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Daniel L Schacter - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Retrieval Failure Contributes to Gist-Based False Recognition.
    Journal of memory and language, 2012
    Co-Authors: Scott A. Guerin, Clifford A. Robbins, Adrian W. Gilmore, Daniel L Schacter
    Abstract:

    People often Falsely recognize items that are similar to previously encountered items. This robust memory error is referred to as gist-based False Recognition. A widely held view is that this error occurs because the details fade rapidly from our memory. Contrary to this view, an initial experiment revealed that, following the same encoding conditions that produce high rates of gist-based False Recognition, participants overwhelmingly chose the correct target rather than its related foil when given the option to do so. A second experiment showed that this result is due to increased access to stored details provided by reinstatement of the originally encoded photograph, rather than to increased attention to the details. Collectively, these results suggest that details needed for accurate Recognition are, to a large extent, still stored in memory and that a critical factor determining whether False Recognition will occur is whether these details can be accessed during retrieval.

  • The neural correlates of conceptual and perceptual False Recognition
    Learning & memory (Cold Spring Harbor N.Y.), 2007
    Co-Authors: Rachel J. Garoff-eaton, Elizabeth A. Kensinger, Daniel L Schacter
    Abstract:

    False Recognition, broadly defined as a claim to remember something that was not encountered previously, can arise for multiple reasons. For instance, a distinction can be made between conceptual False Recognition (i.e., False alarms resulting from semantic or associative similarities between studied and tested items) and perceptual False Recognition (i.e., False alarms resulting from physical similarities between studied and tested items). Although False Recognition has been associated with frontal cortex activity, it is unclear whether this frontal activity can be modulated by the precise relationship between studied and Falsely remembered items. We used event-related fMRI to examine the neural basis of conceptual compared with perceptual False Recognition. Results revealed preferential activity in multiple frontal cortex regions during conceptual False Recognition, which likely reflected increased semantic processing during conceptual (but not perceptual) memory errors. These results extend recent reports that different types of False Recognition can rely on dissociable neural substrates, and they indicate that the frontal activity that is often observed during False compared with true Recognition can be modulated by the relationship between studied and tested items.

  • Not All False Memories Are Created Equal: The Neural Basis of False Recognition
    Cerebral cortex (New York N.Y. : 1991), 2005
    Co-Authors: Rachel J. Garoff-eaton, Scott D. Slotnick, Daniel L Schacter
    Abstract:

    False Recognition, a type of memory distortion where one claims to remember something that never happened, can occur in response to items that are similar but not identical to previously seen items (i.e., related False Recognition) or in response to novel items (i.e., unrelated False Recognition). It is unknown whether these 2 types of memory errors arise from the same or distinct neural substrates. Using functional magnetic resonance imaging, we compared the neural activity associated with true Recognition, related False Recognition, and unrelated False Recognition for abstract shapes. True Recognition and related False Recognition were associated with similar patterns of neural activity, including activity in the prefrontal cortex, the parietal cortex, and the medial temporal lobe. By contrast, unrelated False Recognition was associated with activity in language-processing regions. These results indicate that False Recognition is not a unitary phenomenon, but rather can reflect the operation of 2 distinct cognitive and neural processes.

  • Metacognition and False Recognition in Alzheimer's Disease: Further Exploration of the Distinctiveness Heuristic
    Neuropsychology, 2005
    Co-Authors: Andrew E. Budson, Kirk R Daffner, Chad S. Dodson, Daniel L Schacter
    Abstract:

    The distinctiveness heuristic is a response mode in which participants expect to remember vivid details of an experience and make Recognition decisions on the basis of this metacognitive expectation. The authors examined whether the distinctiveness heuristic could be engaged to reduce False Recognition in a repetition-lag paradigm in patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD). Patients with AD were able to use the distinctiveness heuristic--though not selectively--and thus they showed reduction of both true and False Recognition. The authors suggest that patients with AD can engage in decision strategies on the basis of the metacognitive expectation associated with use of the distinctiveness heuristic, but the patients' episodic memory impairment limits both the scope and effectiveness of such strategies.

