The Experts below are selected from a list of 309 Experts worldwide ranked by ideXlab platform
Jennifer E Lansford - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
-
lower neural value signaling in the prefrontal cortex is related to childhood Family Income and depressive symptomatology during adolescence
Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience, 2021Co-Authors: Esther E Palaciosbarrios, Jamie L Hanson, Kelly R Barry, Dustin Albert, Stuart F White, Ann T Skinner, Kenneth A Dodge, Jennifer E LansfordAbstract:Lower Family Income during childhood is related to increased rates of adolescent depression, though the underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. Evidence suggests that individuals with depression demonstrate hypoactivation in brain regions involved in reward learning and decision-making processes (e.g., portions of the prefrontal cortex). Separately, lower Family Income has been associated with neural alterations in similar regions. Motivated by this research, we examined associations between Family Income, depression, and brain activity during a reward learning and decision-making fMRI task in a sample of adolescents (full n = 94; usable n = 78; mean age = 15.2 years). We focused on brain activity for: 1) expected value (EV), the learned subjective value of an object, and 2) prediction error, the difference between EV and the actual outcome received. Regions of interest related to reward learning were examined in connection to childhood Family Income and parent-reported adolescent depressive symptoms. As hypothesized, lower activity in the subgenual anterior cingulate (sACC) for EV in response to approach stimuli was associated with lower childhood Family Income, as well as greater symptoms of depression measured one-year after the neuroimaging session. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that lower early Family Income leads to disruptions in reward and decision-making brain circuitry, contributing to adolescent depression.
-
lower neural value signaling in the prefrontal cortex is related to childhood Family Income and depressive symptomatology during adolescence
bioRxiv, 2021Co-Authors: Esther E Palaciosbarrios, Jamie L Hanson, Kelly R Barry, Dustin Albert, Stuart F White, Ann T Skinner, Kenneth A Dodge, Jennifer E LansfordAbstract:Lower Family Income during childhood is related to increased rates of adolescent depression, though the specific mechanisms are poorly understood. Evidence suggests that individuals with depression demonstrate hypoactivation in brain regions involved in reward learning and decision-making processes (e.g., portions of the prefrontal cortex). Separately, lower Family Income has been associated with neural alterations in similar regions. We examined associations between Family Income, depression, and brain activity during a reward learning and decision-making fMRI task in a sample of adolescents (full n=94; usable n=78; mean age=15.4 years). We identified neural regions representing 1) expected value (EV), the learned subjective value of an object, and 2) prediction error, the difference between EV and the actual outcome received. Regions of interest related to reward learning were examined in connection to childhood Family Income and parent-reported adolescent depressive symptoms. As hypothesized, lower activity in the subgenual anterior cingulate (sACC) for EV in response to approach stimuli was associated with lower childhood Family Income, as well as greater symptoms of depression measured one-year after the neuroimaging session. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that lower early Family Income leads to disruptions in reward and decision-making brain circuitry, which leads to adolescent depression.
Parissa J Ballard - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
-
biological sensitivity to Family Income differential effects on early executive functioning
Child Development, 2016Co-Authors: Jelena Obradovic, Ximena A Portilla, Parissa J BallardAbstract:The study examined how the interplay between children's cortisol response and Family Income is related to executive function (EF) skills. The sample included one hundred and two 5- to 6-year-olds (64% minority). EF skills were measured using laboratory tasks and observer ratings. Physiological reactivity was assessed via cortisol response during a laboratory visit. A consistent, positive association between Family Income and EF skills emerged only for children who showed high cortisol response, a marker of biological sensitivity to context. In contrast, Family Income was not related to EF skills in children who displayed low cortisol response. Follow-up analyses revealed a disordinal interaction, suggesting that differential susceptibility can be detected at the level of basic cognitive and self-regulatory skills that support adaptive functioning.
