The Experts below are selected from a list of 360 Experts worldwide ranked by ideXlab platform
Elizabeth Brainerd - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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reassessing the Standard of Living in the soviet union an analysis using archival and anthropometric data
The Journal of Economic History, 2010Co-Authors: Elizabeth BrainerdAbstract:Both Western and Soviet estimates of GNP growth in the USSR indicate that GNP per capita grew in every decade - sometimes rapidly - from 1928 to 1985. While this measure suggests that the Standard of Living improved in the USSR throughout this period, it is unclear whether this economic growth translated into improved well-being for the population as a whole. This paper uses previously unpublished archival data on infant mortality and anthropometric studies of children conducted across the Soviet Union to reassess the Standard of Living in the USSR using these alternative measures of well-being. In the prewar period these data indicate a population extremely small in stature and sensitive to the political and economic upheavals visited upon the country by Soviet leaders and outside forces. Remarkably large and rapid improvements in infant mortality, birth weight, child height and adult stature were recorded from approximately 1940 to the late 1960s. While this period of physical growth was followed by stagnation in heights and an increase in adult male mortality, it appears that the Soviet Union avoided the sustained declines in stature that occurred in the United States and United Kingdom during industrialization in those countries.
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reassessing the Standard of Living in the soviet union an analysis using archival and anthropometric data
The Journal of Economic History, 2010Co-Authors: Elizabeth BrainerdAbstract:Both Western and Soviet estimates of GNP growth in the USSR indicate that GNP per capita grew in every decade, sometimes rapidly, from 1928 to 1985. While this measure suggests that the Standard of Living improved in the USSR throughout this period, it is unclear whether this economic growth translated into improved well-being for the population as a whole. This paper uses previously unpublished archival data on infant mortality and anthropometric studies of children conducted across the Soviet Union to reassess the Standard of Living in the USSR using these alternative measures of well-being. In the prewar period these data indicate a population extremely small in stature and sensitive to the political and economic upheavals visited upon the country by Soviet leaders and outside forces. Remarkably large and rapid improvements in child height, adult stature and infant mortality were recorded from approximately 1945 to 1970. While this period of physical growth was followed by stagnation in heights and an increase in adult male mortality, the physical growth record of the Soviet population compares favorably with that of other European countries at a similar level of development in this period.
Raksha Arora - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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wealth and happiness across the world material prosperity predicts life evaluation whereas psychosocial prosperity predicts positive feeling
Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 2010Co-Authors: Ed Diener, Weiting Ng, James K Harter, Raksha AroraAbstract:: The Gallup World Poll, the first representative sample of planet Earth, was used to explore the reasons why happiness is associated with higher income, including the meeting of basic needs, fulfillment of psychological needs, increasing satisfaction with one's Standard of Living, and public goods. Across the globe, the association of log income with subjective well-being was linear but convex with raw income, indicating the declining marginal effects of income on subjective well-being. Income was a moderately strong predictor of life evaluation but a much weaker predictor of positive and negative feelings. Possessing luxury conveniences and satisfaction with Standard of Living were also strong predictors of life evaluation. Although the meeting of basic and psychological needs mediated the effects of income on life evaluation to some degree, the strongest mediation was provided by Standard of Living and ownership of conveniences. In contrast, feelings were most associated with the fulfillment of psychological needs: learning, autonomy, using one's skills, respect, and the ability to count on others in an emergency. Thus, two separate types of prosperity-economic and social psychological-best predict different types of well-being.
Valpy Fitzgerald - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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the Standard of Living in latin america during the twentieth century
The Economic History Review, 2005Co-Authors: Pablo Astorga, Ame R Berges, Valpy FitzgeraldAbstract:New and consistent series for Latin American real incomes, life expectancy and adult literacy over the twentieth century reveal that Living Standards rose most rapidly between the 1930s and 1970s, a period characterised by increased state intervention and reduced trade openness. Within the region, Brazil and Mexico advanced most over the century as a whole despite the early start made by Argentina and Chile, although convergence between larger countries was accompanied by divergence from smaller ones. There was no sustained narrowing of the income gap with the US at all between 1900 and 2000 but some convergence in Living Standards due to improved life expectancy. Our new estimates of regional per capita income also permit a clearer comparison with both Europe and Asia. The major advances in Living Standards achieved in the middle decades of the century were closely related to early industrialization, rapid urbanization, and the extension of primary health and education. Subsequent economic volatility and fiscal fragility limited further increases in Living Standards, undermining social consensus on development strategy.
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the Standard of Living in latin america during the twentieth century
Institute of Latin American Studies, 2005Co-Authors: Pablo Astorga, Ame R Berges, Valpy FitzgeraldAbstract:New and consistent series for Latin American real incomes, life expectancy and adult literacy over the twentieth century reveal that Living Standards rose most rapidly between the nineteen-thirties and -seventies, a period characterised by increased state intervention and reduced trade openness. Within the region, Brazil and Mexico advanced most over the century as a whole despite the early start made by Argentina and Chile, although convergence between larger countries was accompanied by divergence from smaller ones. There was no sustained narrowing of the income gap with the US at all between 1900 and 2000 but some convergence in Living Standards due to improved life expectancy. Our new estimates of regional per capita income also permit a clearer comparison with both Europe and Asia. The major advances in Living Standards achieved in the middle decades of the century were closely related to early industrialisation, rapid urbanisation and the extension of primary health and education. Subsequent economic volatility and fiscal fragility limited further increases in Living Standards, undermining social consensus on development strategy.