  • Metacognition and False Recognition in patients with frontal lobe lesions: the distinctiveness heuristic
    Neuropsychologia, 2005
    Co-Authors: Andrew E. Budson, Kirk R Daffner, Chad S. Dodson, Peter Mcl. Black, Jonathan M. Vatner, Daniel L Schacter
    Abstract:

    The distinctiveness heuristic is a response mode in which participants expect to remember vivid details of an experience and make Recognition decisions based on this metacognitive expectation. Whereas much is known about the cognitive processes that are involved in using the distinctiveness heuristic, little is known about the corresponding brain processes. Because such metacognitive processes that involve the evaluation and control of one's memory are believed to be dependent upon the frontal lobes, the authors examined whether the distinctiveness heuristic could be engaged to reduce False Recognition in a repetition lag paradigm in patients with lesions of their frontal lobes. Half of the participants studied pictures and corresponding auditory words; the other half studied visual and auditory words. Studied and novel items were presented at test as words only, with all novel items repeating after varying lags. Controls who studied pictures were able to reduce their False Recognition of repeated lag items relative to those controls who studied words, demonstrating their use of the distinctiveness heuristic. Patients with frontal lobe lesions showed similar levels of False Recognition regardless of whether they studied pictures and words or words only, suggesting that they were unable to use the distinctiveness heuristic. The authors suggest that the distinctiveness heuristic is a metacognitive strategy, dependent upon the frontal lobes, that may be engaged by healthy individuals to reduce their False Recognition.

Andrew E. Budson - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Metacognition and False Recognition in patients with frontal lobe lesions: the distinctiveness heuristic
    Neuropsychologia, 2005
    Co-Authors: Andrew E. Budson, Kirk R Daffner, Chad S. Dodson, Peter Mcl. Black, Jonathan M. Vatner, Daniel L Schacter
    Abstract:

    The distinctiveness heuristic is a response mode in which participants expect to remember vivid details of an experience and make Recognition decisions based on this metacognitive expectation. Whereas much is known about the cognitive processes that are involved in using the distinctiveness heuristic, little is known about the corresponding brain processes. Because such metacognitive processes that involve the evaluation and control of one's memory are believed to be dependent upon the frontal lobes, the authors examined whether the distinctiveness heuristic could be engaged to reduce False Recognition in a repetition lag paradigm in patients with lesions of their frontal lobes. Half of the participants studied pictures and corresponding auditory words; the other half studied visual and auditory words. Studied and novel items were presented at test as words only, with all novel items repeating after varying lags. Controls who studied pictures were able to reduce their False Recognition of repeated lag items relative to those controls who studied words, demonstrating their use of the distinctiveness heuristic. Patients with frontal lobe lesions showed similar levels of False Recognition regardless of whether they studied pictures and words or words only, suggesting that they were unable to use the distinctiveness heuristic. The authors suggest that the distinctiveness heuristic is a metacognitive strategy, dependent upon the frontal lobes, that may be engaged by healthy individuals to reduce their False Recognition.

  • Comparing source-based and gist-based False Recognition in aging and Alzheimer's disease.
    Neuropsychology, 2005
    Co-Authors: Benton H. Pierce, Alison L. Sullivan, Daniel L Schacter, Andrew E. Budson
    Abstract:

    This study examined 2 factors contributing to False Recognition of semantic associates: errors based on confusion of source and errors based on general similarity information or gist. The authors investigated these errors in patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD), age-matched control participants, and younger adults, focusing on each group's ability to use recollection of source information to suppress False Recognition. The authors used a paradigm consisting of both deep and shallow incidental encoding tasks, followed by study of a series of categorized lists in which several typical exemplars were omitted. Results showed that healthy older adults were able to use recollection from the deep processing task to some extent but less than that used by younger adults. In contrast, False Recognition in AD patients actually increased following the deep processing task, suggesting that they were unable to use recollection to oppose familiarity arising from incidental presentation.

  • Metacognition and False Recognition in Alzheimer's Disease: Further Exploration of the Distinctiveness Heuristic
    Neuropsychology, 2005
    Co-Authors: Andrew E. Budson, Kirk R Daffner, Chad S. Dodson, Daniel L Schacter
    Abstract:

    The distinctiveness heuristic is a response mode in which participants expect to remember vivid details of an experience and make Recognition decisions on the basis of this metacognitive expectation. The authors examined whether the distinctiveness heuristic could be engaged to reduce False Recognition in a repetition-lag paradigm in patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD). Patients with AD were able to use the distinctiveness heuristic--though not selectively--and thus they showed reduction of both true and False Recognition. The authors suggest that patients with AD can engage in decision strategies on the basis of the metacognitive expectation associated with use of the distinctiveness heuristic, but the patients' episodic memory impairment limits both the scope and effectiveness of such strategies.