Peter Gottschalk - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
-
Changes in the Transitory Variance of Income Components and their Impact on Family Income Instability
2010Co-Authors: Peter Gottschalk, Sisi ZhangAbstract:The well-documented increase in Family Income instability reects changes in the underlying joint distribution of individual Income components {head’s earnings, spouse’s earnings, and other Income. Existing studies have examined changes in instability of some of these Income sources. We go beyond these studies by estimating changes in the joint distribution of these Income sources. In addition to examining changes in instability in the marginal distributions, we also estimate changes in the correlation between these Income sources. We also add to the literature by modeling changes at the extensive margin. We allow the discrete outcome of receiving positive Income from each Income source to include a permanent and a transitory component, which can be correlated with the permanent and transitory components of other Income sources... Estimation using the Panel Study of Income Dynamics 1970-2004 provides potential explanations for rising Family Income uctuations: (1) Increase in instability of male head’s earnings, unearned Family Income, covariance between male head’s earnings and unearned Family Income; (2) Negative covariance between head’s and spouse’s earnings shocks, and the decrease in married women’s earnings instability help reduce Family Income instability; (3) Although male earnings instability is strongly correlated with business cycle, Family Income is less inuenced by recessions due to household smoothing through spouse’s earnings
-
inequality of wage rates earnings and Family Income in the united states 1975 2002
Review of Income and Wealth, 2005Co-Authors: Peter Gottschalk, Sheldon DanzigerAbstract:This paper analyzes distributional changes over the last quarter of the twentieth century. We focus on four distinct distributions: the distribution of hourly wage rates, the distribution of annual earnings of individuals, the distribution of annual earnings of families, and the distribution of total Family Income adjusted for Family size. Both male wage rate inequality and Family Income inequality accelerated during the early 1980s, increased at a slower rate through the early 1990s and then stabilized at a high level through the early 2000s. The similarity in the timing of changes in these two distributions has been used as evidence that increased Family Income inequality primarily reflects increased inequality of wage rates. We show that other important factors were also at work.
-
The Changing Contributions of Men and Women to the Level and Distribution of Family Income, 1968-1988
SSRN Electronic Journal, 1999Co-Authors: Maria Cancian, Sheldon Danziger, Peter GottschalkAbstract:In the past twenty years, the labor force participation and earnings of women, especially married women, have risen dramatically. Over the same period, men's earnings have increased only modestly, and the distribution of Family Income has grown less equal. In this paper, we analyze the impact of changes in the level and distribution of earnings of men and women in the distribution of Family Income. We emphasize the contributions due to the increased work effort and real earnings of wives, as they account for a major portion of growth in Family Income over these two decades. Working wives have taken the place of economic growth as the factor that raises the standard of living of families across the entire Income distribution. We analyze Current Population Survey data for white, black and Hispanic families in 1968, 1978, and 1988. Our results show that the primary factor contributing to rising Income inequality was the increased inequality in the distribution of husbands' earnings. Wives' earnings both raised Family Income and lowered inequality.
-
Working wives and Family Income inequality among married couples.
1992Co-Authors: Maria Cancian, Sheldon Danziger, Peter GottschalkAbstract:The effect of wives earnings on the distribution of Family Income among married couples to inequality and the differential impact of whites and blacks in the US are examined. Trends in labor force participation rates between 1968-88 are discussed based on the March Current Population Survey (CPS) computer tapes for Income years 1969 1973 1978 1983 and 1988. The % of wives who work and the mean weeks worked has increased for women in the labor force (LF) over the past 20 years. Womens real weekly wages also have risen. The contribution of wives earnings to total Family Income increased for both blacks and whites e.g. 14%-22% for whites and 22%-31% for blacks between 1968-88. Total Family Income growth and husbands Income increased more between 1968-78 e.g. 20% and 14% for white couples and 11% and 4% for white husbands; and 35% and 13% for black couples and 23% and 4% for black husbands. In the 2nd period wives; earnings were the most important factor in growth in Family Income and the reverse in the 1st period. Mean weekly wages grew by about 30% for white wives between 1968-88 and 60% for black wives. There was a 25% increase in white wives working and 15% for black wives working for this period. The squared coefficient of variation (CV2) was used to estimate effects on inequality of Family Income. CV2 is expressed as a weighted average of the inequality of each Income source and the correlation among sources. Weights correspond to the proportion of total Income coming from each source. The results showed Income inequality increasing over the 20-year period among couples. These increases would have been greater if there had not been increased earnings of wives. There has been a reduction in CV2 among white wives due to a general increase in their labor force participation which has been primarily "rich" wives. Thus white wives earnings help to equalize the distribution of Family Income. This equalizing effect was also true for black wives although they contributed a greater share to Family Income which contributed to an even greater equalizing effect. The CV2 of black husbands earnings rose from .406 to .615 while wives earnings fell from 1.622 to .893. Black wives earnings were less equalizing only during the 1960s and early 1970s. There was no evidence that wives; earnings have contributed to greater inequality. Additional effort needs to focus on understanding the increased correlation between husbands and wives earnings.
