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Haibin Li - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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novel crude glycerol pretreatment for selective saccharification of sugarcane bagasse via Fast Pyrolysis
Bioresource Technology, 2019Co-Authors: Yaxiang Wu, Liqun Jiang, Le Qian, Feixiang Xu, Xuemei Lang, Zengli Zhao, Haibin LiAbstract:Pretreatment is a vital process for efficient saccharification and utilization of lignocellulose. In this study, crude glycerol derived from biodiesel production was used for pretreatment to facilitate selective saccharification via Fast Pyrolysis. Due to the efficient removal of alkali and alkaline earth metals (>95.0%) and lignin (79.4%) by crude glycerol pretreatment, the yield of levoglucosan was evaluated to 25.2% as compared to those from pure glycerol pretreated (14.4%) and untreated sugarcane bagasse (8.4%). Meanwhile, the production of inhibitors (e.g. acetic acid, phenol) to biocatalysts was also obviously inhibited from crude glycerol pretreated biomass. Consequently, this work provided a cost-effective and eco-friendly pretreatment mode, which could not only make full utilization of crude glycerol, but also improve the fermentability of lignocellulosic pyrolysate.
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crude glycerol pretreatment for selective saccharification of lignocellulose via Fast Pyrolysis and enzyme hydrolysis
Energy Conversion and Management, 2019Co-Authors: Liqun Jiang, Yaxiang Wu, Anqing Zheng, Zengli Zhao, Haibin Li, Xiaobo Wang, Xinjun FengAbstract:Abstract Saccharification is a major step in the conversion of lignocellulose, and pretreatment is a vital process to modify the component and structure of lignocellulose for efficient saccharification. Crude glycerol pretreatment was used to facilitate selective saccharification of corncobs via Fast Pyrolysis and enzyme hydrolysis. Based on the reduction of alkaline and alkaline earth metals and removal of lignin fraction, the crude glycerol pretreated sample exhibited a higher levoglucosan selectivity (30.5%) than those from glycerol pretreated (9.5%) and un-treated corncobs (2.4%) in Fast Pyrolysis. The crude glycerol pretreated corncobs also gave a higher glucose yield (83.7%) as compared to those of un-treated (19.1%) and glycerol pretreated (41.1%) samples in enzyme hydrolysis. Additionally, after crude glycerol pretreatment, the recovered glycerol could also be used as an attractive fermentable substrate for D-lactate production. In accordance, this manuscript provided an economically-viable and environmentally-benign approach to maximize the value of crude glycerol, meanwhile minimize the cost of pretreatment and improve the efficiency of saccharification for lignocellulose.
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the comparison of obtaining fermentable sugars from cellulose by enzymatic hydrolysis and Fast Pyrolysis
Bioresource Technology, 2016Co-Authors: Liqun Jiang, Anqing Zheng, Zengli Zhao, Haibin Li, Fang He, Nannan WuAbstract:Abstract Sugars are one of intermediates in the biological and chemical conversion of biomass. The objective of this study was to make comparison of obtaining fermentable sugars by enzymatic hydrolysis and Fast Pyrolysis of ball milling pretreated cellulose. After ball milling pretreatment for 0–18 h, with the accumulation of alkali and alkali earth metals (from 50.8 to 276.4 ppm) and decrease of the crystalline structure (from 89.8% to 10.1%), the hydrolysis yields increased from 23.6% to 56.0% in enzymatic saccharification, while the yields of levoglucosan diminished from 61.5% to 45.6% gradually in Fast Pyrolysis. Both enzymatic saccharification and Fast Pyrolysis had unique attractive features and unfavorable limitations. The present research provided a concept for considering choices among the technologies and feedstocks currently available.