  • Late frontal brain potentials distinguish true and False Recognition.
    Neuroreport, 2003
    Co-Authors: Rachel E. Goldmann, Kirk R Daffner, Daniel L Schacter, Alison L. Sullivan, Daniel B. J. Droller, Michael D. Rugg, Tim Curran, Philip J. Holcomb, Andrew E. Budson
    Abstract:

    Brain potentials associated with true and False Recognition were recorded using a paradigm consisting of categorized color photographs. Two ERP components were identified. A parietal component was most positive for both true and False Recognition, less positive for rejection of lures, and least positive for rejection of novel items. A later frontal component was more positive for False Recognition, rejection of lures, and misses than for true Recognition and rejection of novel items. The authors suggest that the parietal component may reflect the extent to which test items engender recollection of the gist representation of the study list, while the late frontal component may reflect the engagement of effortful post-retrieval processes.

  • semantic versus phonological False Recognition in aging and alzheimer s disease
    Brain and Cognition, 2003
    Co-Authors: Andrew E. Budson, Kirk R Daffner, Alison L. Sullivan, Daniel L Schacter
    Abstract:

    Patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) have been found to exhibit lower levels of False Recognition of semantic associates compared with healthy older adults. Because these patients may show impaired performance of episodic and semantic memory tasks, this finding could be explained by deficits in episodic memory, semantic memory, or both. The authors adapted a paradigm for comparison of semantic versus phonological False Recognition. They found that: (a) patients with AD exhibited lower levels of corrected False Recognition of semantic, phonological, and hybrid (mixed semantic and phonological) lists than older adults, and (b) patients with AD showed very similar levels of False Recognition for all list types. These results suggest that only episodic memory deficits are necessary to explain the lower level of False Recognition of semantic associates observed in patients with AD when compared to older adults. Additionally, (c) older adults showed greater levels of semantic, phonological, and hybrid False Recognition than younger adults, extending previous False Recognition research of semantically related words and categorized colored photographs to phonologically related words.

Kirk R Daffner - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Metacognition and False Recognition in Alzheimer's Disease: Further Exploration of the Distinctiveness Heuristic
    Neuropsychology, 2005
    Co-Authors: Andrew E. Budson, Kirk R Daffner, Chad S. Dodson, Daniel L Schacter
    Abstract:

    The distinctiveness heuristic is a response mode in which participants expect to remember vivid details of an experience and make Recognition decisions on the basis of this metacognitive expectation. The authors examined whether the distinctiveness heuristic could be engaged to reduce False Recognition in a repetition-lag paradigm in patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD). Patients with AD were able to use the distinctiveness heuristic--though not selectively--and thus they showed reduction of both true and False Recognition. The authors suggest that patients with AD can engage in decision strategies on the basis of the metacognitive expectation associated with use of the distinctiveness heuristic, but the patients' episodic memory impairment limits both the scope and effectiveness of such strategies.

  • Metacognition and False Recognition in patients with frontal lobe lesions: the distinctiveness heuristic
    Neuropsychologia, 2005
    Co-Authors: Andrew E. Budson, Kirk R Daffner, Chad S. Dodson, Peter Mcl. Black, Jonathan M. Vatner, Daniel L Schacter
    Abstract:

    The distinctiveness heuristic is a response mode in which participants expect to remember vivid details of an experience and make Recognition decisions based on this metacognitive expectation. Whereas much is known about the cognitive processes that are involved in using the distinctiveness heuristic, little is known about the corresponding brain processes. Because such metacognitive processes that involve the evaluation and control of one's memory are believed to be dependent upon the frontal lobes, the authors examined whether the distinctiveness heuristic could be engaged to reduce False Recognition in a repetition lag paradigm in patients with lesions of their frontal lobes. Half of the participants studied pictures and corresponding auditory words; the other half studied visual and auditory words. Studied and novel items were presented at test as words only, with all novel items repeating after varying lags. Controls who studied pictures were able to reduce their False Recognition of repeated lag items relative to those controls who studied words, demonstrating their use of the distinctiveness heuristic. Patients with frontal lobe lesions showed similar levels of False Recognition regardless of whether they studied pictures and words or words only, suggesting that they were unable to use the distinctiveness heuristic. The authors suggest that the distinctiveness heuristic is a metacognitive strategy, dependent upon the frontal lobes, that may be engaged by healthy individuals to reduce their False Recognition.

