The Experts below are selected from a list of 20226 Experts worldwide ranked by ideXlab platform
Charles J Brainerd - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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fuzzy trace theory False Memory and the law
Policy insights from the behavioral and brain sciences, 2019Co-Authors: Charles J Brainerd, Valerie F ReynaAbstract:Fuzzy-trace theory (FTT) provides well-researched scientific principles that explain worrisome forms of False Memory in the law. False memories are of great legal concern because Memory reports are...
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the semantics of emotion in False Memory
Emotion, 2019Co-Authors: Charles J Brainerd, S H BookbinderAbstract:The emotional valence of target information has been a centerpiece of recent False Memory research, but in most experiments, it has been confounded with emotional arousal. We sought to clarify the results of such research by identifying a shared mathematical relation between valence and arousal ratings in commonly administered normed materials. That relation was then used to (a) decide whether arousal as well as valence influences False Memory when they are confounded and to (b) determine whether semantic properties that are known to affect False Memory covary with valence and arousal ratings. In Study 1, we identified a quadratic relation between valence and arousal ratings of words and pictures that has 2 key properties: Arousal increases more rapidly as function of negative valence than positive valence, and hence, a given level of negative valence is more arousing than the same level of positive valence. This quadratic function predicts that if arousal as well as valence affects False Memory when they are confounded, False Memory data must have certain fine-grained properties. In Study 2, those properties were absent from norming data for the Cornell-Cortland Emotional Word Lists, indicating that valence but not arousal affects False Memory in those norms. In Study 3, we tested fuzzy-trace theory's explanation of that pattern: that valence ratings are positively related to semantic properties that are known to increase False Memory, but arousal ratings are not. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved).
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developmental reversals in False Memory development is complementary not compensatory
Developmental Psychology, 2018Co-Authors: Charles J Brainerd, Valerie F Reyna, Robyn E HollidayAbstract:We report the 1st example of a true complementarity effect in Memory development-a situation in which Memory for the same event simultaneously becomes more and less accurate between early childhood and adulthood. We investigated this paradoxical effect because fuzzy-trace theory predicts that it can occur in paradigms that produce developmental reversals in False Memory, which are circumstances in which adults are more likely than children to remember new events as old. The complementarity prediction is this: If subjects separately judge whether those same events are new but similar to old ones, adults will be more accurate than children, even though adults are less accurate when they judge whether the items are old. We report 4 experiments in which children (6- and 10-year-olds), adolescents (14-year-olds), and adults encoded the modal developmental reversal materials: Deese-Roediger-McDermott lists. Then, they responded to Memory tests on which half the subjects judged whether test items were old and half judged whether the same items were new-similar. The paradoxical complementarity effect was detected in all experiments: The tendency to Falsely remember new-similar items as being old increased with development, but so did the tendency to correctly remember them as being new-similar. (PsycINFO Database Record
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complementarity in False Memory illusions
Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 2017Co-Authors: Charles J Brainerd, Valerie F ReynaAbstract:For some years, the DRM illusion has been the most widely studied form of False Memory. The consensus theoretical interpretation is that the illusion is a reality reversal, in which certain new words (critical distractors) are remembered as though they are old list words rather than as what they are-new words that are similar to old ones. This reality-reversal interpretation is supported by compelling lines of evidence, but prior experiments are limited by the fact that their Memory tests only asked whether test items were old. We removed that limitation by also asking whether test items were new-similar. This more comprehensive methodology revealed that list words and critical distractors are remembered quite differently. Memory for list words is compensatory: They are remembered as old at high rates and remembered as new-similar at very low rates. In contrast, Memory for critical distractors is complementary: They are remembered as both old and new-similar at high rates, which means that the DRM procedure induces a complementarity illusion rather than a reality reversal. The conjoint recognition model explains complementarity as a function of three retrieval processes (semantic familiarity, target recollection, and context recollection), and it predicts that complementarity can be driven up or down by varying the mix of those processes. Our experiments generated data on that prediction and introduced a convenient statistic, the complementarity ratio, which measures (a) the level of complementarity in Memory performance and (b) whether its direction is reality-consistent or reality-reversed. (PsycINFO Database Record
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emotion and False Memory the context content paradox