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effect of crystal size of zsm 5 on the aromatic yield and selectivity from catalytic Fast Pyrolysis of biomass
Journal of Molecular Catalysis A-chemical, 2014Co-Authors: Anqing Zheng, Zengli Zhao, Xiaobo Wang, Fang He, Sheng Chang, Zhen Huang, Hongxiang Wu, Haibin LiAbstract:Abstract To determine the effect of crystal sizes of ZSM-5 and feedstock species on aromatic yield and selectivity from catalytic Fast Pyrolysis of biomass, catalytic Fast Pyrolysis (CFP) of different feedstock species (cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin, pine, corncob and straw) over ZSM-5 with varying crystal size (2 μm, 200 nm and 50 nm) was conducted in a Pyroprobe pyrolyzer (5200, CDS Analytical). The experimental results show that ZSM-5 with crystal size of 200 nm exhibited the maximum aromatic yield and minimum BTX selectivity. The results could be attributed to its highest micropore surface area, amount of weak acid and maximum Bronsted to Lewis acid sites ratio (B/L ratio). Cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin play very different roles in catalytic Fast Pyrolysis of biomass. Cellulose exhibited the maximum aromatic yield of 38.4% and minimum non-condensable gas yield of 18.4%. Lignin showed the highest coke yield of 68.6% and lowest aromatic yield of 10.2%. And hemicellulose displayed the lowest coke yield of 29.4% and highest yield of non-condensable gas of 39.1%.
Zengli Zhao - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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novel crude glycerol pretreatment for selective saccharification of sugarcane bagasse via Fast Pyrolysis
Bioresource Technology, 2019Co-Authors: Yaxiang Wu, Liqun Jiang, Le Qian, Feixiang Xu, Xuemei Lang, Zengli Zhao, Haibin LiAbstract:Pretreatment is a vital process for efficient saccharification and utilization of lignocellulose. In this study, crude glycerol derived from biodiesel production was used for pretreatment to facilitate selective saccharification via Fast Pyrolysis. Due to the efficient removal of alkali and alkaline earth metals (>95.0%) and lignin (79.4%) by crude glycerol pretreatment, the yield of levoglucosan was evaluated to 25.2% as compared to those from pure glycerol pretreated (14.4%) and untreated sugarcane bagasse (8.4%). Meanwhile, the production of inhibitors (e.g. acetic acid, phenol) to biocatalysts was also obviously inhibited from crude glycerol pretreated biomass. Consequently, this work provided a cost-effective and eco-friendly pretreatment mode, which could not only make full utilization of crude glycerol, but also improve the fermentability of lignocellulosic pyrolysate.
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crude glycerol pretreatment for selective saccharification of lignocellulose via Fast Pyrolysis and enzyme hydrolysis
Energy Conversion and Management, 2019Co-Authors: Liqun Jiang, Yaxiang Wu, Anqing Zheng, Zengli Zhao, Haibin Li, Xiaobo Wang, Xinjun FengAbstract:Abstract Saccharification is a major step in the conversion of lignocellulose, and pretreatment is a vital process to modify the component and structure of lignocellulose for efficient saccharification. Crude glycerol pretreatment was used to facilitate selective saccharification of corncobs via Fast Pyrolysis and enzyme hydrolysis. Based on the reduction of alkaline and alkaline earth metals and removal of lignin fraction, the crude glycerol pretreated sample exhibited a higher levoglucosan selectivity (30.5%) than those from glycerol pretreated (9.5%) and un-treated corncobs (2.4%) in Fast Pyrolysis. The crude glycerol pretreated corncobs also gave a higher glucose yield (83.7%) as compared to those of un-treated (19.1%) and glycerol pretreated (41.1%) samples in enzyme hydrolysis. Additionally, after crude glycerol pretreatment, the recovered glycerol could also be used as an attractive fermentable substrate for D-lactate production. In accordance, this manuscript provided an economically-viable and environmentally-benign approach to maximize the value of crude glycerol, meanwhile minimize the cost of pretreatment and improve the efficiency of saccharification for lignocellulose.
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the comparison of obtaining fermentable sugars from cellulose by enzymatic hydrolysis and Fast Pyrolysis
Bioresource Technology, 2016Co-Authors: Liqun Jiang, Anqing Zheng, Zengli Zhao, Haibin Li, Fang He, Nannan WuAbstract:Abstract Sugars are one of intermediates in the biological and chemical conversion of biomass. The objective of this study was to make comparison of obtaining fermentable sugars by enzymatic hydrolysis and Fast Pyrolysis of ball milling pretreated cellulose. After ball milling pretreatment for 0–18 h, with the accumulation of alkali and alkali earth metals (from 50.8 to 276.4 ppm) and decrease of the crystalline structure (from 89.8% to 10.1%), the hydrolysis yields increased from 23.6% to 56.0% in enzymatic saccharification, while the yields of levoglucosan diminished from 61.5% to 45.6% gradually in Fast Pyrolysis. Both enzymatic saccharification and Fast Pyrolysis had unique attractive features and unfavorable limitations. The present research provided a concept for considering choices among the technologies and feedstocks currently available.
