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Siew Young Quek - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Characterization of phenolic compounds and aroma active compounds in Feijoa juice from four New Zealand grown cultivars by LC-MS and HS-SPME-GC-O-MS.
Food research international (Ottawa Ont.), 2019Co-Authors: Yaoyao Peng, Karen S. Bishop, Jingying Zhang, Donglin Chen, Siew Young QuekAbstract:Abstract The phenolic compounds and aroma active compounds in Feijoa (Acca sellowiana (O.Berg) Burret) juice from four New Zealand grown cultivars (Apollo, Unique, Opal Star, and Wiki Tu) were investigated. A high total phenolic content (maximum 1.89 mg GAE/mL juice) and significant antioxidant activities (maximum 14.66 mM Trolox/mL juice) were determined in Feijoa juices. A total of 7 phenolic compounds from the screening of 29 standards were identified and quantified by LC-MS, with procyanidin B1 (209.78–511.07 μg/mL) and (+)-catechin (121.80–472.75 μg/mL) being the most abundant. Procyanidin B2 and quercetin-3-galactoside were reported in Feijoa samples for the first time. The volatile compounds in Feijoa juice were identified by HS-SPME-GC–MS, and 17 of the 63 identified compounds were not previously reported in Feijoa samples. A total of 25 aroma active compounds were further identified by the olfactory test, and the esters and terpenes were the dominant compounds contributing to the aroma of Feijoa juice. Methyl benzoate showed the characteristic “Feijoa-like” aroma with a concentration of 13.62–52.62 μg/g juice. The aroma profile of Feijoa juice from the four selected cultivars was established, and the “fruity” and “green, grassy & herbal” notes were the predominant attributes. Among the four selected cultivars, the Unique cultivar had the highest total phenolic content and antioxidant activities, while the Wiki Tu was the most aroma intensive. This study, first report on the phenolics and aroma compounds in Feijoa juice with comparison of four cultivars, could be fundamental and essential to natural fruit juice industry and Feijoa fruit investigation, as well as provided scientific evidence to local Feijoa market and growers regarding cultivar selection.
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Extraction Optimization, Antioxidant Capacity and Phenolic Profiling of Extracts from Flesh, Peel and Whole Fruit of New Zealand Grown Feijoa Cultivars.
Antioxidants (Basel Switzerland), 2019Co-Authors: Yaoyao Peng, Karen S. Bishop, Siew Young QuekAbstract:Feijoa fruit is becoming increasingly popular, yet limited studies have focused on the antioxidant capacity and phenolic profiling of its extracts. In this research, optimization of phenolic extraction from Feijoa flesh, peel, and whole fruit from four New Zealand grown cultivars was conducted using orthogonal design. Antioxidant activities of the extracts were assessed, followed by phenolic profiling by a validated liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS/MS) method. For Feijoa flesh and whole fruit, the extraction was optimized using 70% ethanol, material to solvent ratio of 1:30, at extraction temperature of 50 °C for 30 min. For Feijoa peel, extraction at 50 °C for 60 min using 50% ethanol with a material to solvent ratio of 1:30 were the optimized conditions. Results showed Feijoa peel had higher total phenolic content (TPC) and antioxidant activities than the flesh and whole fruit. Overall, the Unique cultivar had a relatively higher TPC and antioxidant activity than the other cultivars tested. A total of 15 phenolic compounds were identified, and seven of them were reported for the first time in Feijoa fruit. This is the first systematic investigation on the extraction method, phenolic content, antioxidant activity and phenolic profile of Feijoa emphasis on comparison of sample types and cultivars.