  • Late frontal brain potentials distinguish true and False Recognition.
    Neuroreport, 2003
    Co-Authors: Rachel E. Goldmann, Kirk R Daffner, Daniel L Schacter, Alison L. Sullivan, Daniel B. J. Droller, Michael D. Rugg, Tim Curran, Philip J. Holcomb, Andrew E. Budson
    Abstract:

    Brain potentials associated with true and False Recognition were recorded using a paradigm consisting of categorized color photographs. Two ERP components were identified. A parietal component was most positive for both true and False Recognition, less positive for rejection of lures, and least positive for rejection of novel items. A later frontal component was more positive for False Recognition, rejection of lures, and misses than for true Recognition and rejection of novel items. The authors suggest that the parietal component may reflect the extent to which test items engender recollection of the gist representation of the study list, while the late frontal component may reflect the engagement of effortful post-retrieval processes.

  • semantic versus phonological False Recognition in aging and alzheimer s disease
    Brain and Cognition, 2003
    Co-Authors: Andrew E. Budson, Kirk R Daffner, Alison L. Sullivan, Daniel L Schacter
    Abstract:

    Patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) have been found to exhibit lower levels of False Recognition of semantic associates compared with healthy older adults. Because these patients may show impaired performance of episodic and semantic memory tasks, this finding could be explained by deficits in episodic memory, semantic memory, or both. The authors adapted a paradigm for comparison of semantic versus phonological False Recognition. They found that: (a) patients with AD exhibited lower levels of corrected False Recognition of semantic, phonological, and hybrid (mixed semantic and phonological) lists than older adults, and (b) patients with AD showed very similar levels of False Recognition for all list types. These results suggest that only episodic memory deficits are necessary to explain the lower level of False Recognition of semantic associates observed in patients with AD when compared to older adults. Additionally, (c) older adults showed greater levels of semantic, phonological, and hybrid False Recognition than younger adults, extending previous False Recognition research of semantically related words and categorized colored photographs to phonologically related words.

  • Semantic versus phonological False Recognition in aging and Alzheimer’s disease
    Brain and cognition, 2003
    Co-Authors: Andrew E. Budson, Kirk R Daffner, Alison L. Sullivan, Daniel L Schacter
    Abstract:

    Patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) have been found to exhibit lower levels of False Recognition of semantic associates compared with healthy older adults. Because these patients may show impaired performance of episodic and semantic memory tasks, this finding could be explained by deficits in episodic memory, semantic memory, or both. The authors adapted a paradigm for comparison of semantic versus phonological False Recognition. They found that: (a) patients with AD exhibited lower levels of corrected False Recognition of semantic, phonological, and hybrid (mixed semantic and phonological) lists than older adults, and (b) patients with AD showed very similar levels of False Recognition for all list types. These results suggest that only episodic memory deficits are necessary to explain the lower level of False Recognition of semantic associates observed in patients with AD when compared to older adults. Additionally, (c) older adults showed greater levels of semantic, phonological, and hybrid False Recognition than younger adults, extending previous False Recognition research of semantically related words and categorized colored photographs to phonologically related words.

Alison L. Sullivan - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Comparing source-based and gist-based False Recognition in aging and Alzheimer's disease.
    Neuropsychology, 2005
    Co-Authors: Benton H. Pierce, Alison L. Sullivan, Daniel L Schacter, Andrew E. Budson
    Abstract:

    This study examined 2 factors contributing to False Recognition of semantic associates: errors based on confusion of source and errors based on general similarity information or gist. The authors investigated these errors in patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD), age-matched control participants, and younger adults, focusing on each group's ability to use recollection of source information to suppress False Recognition. The authors used a paradigm consisting of both deep and shallow incidental encoding tasks, followed by study of a series of categorized lists in which several typical exemplars were omitted. Results showed that healthy older adults were able to use recollection from the deep processing task to some extent but less than that used by younger adults. In contrast, False Recognition in AD patients actually increased following the deep processing task, suggesting that they were unable to use recollection to oppose familiarity arising from incidental presentation.

  • Late frontal brain potentials distinguish true and False Recognition.
    Neuroreport, 2003
    Co-Authors: Rachel E. Goldmann, Kirk R Daffner, Daniel L Schacter, Alison L. Sullivan, Daniel B. J. Droller, Michael D. Rugg, Tim Curran, Philip J. Holcomb, Andrew E. Budson
    Abstract:

    Brain potentials associated with true and False Recognition were recorded using a paradigm consisting of categorized color photographs. Two ERP components were identified. A parietal component was most positive for both true and False Recognition, less positive for rejection of lures, and least positive for rejection of novel items. A later frontal component was more positive for False Recognition, rejection of lures, and misses than for true Recognition and rejection of novel items. The authors suggest that the parietal component may reflect the extent to which test items engender recollection of the gist representation of the study list, while the late frontal component may reflect the engagement of effortful post-retrieval processes.