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effect of crystal size of zsm 5 on the aromatic yield and selectivity from catalytic Fast Pyrolysis of biomass
Journal of Molecular Catalysis A-chemical, 2014Co-Authors: Anqing Zheng, Zengli Zhao, Xiaobo Wang, Fang He, Sheng Chang, Zhen Huang, Hongxiang Wu, Haibin LiAbstract:Abstract To determine the effect of crystal sizes of ZSM-5 and feedstock species on aromatic yield and selectivity from catalytic Fast Pyrolysis of biomass, catalytic Fast Pyrolysis (CFP) of different feedstock species (cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin, pine, corncob and straw) over ZSM-5 with varying crystal size (2 μm, 200 nm and 50 nm) was conducted in a Pyroprobe pyrolyzer (5200, CDS Analytical). The experimental results show that ZSM-5 with crystal size of 200 nm exhibited the maximum aromatic yield and minimum BTX selectivity. The results could be attributed to its highest micropore surface area, amount of weak acid and maximum Bronsted to Lewis acid sites ratio (B/L ratio). Cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin play very different roles in catalytic Fast Pyrolysis of biomass. Cellulose exhibited the maximum aromatic yield of 38.4% and minimum non-condensable gas yield of 18.4%. Lignin showed the highest coke yield of 68.6% and lowest aromatic yield of 10.2%. And hemicellulose displayed the lowest coke yield of 29.4% and highest yield of non-condensable gas of 39.1%.
A V Idgwate - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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a comparative study of straw perennial grasses and hardwoods in terms of Fast Pyrolysis products
Fuel, 2013Co-Authors: Charles Greenhalf, Daniel J Nowakowski, A Harms, J O Titiloye, A V IdgwateAbstract:The aim of this study is to characterise and compare Fast Pyrolysis product yields from straw, high yielding perennial grasses and hardwoods. Feedstocks selected for this study include: wheat straw (Triticum aestivum), switch grass (Panicum virgatum), miscanthus (Miscanthus x giganteus), willow short rotation coppice (Salix viminalis) and beech wood (Fagus sylvatica). The experimental work is divided into two sections: analytical (TGA and Py-GC-MS) and laboratory scale processing using a continuously fed bubbling fluidized bed reactor with a capacity of up to 1 kg/h. Pyrolysis-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (Py-GC-MS) has been used to quantify Pyrolysis products and simulate Fast Pyrolysis heating rates, in order to study potential key light and medium volatile decomposition products found in these feedstocks. Py-GC-MS quantification results show that the highest yields of furfural (0.57 wt.%), 2-furanmethanol (0.18 wt.%), levoglucosan (0.73 wt.%), 1,2-benzenediol (0.27 wt.%) and 2-methoxy-4-vinylphenol (0.38 wt.%) were found in switch grass, and that willow SRC produced the highest yield of phenol (0.33 wt.%). The bio-oil higher heating value was highest for switch grass (22.3 MJ/kg). Water content within the bio-oil is highest in the straw and perennial grasses and lowest in the hardwood willow SRC. The high bio-oil and char heating value and low water content found in willow SRC, makes this crop an attractive energy feedstock for Fast Pyrolysis processing, if the associated production costs and harvest yields can be maintained at current reported values. The bio-oil from switch grass has the highest potential for the production of high value chemicals.
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state of the art of Fast Pyrolysis in iea bioenergy member countries
Renewable & Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2013Co-Authors: Dietrich Meie, Anja Oasmaa, Douglas C Ellio, A V Idgwate, E Van De Beld, Fernando PretoAbstract:Fast Pyrolysis of biomass is becoming increasingly important in some member countries of the International Energy Agency (IEA). Six countries have joined the IEA Task 34 of the Bioenergy Activity: Canada, Finland, Germany, Netherlands, UK, and USA. The National Task Leaders give an overview of the current activities in their countries both on research, pilot and demonstration level.
