on the Temporal Cortex and object recognition are traced from their roots in phrenology through the search for a cortical visual area to the discovery of the Kluver-Bucy syndrome and its fractionation, finally ending with early single-neuron recording studies.

  • Neural ensemble coding in inferior Temporal Cortex
    Journal of Neurophysiology, 1994
    Co-Authors: Paul M. Gochin, Michael Colombo, G. A. Dorfman, George L. Gerstein, Charles G. Gross
    Abstract:

    1. Isolated, single-neuron extracellular potentials were recorded sequentially in area TE of the inferior Temporal Cortex (IT) of two macaque monkeys (n = 58 and n = 41 neurons). Data were obtained...

  • Stimulus selectivity and state dependence of activity in inferior Temporal Cortex of infant monkeys
    Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 1991
    Co-Authors: Hillary R. Rodman, J P Skelly, Charles G. Gross
    Abstract:

    Abstract Inferior Temporal Cortex is necessary for visual object recognition in adult primates but is less critical in infants. Nonetheless, in macaques as young as 6 weeks old, inferior Temporal neurons showed adult-like visual response properties, including form selectivity and bilateral receptive fields, indicating that extended maturation and visual experience may not be necessary for adult-like encoding of complex objects. However, before the animals were 4 months old, visual responsiveness was found in inferior Temporal Cortex only in awake monkeys performing a behavioral task and not in anesthetized ones, suggesting that extraretinal factors profoundly influence function in "association" Cortex in developing as well as mature animals.

Hans-otto Karnath - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • New insights into the functions of the superior Temporal Cortex
    Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 2001
    Co-Authors: Hans-otto Karnath
    Abstract:

    One of the mysteries of the brain is the role of superior Temporal Cortex. Recent data have shed new light on the function of this area, supporting the idea that the rostral part of the superior Temporal Cortex acts as an interface between the dorsal and ventral streams of visual input processing to allow the exploration of both object-related and space-related information. The superior Temporal Cortex is also involved in processing species-specific vocalizations. It seems that, during evolution, the formerly bilateral functions of the superior Temporal Cortex have been segregated in the human brain between the left hemisphere, which subserves language, and the right hemisphere, which mediates spatial awareness and exploration. Damage to the right cerebral hemisphere can elicit spatial neglect — a lack of awareness of space and of object parts on the side contralateral to a brain injury. Traditionally, the inferior parietal lobule and the temporo–parieto–occipital junction have been believed to be as the neural substrates responsible for this defect. New anatomical data obtained in a large group of patients who had only spatial neglect, without any further visual field defects, showed that, contrary to this belief, the superior Temporal Cortex seems to be the typical location in the human brain in which lesions cause spatial neglect. Lesion of some subcortical structures, namely the putamen, caudate nucleus and thalamic pulvinar, can also cause spatial neglect. As these structures are extensively connected to the superior Temporal Cortex, it can be argued that they form a coherent cortico–subcortical network for representing spatial awareness. What is the role of the intact superior Temporal Cortex? It has been proposed that the superior Temporal Cortex is a site of integration for both egocentric and object-centred reference systems. In other words, it might allow the represention of visual input in two simultaneous modes: in veridical egocentric coordinates and in normalized, within-object co-ordinates. In addition, the superior Temporal Cortex is involved in processing species-specific vocalizations. It is conceivable that, in the course of evolution, the originally bilateral functions of the superior Temporal Cortex have been segregated in the human brain between the left hemisphere, which subserves language, and the right hemisphere, which mediates spatial awareness and exploration.

  • New insights into the functions of the superior Temporal Cortex
    Nature reviews. Neuroscience, 2001
    Co-Authors: Hans-otto Karnath
    Abstract:

    One of the mysteries of the brain is the role of superior Temporal Cortex. Recent data have shed new light on the function of this area, supporting the idea that the rostral part of the superior Temporal Cortex acts as an interface between the dorsal and ventral streams of visual input processing to allow the exploration of both object-related and space-related information. The superior Temporal Cortex is also involved in processing species-specific vocalizations. It seems that, during evolution, the formerly bilateral functions of the superior Temporal Cortex have been segregated in the human brain between the left hemisphere, which subserves language, and the right hemisphere, which mediates spatial awareness and exploration.