Psychological Bulletin, 2016Co-Authors: S H Bookbinder, Charles J BrainerdAbstract:False memories are influenced by a variety of factors, but emotion is a variable of special significance, for theoretical and practical reasons. Interestingly, emotion's effects on False Memory depend on whether it is embedded in the content of to-be-remembered events or in our moods, where mood is an aspect of the context in which events are encoded. We sketch the theoretical basis for this content-context dissociation and then review accumulated evidence that content and context effects are indeed different. Paradoxically, we find that in experiments on spontaneous and implanted False memories, negatively valenced content foments distortion, but negatively valenced moods protect against it. In addition, correlational data show that enduring negative natural moods (e.g., depression) foment False Memory. Current opponent-process models of False Memory, such as fuzzy-trace theory, are able to explain the content-context dissociation: Variations in emotional content primarily affect Memory for the gist of events, whereas variations in emotional context primarily affect Memory for events' exact verbatim form. Important questions remain about how these effects are modulated by variations in Memory tests and in arousal. Promising methods of tackling those questions are outlined, especially designs that separate the gist and verbatim influences of emotion. (PsycINFO Database Record
Valerie F Reyna - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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fuzzy trace theory False Memory and the law
Policy insights from the behavioral and brain sciences, 2019Co-Authors: Charles J Brainerd, Valerie F ReynaAbstract:Fuzzy-trace theory (FTT) provides well-researched scientific principles that explain worrisome forms of False Memory in the law. False memories are of great legal concern because Memory reports are...
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developmental reversals in False Memory development is complementary not compensatory
Developmental Psychology, 2018Co-Authors: Charles J Brainerd, Valerie F Reyna, Robyn E HollidayAbstract:We report the 1st example of a true complementarity effect in Memory development-a situation in which Memory for the same event simultaneously becomes more and less accurate between early childhood and adulthood. We investigated this paradoxical effect because fuzzy-trace theory predicts that it can occur in paradigms that produce developmental reversals in False Memory, which are circumstances in which adults are more likely than children to remember new events as old. The complementarity prediction is this: If subjects separately judge whether those same events are new but similar to old ones, adults will be more accurate than children, even though adults are less accurate when they judge whether the items are old. We report 4 experiments in which children (6- and 10-year-olds), adolescents (14-year-olds), and adults encoded the modal developmental reversal materials: Deese-Roediger-McDermott lists. Then, they responded to Memory tests on which half the subjects judged whether test items were old and half judged whether the same items were new-similar. The paradoxical complementarity effect was detected in all experiments: The tendency to Falsely remember new-similar items as being old increased with development, but so did the tendency to correctly remember them as being new-similar. (PsycINFO Database Record
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complementarity in False Memory illusions
Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 2017Co-Authors: Charles J Brainerd, Valerie F ReynaAbstract:For some years, the DRM illusion has been the most widely studied form of False Memory. The consensus theoretical interpretation is that the illusion is a reality reversal, in which certain new words (critical distractors) are remembered as though they are old list words rather than as what they are-new words that are similar to old ones. This reality-reversal interpretation is supported by compelling lines of evidence, but prior experiments are limited by the fact that their Memory tests only asked whether test items were old. We removed that limitation by also asking whether test items were new-similar. This more comprehensive methodology revealed that list words and critical distractors are remembered quite differently. Memory for list words is compensatory: They are remembered as old at high rates and remembered as new-similar at very low rates. In contrast, Memory for critical distractors is complementary: They are remembered as both old and new-similar at high rates, which means that the DRM procedure induces a complementarity illusion rather than a reality reversal. The conjoint recognition model explains complementarity as a function of three retrieval processes (semantic familiarity, target recollection, and context recollection), and it predicts that complementarity can be driven up or down by varying the mix of those processes. Our experiments generated data on that prediction and introduced a convenient statistic, the complementarity ratio, which measures (a) the level of complementarity in Memory performance and (b) whether its direction is reality-consistent or reality-reversed. (PsycINFO Database Record
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developmental reversals in False Memory effects of emotional valence and arousal
Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 2010Co-Authors: Charles J Brainerd, Valerie F Reyna, Robyn E Holliday, Y Yang, Michael P TogliaAbstract:Do the emotional valence and arousal of events distort children's memories? Do valence and arousal modulate counterintuitive age increases in False Memory? We investigated those questions in children, adolescents, and adults using the Cornell/Cortland Emotion Lists, a word list pool that induces False memories and in which valence and arousal can be manipulated factorially. False memories increased with age for unpresented semantic associates of word lists, and net accuracy (the ratio of true Memory to total Memory) decreased with age. These surprising developmental trends were more pronounced for negatively valenced materials than for positively valenced materials, they were more pronounced for high-arousal materials than for low-arousal materials, and developmental increases in the effects of arousal were small in comparison with developmental increases in the effects of valence. These findings have ramifications for legal applications of False Memory research; materials that share the emotional hallmark of crimes (events that are negatively valenced and arousing) produced the largest age increases in False Memory and the largest age declines in net accuracy.