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lignin Fast Pyrolysis results from an international collaboration
Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis, 2010Co-Authors: Daniel J Nowakowski, Douglas C Ellio, A V Idgwate, Dietrich Meie, P J De WildAbstract:An international study of Fast Pyrolysis of lignin was undertaken. Fourteen laboratories in eight different countries contributed. Two lignin samples were distributed to the laboratories for analysis and bench-scale process testing in Fast Pyrolysis. Analyses included proximate and ultimate analysis, thermogravimetric analysis, and analytical Pyrolysis. The bench-scale test included bubbling fluidized-bed reactors and entrained-flow systems. Based on the results of the various analyses and tests it was concluded that a concentrated lignin (estimated at about 50% lignin and 50% cellulose) behaved like a typical biomass, producing a slightly reduced amount of a fairly typical bio-oil, while a purified lignin material was difficult to process in the Fast Pyrolysis reactors and produced a much lower amount of a different kind of bio-oil. It was concluded that for highly concentrated lignin feedstocks new reactor designs will be required other than the typical fluidized-bed Fast Pyrolysis systems.
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an overview of Fast Pyrolysis
Progress in Thermochemical Biomass Conversion, 2008Co-Authors: A V Idgwate, Stefa Czernik, Ja PiskorzAbstract:The process of Fast Pyrolysis is one of the most recent renewable energy processes to have been introduced and offers the advantages of a liquid product, biooil, that can be readily stored and transported and that can also be used for production of chemicals as well as being a fuel. Thermal biomass conversion has been investigated for many years as a source of renewable solid, gaseous and liquid fuels. Compared to combustion, which is widely practised commercially and gasification, which is being extensively demonstrated around the world, Fast Pyrolysis is at a relatively early stage of development. The technology has now achieved some commercial success for production of chemicals and is being actively developed for producing liquid fuels. Bio-oils have been successfully tested in engines, turbines and boilers, and have been upgraded to high quality hydrocarbon fuels although at an unacceptable energetic and financial cost. The paper critically reviews scientific and technical developments and applications to date paying particular attention to the research and developments reported in this book. It concludes with some suggestions for strategic developments.
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a techno economic comparison of power production by biomass Fast Pyrolysis with gasification and combustion
Renewable & Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2002Co-Authors: A V Idgwate, A J Tof, J G AmmeAbstract:This paper presents an assessment of the technical and economic performance of thermal processes to generate electricity from a wood chip feedstock by combustion, gasification and Fast Pyrolysis. The scope of the work begins with the delivery of a wood chip feedstock at a conversion plant and ends with the supply of electricity to the grid, incorporating wood chip preparation, thermal conversion, and electricity generation in dual fuel diesel engines. Net generating capacities of 1–20 MWe are evaluated. The techno-economic assessment is achieved through the development of a suite of models that are combined to give cost and performance data for the integrated system. The models include feed pretreatment, combustion, atmospheric and pressure gasification, Fast Pyrolysis with Pyrolysis liquid storage and transport (an optional step in de-coupled systems) and diesel engine or turbine power generation. The models calculate system efficiencies, capital costs and production costs. An identical methodology is applied in the development of all the models so that all of the results are directly comparable. The electricity production costs have been calculated for 10th plant systems, indicating the costs that are achievable in the medium term after the high initial costs associated with novel technologies have reduced. The costs converge at the larger scale with the mean electricity price paid in the EU by a large consumer, and there is therefore potential for Fast Pyrolysis and diesel engine systems to sell electricity directly to large consumers or for on-site generation. However, competition will be fierce at all capacities since electricity production costs vary only slightly between the four biomass to electricity systems that are evaluated. Systems de-coupling is one way that the Fast Pyrolysis and diesel engine system can distinguish itself from the other conversion technologies. Evaluations in this work show that situations requiring several remote generators are much better served by a large Fast Pyrolysis plant that supplies fuel to de-coupled diesel engines than by constructing an entire close-coupled system at each generating site. Another advantage of de-coupling is that the Fast Pyrolysis conversion step and the diesel engine generation step can operate independently, with intermediate storage of the Fast Pyrolysis liquid fuel, increasing overall reliability. Peak load or seasonal power requirements