  • semantic versus phonological False Recognition in aging and alzheimer s disease
    Brain and Cognition, 2003
    Co-Authors: Andrew E. Budson, Kirk R Daffner, Alison L. Sullivan, Daniel L Schacter
    Abstract:

    Patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) have been found to exhibit lower levels of False Recognition of semantic associates compared with healthy older adults. Because these patients may show impaired performance of episodic and semantic memory tasks, this finding could be explained by deficits in episodic memory, semantic memory, or both. The authors adapted a paradigm for comparison of semantic versus phonological False Recognition. They found that: (a) patients with AD exhibited lower levels of corrected False Recognition of semantic, phonological, and hybrid (mixed semantic and phonological) lists than older adults, and (b) patients with AD showed very similar levels of False Recognition for all list types. These results suggest that only episodic memory deficits are necessary to explain the lower level of False Recognition of semantic associates observed in patients with AD when compared to older adults. Additionally, (c) older adults showed greater levels of semantic, phonological, and hybrid False Recognition than younger adults, extending previous False Recognition research of semantically related words and categorized colored photographs to phonologically related words.

  • Semantic versus phonological False Recognition in aging and Alzheimer’s disease
    Brain and cognition, 2003
    Co-Authors: Andrew E. Budson, Kirk R Daffner, Alison L. Sullivan, Daniel L Schacter
    Abstract:

    Patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) have been found to exhibit lower levels of False Recognition of semantic associates compared with healthy older adults. Because these patients may show impaired performance of episodic and semantic memory tasks, this finding could be explained by deficits in episodic memory, semantic memory, or both. The authors adapted a paradigm for comparison of semantic versus phonological False Recognition. They found that: (a) patients with AD exhibited lower levels of corrected False Recognition of semantic, phonological, and hybrid (mixed semantic and phonological) lists than older adults, and (b) patients with AD showed very similar levels of False Recognition for all list types. These results suggest that only episodic memory deficits are necessary to explain the lower level of False Recognition of semantic associates observed in patients with AD when compared to older adults. Additionally, (c) older adults showed greater levels of semantic, phonological, and hybrid False Recognition than younger adults, extending previous False Recognition research of semantically related words and categorized colored photographs to phonologically related words.

  • False Recognition in Alzheimer disease: evidence from categorized pictures.
    Cognitive and behavioral neurology : official journal of the Society for Behavioral and Cognitive Neurology, 2003
    Co-Authors: Andrew E. Budson, Kirk R Daffner, Kalina J. Michalska, Dorene M. Rentz, Alison L. Sullivan, Daniel L Schacter
    Abstract:

    Objectives: To better understand memory distortions and False Recognition in patients with Alzheimer disease (AD), using a paradigm of categorized color photographs. Background: Previous research has found that patients with AD and older adults showed similar levels of uncorrected False Recognition of semantic associates and of perceptually related novel objects. In contrast to these results, using a paradigm in which semantically related words were accompanied by black and white line drawings, it was found that patients with AD showed a trend toward higher levels of uncorrected False Recognition compared with older adults. Methods: To explore this trend, 24 patients with AD and 24 older adults matched for age, education, and gender were examined using a False Recognition paradigm consisting of categorized color photographs (e.g., flowers, motorcycles, cats). Results: Compared with older adults, patients with AD showed higher levels of uncorrected False Recognition, but lower levels of corrected False Recognition and lower levels of item-specific recollection. Conclusions: The authors suggest that these results may be attributable to the poor ability of patients with AD to acquire both gist and item-specific information as well as these patients’ inherent frontal lobe dysfunction leading to difficulty inhibiting responses on the basis of familiarity alone.

Wilma Koutstaal - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • False Recognition of abstract versus common objects in older and younger adults: testing the semantic categorization account.
    Journal of experimental psychology. Learning memory and cognition, 2003
    Co-Authors: Wilma Koutstaal, Daniel L. Cendan, Eric M. Jackson, Chandan G. Reddy, Steve Prince, Daniel L Schacter
    Abstract:

    Older adults often demonstrate higher levels of False Recognition than do younger adults. However, in experiments using novel shapes without preexisting semantic representations, this age-related elevation in False Recognition was found to be greatly attenuated. Two experiments tested a semantic categorization account of these findings, examining whether older adults show especially heightened False Recognition if the stimuli have preexisting semantic representations, such that semantic category information attenuates or truncates the encoding or retrieval of item-specific perceptual information. In Experiment 1, ambiguous shapes were presented with or without disambiguating semantic labels. Older adults showed higher False Recognition when labels were present but not when labels were never presented. In Experiment 2, older adults showed higher False Recognition for concrete but not abstract objects. The semantic categorization account was supported.