-
Changes in Inequality of Family Income in Seven Industrialized Countries Responses to Growing Earnings Inequality
1992Co-Authors: Peter GottschalkAbstract:Discusses the distribution of Family Income, comparing the differing patterns of inequality measured only on Income of heads and measured on total Family Income.
Esther E Palaciosbarrios - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
-
lower neural value signaling in the prefrontal cortex is related to childhood Family Income and depressive symptomatology during adolescence
Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience, 2021Co-Authors: Esther E Palaciosbarrios, Jamie L Hanson, Kelly R Barry, Dustin Albert, Stuart F White, Ann T Skinner, Kenneth A Dodge, Jennifer E LansfordAbstract:Lower Family Income during childhood is related to increased rates of adolescent depression, though the underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. Evidence suggests that individuals with depression demonstrate hypoactivation in brain regions involved in reward learning and decision-making processes (e.g., portions of the prefrontal cortex). Separately, lower Family Income has been associated with neural alterations in similar regions. Motivated by this research, we examined associations between Family Income, depression, and brain activity during a reward learning and decision-making fMRI task in a sample of adolescents (full n = 94; usable n = 78; mean age = 15.2 years). We focused on brain activity for: 1) expected value (EV), the learned subjective value of an object, and 2) prediction error, the difference between EV and the actual outcome received. Regions of interest related to reward learning were examined in connection to childhood Family Income and parent-reported adolescent depressive symptoms. As hypothesized, lower activity in the subgenual anterior cingulate (sACC) for EV in response to approach stimuli was associated with lower childhood Family Income, as well as greater symptoms of depression measured one-year after the neuroimaging session. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that lower early Family Income leads to disruptions in reward and decision-making brain circuitry, contributing to adolescent depression.
-
lower neural value signaling in the prefrontal cortex is related to childhood Family Income and depressive symptomatology during adolescence
bioRxiv, 2021Co-Authors: Esther E Palaciosbarrios, Jamie L Hanson, Kelly R Barry, Dustin Albert, Stuart F White, Ann T Skinner, Kenneth A Dodge, Jennifer E LansfordAbstract:Lower Family Income during childhood is related to increased rates of adolescent depression, though the specific mechanisms are poorly understood. Evidence suggests that individuals with depression demonstrate hypoactivation in brain regions involved in reward learning and decision-making processes (e.g., portions of the prefrontal cortex). Separately, lower Family Income has been associated with neural alterations in similar regions. We examined associations between Family Income, depression, and brain activity during a reward learning and decision-making fMRI task in a sample of adolescents (full n=94; usable n=78; mean age=15.4 years). We identified neural regions representing 1) expected value (EV), the learned subjective value of an object, and 2) prediction error, the difference between EV and the actual outcome received. Regions of interest related to reward learning were examined in connection to childhood Family Income and parent-reported adolescent depressive symptoms. As hypothesized, lower activity in the subgenual anterior cingulate (sACC) for EV in response to approach stimuli was associated with lower childhood Family Income, as well as greater symptoms of depression measured one-year after the neuroimaging session. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that lower early Family Income leads to disruptions in reward and decision-making brain circuitry, which leads to adolescent depression.
Benjamin B. Lahey - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
-
A Quasi-Experimental Analysis of the Association Between Family Income and Offspring Conduct Problems
Journal of abnormal child psychology, 2008Co-Authors: Brian M. D’onofrio, Jackson A. Goodnight, Carol A. Van Hulle, Joseph Lee Rodgers, Paul J. Rathouz, Irwin D. Waldman, Benjamin B. LaheyAbstract:The study presents a quasi-experimental analysis of data on 9,194 offspring (ages 4–11 years old) of women from a nationally representative U.S. sample of households to test the causal hypotheses about the association between Family Income and childhood conduct problems (CPs). Comparison of unrelated individuals in the sample indicated a robust inverse association, with the relation being larger at higher levels of Income and for male offspring, even when statistical covariates were included to account for measured confounds that distinguish different families. Offspring also were compared to their siblings and cousins who were exposed to different levels of Family Income in childhood to rule out unmeasured environmental and genetic factors confounded with Family Income as explanations for the association. In these within-Family analyses, boys exposed to lower Family Income still exhibited significantly higher levels of CPs. When considered in the context of previous studies using different designs, these results support the inference that Family Income influences CPs, particularly in males, through causal environmental processes specifically related to earnings within the nuclear Family.