James V. Haxby - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Distributed and Overlapping Representations of Faces and Objects in Ventral Temporal Cortex
    Science (New York N.Y.), 2001
    Co-Authors: James V. Haxby, M. Ida Gobbini, Maura L. Furey, Alumit Ishai, Jennifer L. Schouten, Pietro Pietrini
    Abstract:

    The functional architecture of the object vision pathway in the human brain was investigated using functional magnetic resonance imaging to measure patterns of response in ventral Temporal Cortex while subjects viewed faces, cats, five categories of man-made objects, and nonsense pictures. A distinct pattern of response was found for each stimulus category. The distinctiveness of the response to a given category was not due simply to the regions that responded maximally to that category, because the category being viewed also could be identified on the basis of the pattern of response when those regions were excluded from the analysis. Patterns of response that discriminated among all categories were found even within cortical regions that responded maximally to only one category. These results indicate that the representations of faces and objects in ventral Temporal Cortex are widely distributed and overlapping.

  • The Representation of Objects in the Human Occipital and Temporal Cortex
    Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 2000
    Co-Authors: Alumit Ishai, Alex Martin, Leslie G. Ungerleider, James V. Haxby
    Abstract:

    Recently, we identified, using fMRI, three bilateral regions in the ventral Temporal Cortex that responded preferentially to faces, houses, and chairs [Ishai, A., Ungerleider, L. G., Martin, A., Schouten, J. L., & Haxby, J. Y. (1999). Distributed representation of objects in the human ventral visual pathway. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, U.S.A., 96, 9379-9384]. Here, we report differential patterns of activation, similar to those seen in the ventral Temporal Cortex, in bilateral regions of the ventral occipital Cortex. We also found category-related responses in the dorsal occipital Cortex and in the superior Temporal sulcus. Moreover, rather than activating discrete, segregated areas, each category was associated with its own differential pattern of response across a broad expanse of Cortex. The distributed patterns of response were similar across tasks (passive viewing, delayed matching) and presentation formats (photographs, line drawings). We propose that the representation of objects in the ventral visual pathway, including both occipital and Temporal regions, is not restricted to small, highly selective patches of Cortex but, instead, is a distributed representation of information about object form. Within this distributed system, the representation of faces appears to be less extensive as compared to the representations of nonface objects.

  • Attribute-based neural substrates in Temporal Cortex for perceiving and knowing about objects
    Nature neuroscience, 1999
    Co-Authors: Linda L. Chao, James V. Haxby, Alex Martin
    Abstract:

    The cognitive and neural mechanisms underlying category-specific knowledge remain controversial. Here we report that, across multiple tasks (viewing, delayed match to sample, naming), pictures of animals and tools were associated with highly consistent, category-related patterns of activation in ventral (fusiform gyrus) and lateral (superior and middle Temporal gyri) regions of the posterior Temporal lobes. In addition, similar patterns of category-related activity occurred when subjects read the names of, and answered questions about, animals and tools. These findings suggest that semantic object information is represented in distributed networks that include sites for storing information about specific object attributes such as form (ventral Temporal Cortex) and motion (lateral Temporal Cortex).

Ichiro Fujita - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

Nick F. Ramsey - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Unimpaired sentence comprehension after anterior Temporal Cortex resection.
    Neuropsychologia, 2007
    Co-Authors: Kuan Hua Kho, Peter Indefrey, Peter Hagoort, C.w.m. Van Veelen, P.c. Van Rijen, Nick F. Ramsey
    Abstract:

    Functional imaging studies have demonstrated involvement of the anterior Temporal Cortex in sentence comprehension. It is unclear, however, whether the anterior Temporal Cortex is essential for this function. We studied two aspects of sentence comprehension, namely syntactic and prosodic comprehension in Temporal lobe epilepsy patients who were candidates for resection of the anterior Temporal lobe. Methods: Temporal lobe epilepsy patients (n = 32) with normal (left) language dominance were tested on syntactic and prosodic comprehension before and after removal of the anterior Temporal Cortex. The prosodic comprehension test was also compared with performance of healthy control subjects (n = 47) before surgery. Results: Overall, Temporal lobe epilepsy patients did not differ from healthy controls in syntactic and prosodic comprehension before surgery. They did perform less well on an affective prosody task. Post-operative testing revealed that syntactic and prosodic comprehension did not change after removal of the anterior Temporal Cortex. Discussion: The unchanged performance on syntactic and prosodic comprehension after removal of the anterior Temporal Cortex suggests that this area is not indispensable for sentence comprehension functions in Temporal epilepsy patients. Potential implications for the postulated role of the anterior Temporal lobe in the healthy brain are discussed. © 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.