  • Dual task demands and gist-based False Recognition of pictures in younger and older adults
    Journal of Memory and Language, 2001
    Co-Authors: Wilma Koutstaal, Daniel L Schacter, Carolyn Brenner
    Abstract:

    In a yes/no Recognition paradigm using categorized pictures (Koutstaal & Schacter, 1997), older adults show high rates of False Recognition of category items where many related items are studied; they also show high levels of veridical Recognition of targets from such categories (where gist-like memory representations might be sufficient) but impaired Recognition of one-of-a-kind items (where item-specific memory may be required). Dual task demands at study were used to equate older and younger adults on veridical memory for one-of-a-kind items, but older adults still showed elevated False Recognition. When we compared young adults under dual task conditions to a young control group, dual task performance at study, or at both study-and-test, substantially reduced veridical memory but did not reduce False Recognition. Dual task demands at test also did not affect False Recognition. Gist-based False Recognition of pictures is robust to changes in encoding resources that exert substantial effects on veridical memory. © 2001 Academic Press

  • Reducing gist-based False Recognition in older adults: encoding and retrieval manipulations.
    Psychology and aging, 1999
    Co-Authors: Wilma Koutstaal, Daniel L Schacter, Lissa Galluccio, Kathryn A. Stofer
    Abstract:

    Using a categorized pictures paradigm, Koutstaal and Schacter (1997) reported high levels of False Recognition of lures that were categorically related to presented items. Although also shown by younger adults, False Recognition was markedly higher for older adults. To probe the factors underlying this age difference, these experiments required participants to engage in more careful scrutiny of the items at retrieval or to notice specific differentiating perceptual features of the objects during encoding. False Recognition was reduced with each of these manipulations, but neither manipulation, either separately or together, eliminated the age difference in False Recognition. Older adults can considerably reduce False Recognition if encouraged to use more stringent decision criteria. Persistent difficulty in opposing familiarity-based responding and comparatively more generic encoding may contribute to residual deficits.

  • Perceptually based False Recognition of novel objects in amnesia : Effects of category size and similarity to category prototypes
    Cognitive Neuropsychology, 1999
    Co-Authors: Wilma Koutstaal, Daniel L Schacter, Mieke Verfaellie, Carolyn Brenner, Eric M. Jackson
    Abstract:

    Previous research suggests that amnesics may show impaired semantically based False Recognition under conditions where control participants show high levels of gist-based errors, but little or no impairment when controls show less robust False Recognition. Using abstract novel objects, we examined perceptually based False Recognition in amnesics under conditions designed to induce differing levels of False Recognition in controls. Whereas amnesics showed significantly impaired False Recognition for category prototypes, and numerically impaired False Recognition when many perceptually similar exemplars were studied-conditions where controls showed high rates of illusory Recognition-amnesics and controls showed lower, and comparable, levels of False Recognition when few related exemplars were studied, or lures were at a far transformational distance from the prototype. Although amnesics may be able to extract some information regarding the perceptual “gist” of studied items, they appear to do so less effici...

  • Gist-Based False Recognition of Pictures in Older and Younger Adults
    Journal of Memory and Language, 1997
    Co-Authors: Wilma Koutstaal, Daniel L Schacter
    Abstract:

    Three experiments examined the Recognition performance of older (60 ‐ 75 yrs) and younger (17 ‐ 25 yrs) adults for detailed colored pictures of objects as a function of whether the targets and lures were from previously studied categories or were unrelated (noncategorized) items. If participants had studied many exemplars from a category, they often Falsely recognized lures from those categories; this False Recognition effect was especially pronounced in older adults. Older and younger participants showed equivalent correct Recognition of large-category targets, but older adults showed significantly reduced Recognition of unrelated targets, suggesting that older adults were relying on the general conceptual and/or perceptual similarity (‘‘gist’’) of study and test items in making their Recognition decisions. The results extend the domain of robust False Recognition to detailed color pictures and demonstrate that, particularly in older adults, False Recognition sometimes involves similarity-based errors rather than source confusions regarding whether specific lure items had been presented or were generated spontaneously during the study task. q 1997 Academic Press