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the Standard of Living in latin america during the twentieth century
Oxford University Economic and Social History Series, 2004Co-Authors: Pablo Astorga, Ame R Berges, Valpy FitzgeraldAbstract:Assessing the economic development of Latin America during the twentieth century requires reliable estimates of Living Standards as measured by per capita income, life expectancy, and literacy. New comparable series for Latin America suggest that these three indicators made the greatest strides during the period from 1940 to 1980. This progress is probably related to state-led industrialisation, improvements in public health, and urbanisation. Comparison with US levels reveals that while average per capita income has generally remained steady, relative Living Standards (measured by a composite welfare index) have risen gradually as life expectancy in the two regions has converged.
Glyn Lewis - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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socio economic status Standard of Living and neurotic disorder
International Review of Psychiatry, 2003Co-Authors: Glyn Lewis, Paul Bebbington, Traolach Brugha, Michael Farrell, B Gill, Rachel Jenkins, Howard MeltzerAbstract:Evidence on the association between socio-economic status and the prevalence of neurotic disorder is contradictory. We studied the association between three elements of socio-economic status and the prevalence of neurotic psychiatric disorder in a representative sample of adults aged 16-64 Living in private households in the UK. A cross-sectional survey of 10,108 adults aged 16-65 resident in private households in the UK was selected by a multi-stage, clustered, random-sampling design. Neurotic disorders were defined using a Standardised interview, the revised clinical interview schedule (CIS-R). Data for 9570 people were available for this study. We used housing tenure and access to cars as measures of Standard of Living; both were associated with the prevalence of neurotic disorder even after adjustment for other socio-economic and demographic variables, including the Registrar General's Social Class and educational attainment. Those people with no access to a car had an odds ratio for neurotic disorder...
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socioeconomic status Standard of Living and neurotic disorder
The Lancet, 1998Co-Authors: Glyn Lewis, Paul Bebbington, Traolach Brugha, Michael Farrell, B Gill, Rachel Jenkins, Howard MeltzerAbstract:Summary Background Evidence on the association between socioeconomic status and the prevalence of neurotic disorder is contradictory. We studied the association between three elements of socioeconomic status and the prevalence of neurotic psychiatric disorder in a representative sample of adults aged 16–64 Living in private households in the UK. Methods A cross-sectional survey of 10 108 adults aged 16–65 resident in private households in the UK was selected by a multi-stage, clustered, random-sampling design. Neurotic disorders were defined using a Standardised interview, the revised clinical interview schedule (CIS-R). Data for 9570 people were available for this study. Findings We used housing tenure and access to cars as measures of Standard of Living; both were associated with the prevalence of neurotic disorder even after adjustment for other socioeconomic and demographic variables, including Registrar General's Social Class and educational attainment. Those people with no access to a car had an odds ratio for neurotic disorder of 1·4 (95% CI 1·1–1·7), compared with those who had access to two or more cars. People who rented their homes were also at increased risk (1·3 [1·1–1·5]). We estimated that about 10% of the neurotic disorder in the UK could be attributed to the increased prevalence of those without cars who rented their homes. There was a complex interaction between Registrar General's Social Class and sex, and there was no independent association with educational attainment. Interpretation There is an independent association between low Standard of Living and the prevalence of neurotic psychiatric disorder. The UK has experienced one of the largest increases in income inequality within western market economies over the past 20 years, and this inequality may have had adverse consequences for the mental health of the population.
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material Standard of Living social class and the prevalence of the common mental disorders in great britain
Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 1998Co-Authors: Scott Weich, Glyn LewisAbstract:STUDY OBJECTIVE: To test the hypothesis that poor material Standard of Living is independently associated with the prevalence of the common mental disorders after adjusting for occupational social class, and to estimate the population impact of poor material Standard of Living on the prevalence of these disorders. DESIGN: Cross sectional survey. Prevalence of the common mental disorders was assessed using the General Health Questionnaire, a self administered measure of psychiatric morbidity. PARTICIPANTS: 9064 adults aged 16-75 Living in private households in England, Wales, and Scotland. MAIN RESULTS: The common mental disorders were significantly associated with poor material Standard of Living, including low household income (OR 1.24, 95% CI 1.00, 1.54) and not saving from income (OR 1.29, 95% CI 1.15, 1.45), after adjusting for occupational social class and other potential confounders. An independent association was also found with occupational social class of the head of household among women, but not men, after adjusting for material Standard of Living. The adjusted population attributable fraction for poor material Standard of Living (using a five item index) was 24.0%. CONCLUSIONS: Like mortality and physical morbidity, common mental disorders are associated with a poor material Standard of Living, independent of occupational social class. These findings support the view that recent widening of inequalities in material Standards of Living in the United Kingdom pose a substantial threat to health.
Richard A Easterlin - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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the worldwide Standard of Living since 1800
Journal of Economic Perspectives, 2000Co-Authors: Richard A EasterlinAbstract:By many measures, a revolution in the human condition is sweeping the world. Most people today are better fed, clothed, and housed than their predecessors two centuries ago. They are healthier, live longer, and are better educated. Women’s lives are less centered on reproduction and political democracy has gained a foothold. Although western Europe and its offshoots have been the leaders of this advance, most of the less developed countries have joined in during the 20th century, with the newly emerging nations of sub-Saharan Africa the latest to participate. Although the picture is not one of universal progress, it is the greatest advance in the condition of the world’s population ever achieved in such a brief span of time. The purpose of this article is to sketch this worldwide change over the past two centuries in the Standard of Living, broadly conceived. I start with a short discussion of the Standard of Living concept, proceed to individual components of the Standard of Living, and conclude with a few summary observations.