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Compositional Analysis and Aroma Evaluation of Feijoa Essential Oils from New Zealand Grown Cultivars
MDPI AG, 2019Co-Authors: Yaoyao Peng, Karen S. Bishop, Siew Young QuekAbstract:Feijoa is an aromatic fruit and the essential oil from Feijoa peel could be a valuable by-product in the juicing industry. An initial comparison of the essential oil extraction methods, steam-distillation and hydro-distillation, was conducted. The volatile compounds in the essential oils from four Feijoa cultivars were identified and semi-quantified by GC-MS and the aroma active compounds in each essential oil were characterized using SPME-GC-O-MS. Hydro-distillation, with a material to water ratio of 1:4 and an extraction time of 90 min, was the optimized extraction method for Feijoa essential oil. The Wiki Tu cultivar produced the highest essential oil yield among the four selected cultivars. A total of 160 compounds were detected, among which 90 compounds were reported for the first time in Feijoa essential oils. Terpenes and esters were dominant compounds in Feijoa essential oil composition and were also major contributors to Feijoa essential oil aroma. Key aroma active compounds in Feijoa essential oils were α-terpineol, ethyl benzoate, (Z)-3-hexenyl hexanoate, linalool, (E)-geraniol, 2-undecanone, 3-octanone, α-cubebene, and germacrene D. This is the first report on the optimization of the extraction method and the establishment of the aroma profile of Feijoa essential oils, with a comparison of four New Zealand grown cultivars
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Screening of Cytotoxicity and Anti-Inflammatory Properties of Feijoa Extracts Using Genetically Modified Cell Models Targeting TLR2, TLR4 and NOD2 Pathways, and the Implication for Inflammatory Bowel Disease
Nutrients, 2018Co-Authors: Yaoyao Peng, Karen S. Bishop, Lynnette R. Ferguson, Siew Young QuekAbstract:Feijoa has been increasingly studied in the recent decade, while investigations into its bioactivities including anti-inflammatory activity are lacking. In this article, the cytotoxicity and anti-inflammatory properties of Feijoa extracts, from flesh, peel and whole fruit, from four cultivars namely APOLLO, UNIQUE, OPAL STAR and WIKI TU are presented. Three inflammatory pathways, Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2), TLR4 and nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-containing protein 2 (NOD2), were investigated using genetically modified cell models namely HEK-Blue™ hTLR2, HEK-Blue™ hTLR4, NOD2-WT and NOD2-G908R. Results show that Feijoa peel extract induced higher cytotoxicity than flesh and whole fruit extracts, and the APOLLO cultivar was the most anti-inflammatory among the four tested cultivars. The anti-inflammatory activity of Feijoa flesh was detected only through the TLR2 pathway, and the activity of Feijoa peel and whole fruit was evident mainly through the TLR2 and NOD2 pathways. Most notably, Feijoa anti-inflammatory activity was superior to ibuprofen particularly through the TLR2 pathway, with significantly lower secreted embryonic alkaline phosphatase IC50 concentrations (7.88, 12.81, 30.84 and 442.90 μg/mL for APOLLO flesh, peel, whole fruit extract and ibuprofen respectively). These findings indicate that Feijoa has great potential to be used in the treatment and prevention of inflammation-related diseases including inflammatory bowel disease.
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Screening of Cytotoxicity and Anti-Inflammatory Properties of Feijoa Extracts Using Genetically Modified Cell Models Targeting TLR2, TLR4 and NOD2 Pathways, and the Implication for Inflammatory Bowel Disease
MDPI AG, 2018Co-Authors: Yaoyao Peng, Karen S. Bishop, Lynnette R. Ferguson, Siew Young QuekAbstract:Feijoa has been increasingly studied in the recent decade, while investigations into its bioactivities including anti-inflammatory activity are lacking. In this article, the cytotoxicity and anti-inflammatory properties of Feijoa extracts, from flesh, peel and whole fruit, from four cultivars namely APOLLO, UNIQUE, OPAL STAR and WIKI TU are presented. Three inflammatory pathways, Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2), TLR4 and nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-containing protein 2 (NOD2), were investigated using genetically modified cell models namely HEK-Blue™ hTLR2, HEK-Blue™ hTLR4, NOD2-WT and NOD2-G908R. Results show that Feijoa peel extract induced higher cytotoxicity than flesh and whole fruit extracts, and the APOLLO cultivar was the most anti-inflammatory among the four tested cultivars. The anti-inflammatory activity of Feijoa flesh was detected only through the TLR2 pathway, and the activity of Feijoa peel and whole fruit was evident mainly through the TLR2 and NOD2 pathways. Most notably, Feijoa anti-inflammatory activity was superior to ibuprofen particularly through the TLR2 pathway, with significantly lower secreted embryonic alkaline phosphatase IC50 concentrations (7.88, 12.81, 30.84 and 442.90 μg/mL for APOLLO flesh, peel, whole fruit extract and ibuprofen respectively). These findings indicate that Feijoa has great potential to be used in the treatment and prevention of inflammation-related diseases including inflammatory bowel disease
Yaoyao Peng - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Characterization of phenolic compounds and aroma active compounds in Feijoa juice from four New Zealand grown cultivars by LC-MS and HS-SPME-GC-O-MS.