would also benefit from de-coupling since a small Fast Pyrolysis plant could operate continuously to produce fuel that is stored for use in the engine on demand. Current electricity production costs for a Fast Pyrolysis and diesel engine system are 0.091/kWh at 1 MWe when learning effects are included. These systems are handicapped by the typical characteristics of a novel technology: high capital cost, high labour, and low reliability. As such the more established combustion and steam cycle produces lower cost electricity under current conditions. The Fast Pyrolysis and diesel engine system is a low capital cost option but it also suffers from relatively low system efficiency particularly at high capacities. This low efficiency is the result of a low conversion efficiency of feed energy into the Pyrolysis liquid, because of the energy in the char by-product. A sensitivity analysis has highlighted the high impact on electricity production costs of the Fast Pyrolysis liquids yield. The liquids yield should be set realistically during design, and it should be maintained in practice by careful attention to plant operation and feed quality. Another problem is the high power consumption during feedstock grinding. Efficiencies may be enhanced in ablative Fast Pyrolysis which can tolerate a chipped feedstock. This has yet to be demonstrated at commercial scale. In summary, the Fast Pyrolysis and diesel engine system has great potential to generate electricity at a profit in the long term, and at a lower cost than any other biomass to electricity system at small scale. This future viability can only be achieved through the construction of early plant that could, in the short term, be more expensive than the combustion alternative. Profitability in the short term can best be achieved by exploiting niches in the market place and specific features of Fast Pyrolysis. These include: •countries or regions with fiscal incentives for renewable energy such as premium electricity prices or capital grants; •locations with high electricity prices so that electricity can be sold direct to large consumers or generated on-site by companies who wish to reduce their consumption from the grid; •waste disposal opportunities where feedstocks can attract a gate fee rather than incur a cost; •the ability to store Fast Pyrolysis liquids as a buffer against shutdowns or as a fuel for peak-load generating plant; •de-coupling opportunities where a large, single Pyrolysis plant supplies fuel to several small and remote generators; •small-scale combined heat and power opportunities; •sales of the excess char, although a market has yet to be established for this by-product; and •potential co-production of speciality chemicals and fuel for power generation in Fast Pyrolysis systems.
Esteban Chornet - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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hydrogen from biomass steam reforming of model compounds of Fast Pyrolysis oil
Energy & Fuels, 1999Co-Authors: Maximiliano Marquevich, Stefan Czernik, Esteban Chornet, Daniel MontaneAbstract:We investigated the production of hydrogen by the catalytic steam reforming of model compounds of biomass Fast-Pyrolysis oil (bio-oil). Acetic acid, m-cresol, dibenzyl ether, glucose, xylose, and sucrose were reformed using two commercial nickel-based catalysts for steam reforming naphtha. The experiments were conducted at a methane-equivalent gas hourly space velocity (GC1HSV) from 500 to 11790 h-1. Steam-to-carbon ratios (S/C) of 3 and 6 and catalyst temperatures from 550 to 810 °C were selected. Rapid coking of the catalyst was observed during acetic acid reforming at temperatures lower than 650 °C. Acetic acid, m-cresol, and dibenzyl ether were completely converted to hydrogen and carbon oxides above this temperature, and hydrogen yields ranged from 70 to 90% of the stoichiometric potential, depending on the feedstock and reforming conditions. Sugars were difficult to reform because they readily decomposed through Pyrolysis in the freeboard of the reactor. This led to the formation of char and gases b...
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production of hydrogen from biomass by catalytic steam reforming of Fast Pyrolysis oils
Energy & Fuels, 1998Co-Authors: Dingneng Wang, Stefan Czernik, Esteban ChornetAbstract:Hydrogen is of great interest as the cleanest fuel for power generation using fuel cells and for transportation. Biomass can be thermochemically converted to hydrogen via two distinct strategies: (1) gasification followed by shift conversion, and (2) Fast Pyrolysis of biomass followed by catalytic steam reforming and shift conversion of specific fractions. This paper presents the latter route. The process begins with Fast Pyrolysis of biomass to produce bio-oil, which (as a whole or its selected fractions) can be converted to hydrogen via catalytic steam reforming followed by a shift conversion step. Such a process has been demonstrated at the bench scale using model compounds and the aqueous fraction of poplar oil with commercial nickel-based steam-reforming catalysts. Hydrogen yields as high as 85% of the stoichiometric value have been obtained. Initial catalyst activity can be maintained through periodic regeneration via steam or carbon dioxide (CO2) gasification of the carbonaceous deposits.