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semantic processing in associative False Memory
Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 2008Co-Authors: Charles J Brainerd, Valerie F Reyna, Mark L Howe, Y Yang, Britain A MillsAbstract:We studied the semantic properties of a class of illusions, of which the Deese/Roediger-McDermott (DRM) paradigm is the most prominent example, in which subjects Falsely remember words that are associates of studied words. We analyzed DRM materials for 16 dimensions of semantic content and assessed the ability of these dimensions to predict interlist variability in False Memory. For the more general class of illusions, we analyzed pairs of presented and unpresented words that varied in associative strength for the presence of these same 16 semantic properties. DRM materials proved to be exceptionally rich in meaning, as indexed by these semantic properties. Variability in False recall, False recognition, and backward associative strength loaded on a single semantic factor (familiarity/meaningfulness), whereas variability in true recall loaded on a quite different factor (imagery/concreteness). For word association generally, 15 semantic properties varied reliably with forward or backward association between words. Implications for semantic versus associative processing in this class of illusions, for dual-process theories, and for semantic properties of word associations are discussed.
Scott D. Slotnick - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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False Memory for context and true Memory for context similarly activate the parahippocampal cortex
Cortex, 2017Co-Authors: Jessica M Karanian, Scott D. SlotnickAbstract:The role of the parahippocampal cortex is currently a topic of debate. One view posits that the parahippocampal cortex specifically processes spatial layouts and sensory details (i.e., the visual-spatial processing view). In contrast, the other view posits that the parahippocampal cortex more generally processes spatial and non-spatial contexts (i.e., the general contextual processing view). A large number of studies have found that true memories activate the parahippocampal cortex to a greater degree than False memories, which would appear to support the visual-spatial processing view as true memories are typically associated with greater visual-spatial detail than False memories. However, in previous studies, contextual details were also greater for true memories than False memories. Thus, such differential activity in the parahippocampal cortex may have reflected differences in contextual processing, which would challenge the visual-spatial processing view. In the present functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) study, we employed a source Memory paradigm to investigate the functional role of the parahippocampal cortex during true Memory and False Memory for contextual information to distinguish between the visual-spatial processing view and the general contextual processing view. During encoding, abstract shapes were presented to the left or right of fixation. During retrieval, old shapes were presented at fixation and participants indicated whether each shape was previously on the “left” or “right” followed by an “unsure”, “sure”, or “very sure” confidence rating. The conjunction of confident true memories for context and confident False memories for context produced activity in the parahippocampal cortex, which indicates that this region is associated with contextual processing. Furthermore, the direct contrast of true Memory and False Memory produced activity in the visual cortex but did not produce activity in the parahippocampal cortex. The present evidence suggests that the parahippocampal cortex is associated with general contextual processing rather than only being associated with visual-spatial processing.