Food research international (Ottawa Ont.), 2019Co-Authors: Yaoyao Peng, Karen S. Bishop, Jingying Zhang, Donglin Chen, Siew Young QuekAbstract:Abstract The phenolic compounds and aroma active compounds in Feijoa (Acca sellowiana (O.Berg) Burret) juice from four New Zealand grown cultivars (Apollo, Unique, Opal Star, and Wiki Tu) were investigated. A high total phenolic content (maximum 1.89 mg GAE/mL juice) and significant antioxidant activities (maximum 14.66 mM Trolox/mL juice) were determined in Feijoa juices. A total of 7 phenolic compounds from the screening of 29 standards were identified and quantified by LC-MS, with procyanidin B1 (209.78–511.07 μg/mL) and (+)-catechin (121.80–472.75 μg/mL) being the most abundant. Procyanidin B2 and quercetin-3-galactoside were reported in Feijoa samples for the first time. The volatile compounds in Feijoa juice were identified by HS-SPME-GC–MS, and 17 of the 63 identified compounds were not previously reported in Feijoa samples. A total of 25 aroma active compounds were further identified by the olfactory test, and the esters and terpenes were the dominant compounds contributing to the aroma of Feijoa juice. Methyl benzoate showed the characteristic “Feijoa-like” aroma with a concentration of 13.62–52.62 μg/g juice. The aroma profile of Feijoa juice from the four selected cultivars was established, and the “fruity” and “green, grassy & herbal” notes were the predominant attributes. Among the four selected cultivars, the Unique cultivar had the highest total phenolic content and antioxidant activities, while the Wiki Tu was the most aroma intensive. This study, first report on the phenolics and aroma compounds in Feijoa juice with comparison of four cultivars, could be fundamental and essential to natural fruit juice industry and Feijoa fruit investigation, as well as provided scientific evidence to local Feijoa market and growers regarding cultivar selection.
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Extraction Optimization, Antioxidant Capacity and Phenolic Profiling of Extracts from Flesh, Peel and Whole Fruit of New Zealand Grown Feijoa Cultivars.
Antioxidants (Basel Switzerland), 2019Co-Authors: Yaoyao Peng, Karen S. Bishop, Siew Young QuekAbstract:Feijoa fruit is becoming increasingly popular, yet limited studies have focused on the antioxidant capacity and phenolic profiling of its extracts. In this research, optimization of phenolic extraction from Feijoa flesh, peel, and whole fruit from four New Zealand grown cultivars was conducted using orthogonal design. Antioxidant activities of the extracts were assessed, followed by phenolic profiling by a validated liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS/MS) method. For Feijoa flesh and whole fruit, the extraction was optimized using 70% ethanol, material to solvent ratio of 1:30, at extraction temperature of 50 °C for 30 min. For Feijoa peel, extraction at 50 °C for 60 min using 50% ethanol with a material to solvent ratio of 1:30 were the optimized conditions. Results showed Feijoa peel had higher total phenolic content (TPC) and antioxidant activities than the flesh and whole fruit. Overall, the Unique cultivar had a relatively higher TPC and antioxidant activity than the other cultivars tested. A total of 15 phenolic compounds were identified, and seven of them were reported for the first time in Feijoa fruit. This is the first systematic investigation on the extraction method, phenolic content, antioxidant activity and phenolic profile of Feijoa emphasis on comparison of sample types and cultivars.
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Compositional Analysis and Aroma Evaluation of Feijoa Essential Oils from New Zealand Grown Cultivars
MDPI AG, 2019Co-Authors: Yaoyao Peng, Karen S. Bishop, Siew Young QuekAbstract:Feijoa is an aromatic fruit and the essential oil from Feijoa peel could be a valuable by-product in the juicing industry. An initial comparison of the essential oil extraction methods, steam-distillation and hydro-distillation, was conducted. The volatile compounds in the essential oils from four Feijoa cultivars were identified and semi-quantified by GC-MS and the aroma active compounds in each essential oil were characterized using SPME-GC-O-MS. Hydro-distillation, with a material to water ratio of 1:4 and an extraction time of 90 min, was the optimized extraction method for Feijoa essential oil. The Wiki Tu cultivar produced the highest essential oil yield among the four selected cultivars. A total of 160 compounds were detected, among which 90 compounds were reported for the first time in Feijoa essential oils. Terpenes and esters were dominant compounds in Feijoa essential oil composition and were also major contributors to Feijoa essential oil aroma. Key aroma active compounds in Feijoa essential oils were α-terpineol, ethyl benzoate, (Z)-3-hexenyl hexanoate, linalool, (E)-geraniol, 2-undecanone, 3-octanone, α-cubebene, and germacrene D. This is the first report on the optimization of the extraction method and the establishment of the aroma profile of Feijoa essential oils, with a comparison of four New Zealand grown cultivars