Anqing Zheng - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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crude glycerol pretreatment for selective saccharification of lignocellulose via Fast Pyrolysis and enzyme hydrolysis
Energy Conversion and Management, 2019Co-Authors: Liqun Jiang, Yaxiang Wu, Anqing Zheng, Zengli Zhao, Haibin Li, Xiaobo Wang, Xinjun FengAbstract:Abstract Saccharification is a major step in the conversion of lignocellulose, and pretreatment is a vital process to modify the component and structure of lignocellulose for efficient saccharification. Crude glycerol pretreatment was used to facilitate selective saccharification of corncobs via Fast Pyrolysis and enzyme hydrolysis. Based on the reduction of alkaline and alkaline earth metals and removal of lignin fraction, the crude glycerol pretreated sample exhibited a higher levoglucosan selectivity (30.5%) than those from glycerol pretreated (9.5%) and un-treated corncobs (2.4%) in Fast Pyrolysis. The crude glycerol pretreated corncobs also gave a higher glucose yield (83.7%) as compared to those of un-treated (19.1%) and glycerol pretreated (41.1%) samples in enzyme hydrolysis. Additionally, after crude glycerol pretreatment, the recovered glycerol could also be used as an attractive fermentable substrate for D-lactate production. In accordance, this manuscript provided an economically-viable and environmentally-benign approach to maximize the value of crude glycerol, meanwhile minimize the cost of pretreatment and improve the efficiency of saccharification for lignocellulose.
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the comparison of obtaining fermentable sugars from cellulose by enzymatic hydrolysis and Fast Pyrolysis
Bioresource Technology, 2016Co-Authors: Liqun Jiang, Anqing Zheng, Zengli Zhao, Haibin Li, Fang He, Nannan WuAbstract:Abstract Sugars are one of intermediates in the biological and chemical conversion of biomass. The objective of this study was to make comparison of obtaining fermentable sugars by enzymatic hydrolysis and Fast Pyrolysis of ball milling pretreated cellulose. After ball milling pretreatment for 0–18 h, with the accumulation of alkali and alkali earth metals (from 50.8 to 276.4 ppm) and decrease of the crystalline structure (from 89.8% to 10.1%), the hydrolysis yields increased from 23.6% to 56.0% in enzymatic saccharification, while the yields of levoglucosan diminished from 61.5% to 45.6% gradually in Fast Pyrolysis. Both enzymatic saccharification and Fast Pyrolysis had unique attractive features and unfavorable limitations. The present research provided a concept for considering choices among the technologies and feedstocks currently available.
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effect of crystal size of zsm 5 on the aromatic yield and selectivity from catalytic Fast Pyrolysis of biomass
Journal of Molecular Catalysis A-chemical, 2014Co-Authors: Anqing Zheng, Zengli Zhao, Xiaobo Wang, Fang He, Sheng Chang, Zhen Huang, Hongxiang Wu, Haibin LiAbstract:Abstract To determine the effect of crystal sizes of ZSM-5 and feedstock species on aromatic yield and selectivity from catalytic Fast Pyrolysis of biomass, catalytic Fast Pyrolysis (CFP) of different feedstock species (cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin, pine, corncob and straw) over ZSM-5 with varying crystal size (2 μm, 200 nm and 50 nm) was conducted in a Pyroprobe pyrolyzer (5200, CDS Analytical). The experimental results show that ZSM-5 with crystal size of 200 nm exhibited the maximum aromatic yield and minimum BTX selectivity. The results could be attributed to its highest micropore surface area, amount of weak acid and maximum Bronsted to Lewis acid sites ratio (B/L ratio). Cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin play very different roles in catalytic Fast Pyrolysis of biomass. Cellulose exhibited the maximum aromatic yield of 38.4% and minimum non-condensable gas yield of 18.4%. Lignin showed the highest coke yield of 68.6% and lowest aromatic yield of 10.2%. And hemicellulose displayed the lowest coke yield of 29.4% and highest yield of non-condensable gas of 39.1%.