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the cortical basis of true Memory and False Memory for motion
Neuropsychologia, 2014Co-Authors: Jessica M Karanian, Scott D. SlotnickAbstract:Behavioral evidence indicates that False Memory, like true Memory, can be rich in sensory detail. By contrast, there is fMRI evidence that true Memory for visual information produces greater activity in earlier visual regions than False Memory, which suggests true Memory is associated with greater sensory detail. However, False Memory in previous fMRI paradigms may have lacked sufficient sensory detail to recruit earlier visual processing regions. To investigate this possibility in the present fMRI study, we employed a paradigm that produced feature-specific False Memory with a high degree of visual detail. During the encoding phase, moving or stationary abstract shapes were presented to the left or right of fixation. During the retrieval phase, shapes from encoding were presented at fixation and participants classified each item as previously “moving” or “stationary” within each visual field. Consistent with previous fMRI findings, true Memory but not False Memory for motion activated motion processing region MTþ, while both true Memory and False Memory activated later cortical processing regions. In addition, False Memory but not true Memory for motion activated language processing regions. The present findings indicate that true Memory activates earlier visual regions to a greater degree than False Memory, even under conditions of detailed retrieval. Thus, the dissociation between previous behavioral findings and fMRI findings do not appear to be task dependent. Future work will be needed to assess whether the same pattern of true Memory and False Memory activity is observed for different sensory modalities.
Gerald L Clore - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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with sadness comes accuracy with happiness False Memory mood and the False Memory effect
Psychological Science, 2005Co-Authors: Justin Storbeck, Gerald L CloreAbstract:The Deese-Roediger-McDermott paradigm lures people to produce False memories. Two experiments examined whether induced positive or negative moods would influence this False Memory effect. The affect-as-information hypothesis predicts that, on the one hand, positive affective cues experienced as task-relevant feedback encourage relational processing during encoding, which should enhance False Memory effects. On the other hand, negative affective cues are hypothesized to encourage item-specific processing at encoding, which should discourage such effects. The results of Experiment 1 are consistent with these predictions: Individuals in negative moods were significantly less likely to show False Memory effects than those in positive moods or those whose mood was not manipulated. Experiment 2 introduced inclusion instructions to investigate whether moods had their effects at encoding or retrieval. The results replicated the False Memory finding of Experiment 1 and provide evidence that moods influence the acc...
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with sadness comes accuracy with happiness False Memory mood and the False Memory effect
Psychological Science, 2005Co-Authors: Justin Storbeck, Gerald L CloreAbstract:The Deese-Roediger-McDermott paradigm lures people to produce False memories. Two experiments examined whether induced positive or negative moods would influence this False Memory effect. The affect-as-information hypothesis predicts that, on the one hand, positive affective cues experienced as task-relevant feedback encourage relational processing during encoding, which should enhance False Memory effects. On the other hand, negative affective cues are hypothesized to encourage item-specific processing at encoding, which should discourage such effects. The results of Experiment 1 are consistent with these predictions: Individuals in negative moods were significantly less likely to show False Memory effects than those in positive moods or those whose mood was not manipulated. Experiment 2 introduced inclusion instructions to investigate whether moods had their effects at encoding or retrieval. The results replicated the False Memory finding of Experiment 1 and provide evidence that moods influence the accessibility of lures at encoding, rather than influencing monitoring at retrieval of whether lures were actually presented.
Padraic Monaghan - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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When does sleep affect veridical and False Memory consolidation? A meta-analysis
Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 2019Co-Authors: Chloe Rhianne Newbury, Padraic MonaghanAbstract:It is widely accepted that sleep aids in the encoding, consolidation, and retrieval processes involved in Memory processing; however, the conditions under which sleep influences Memory may be substantially constrained. In a meta-analysis, we examined the effects that sleep has on both veridical (accurate) and False Memory consolidation, in studies using the Deese/Roediger–McDermott (DRM) paradigm for Memory of thematically related words. The meta-analysis revealed that, whereas there was no overall effect of sleep on either accurate or False memories, the effect of sleep on overall memories was moderated by two constraints. First, sleep effects were influenced by the number of words within each themed word list, relating to differences in processing of the associative network of related words. Second, sleep effects were greater in recall than in recognition tests. Thus, whether sleep consolidation increased or decreased DRM veridical or False Memory effects depended on the specific features of the Memory task.