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Screening of Cytotoxicity and Anti-Inflammatory Properties of Feijoa Extracts Using Genetically Modified Cell Models Targeting TLR2, TLR4 and NOD2 Pathways, and the Implication for Inflammatory Bowel Disease
Nutrients, 2018Co-Authors: Yaoyao Peng, Karen S. Bishop, Lynnette R. Ferguson, Siew Young QuekAbstract:Feijoa has been increasingly studied in the recent decade, while investigations into its bioactivities including anti-inflammatory activity are lacking. In this article, the cytotoxicity and anti-inflammatory properties of Feijoa extracts, from flesh, peel and whole fruit, from four cultivars namely APOLLO, UNIQUE, OPAL STAR and WIKI TU are presented. Three inflammatory pathways, Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2), TLR4 and nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-containing protein 2 (NOD2), were investigated using genetically modified cell models namely HEK-Blue™ hTLR2, HEK-Blue™ hTLR4, NOD2-WT and NOD2-G908R. Results show that Feijoa peel extract induced higher cytotoxicity than flesh and whole fruit extracts, and the APOLLO cultivar was the most anti-inflammatory among the four tested cultivars. The anti-inflammatory activity of Feijoa flesh was detected only through the TLR2 pathway, and the activity of Feijoa peel and whole fruit was evident mainly through the TLR2 and NOD2 pathways. Most notably, Feijoa anti-inflammatory activity was superior to ibuprofen particularly through the TLR2 pathway, with significantly lower secreted embryonic alkaline phosphatase IC50 concentrations (7.88, 12.81, 30.84 and 442.90 μg/mL for APOLLO flesh, peel, whole fruit extract and ibuprofen respectively). These findings indicate that Feijoa has great potential to be used in the treatment and prevention of inflammation-related diseases including inflammatory bowel disease.
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Screening of Cytotoxicity and Anti-Inflammatory Properties of Feijoa Extracts Using Genetically Modified Cell Models Targeting TLR2, TLR4 and NOD2 Pathways, and the Implication for Inflammatory Bowel Disease
MDPI AG, 2018Co-Authors: Yaoyao Peng, Karen S. Bishop, Lynnette R. Ferguson, Siew Young QuekAbstract:Feijoa has been increasingly studied in the recent decade, while investigations into its bioactivities including anti-inflammatory activity are lacking. In this article, the cytotoxicity and anti-inflammatory properties of Feijoa extracts, from flesh, peel and whole fruit, from four cultivars namely APOLLO, UNIQUE, OPAL STAR and WIKI TU are presented. Three inflammatory pathways, Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2), TLR4 and nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-containing protein 2 (NOD2), were investigated using genetically modified cell models namely HEK-Blue™ hTLR2, HEK-Blue™ hTLR4, NOD2-WT and NOD2-G908R. Results show that Feijoa peel extract induced higher cytotoxicity than flesh and whole fruit extracts, and the APOLLO cultivar was the most anti-inflammatory among the four tested cultivars. The anti-inflammatory activity of Feijoa flesh was detected only through the TLR2 pathway, and the activity of Feijoa peel and whole fruit was evident mainly through the TLR2 and NOD2 pathways. Most notably, Feijoa anti-inflammatory activity was superior to ibuprofen particularly through the TLR2 pathway, with significantly lower secreted embryonic alkaline phosphatase IC50 concentrations (7.88, 12.81, 30.84 and 442.90 μg/mL for APOLLO flesh, peel, whole fruit extract and ibuprofen respectively). These findings indicate that Feijoa has great potential to be used in the treatment and prevention of inflammation-related diseases including inflammatory bowel disease
Vittoria Catara - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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first report of leaf spot caused by cylindrocladium pauciramosum on acacia retinodes arbutus unedo Feijoa sellowiana and dodonaea viscosa in southern italy
Plant Disease, 2001Co-Authors: Gesualdo Polizzi, Vittoria CataraAbstract:In October 1997, severe leaf spotting was observed on several ornamental plants growing in different nurseries in southern Italy. These symptoms were detected for the first time on strawberry tree (Arbutus unedo L.) and water wattle (Acacia retinodes Schltdl.). In the latter species, diseased plants showed also stem canker and shoot blight symptoms. Cylindrocladium pauciramosum C.L. Schoch & Crous (teleomorph Calonectria pauciramosa) were found associated with these symptoms (2). More recently, leaf spots were found also on Feijoa (Feijoa sellowiana Berg.) and on Florida hopbush (Dodonaea viscosa (L.) Jacq.) in two other nurseries located in Sicily. Infected tissues were surface-sterilized and plated on potato dextrose agar. Plates were incubated at room temperature under fluorescent cool white lights on a 12-h light/dark regime. A Cylindrocladium species was consistently associated with diseased tissues. The isolates of Cylindrocladium collected from Feijoa and Florida hopbush were identified on carnatio...
Karen S. Bishop - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Characterization of phenolic compounds and aroma active compounds in Feijoa juice from four New Zealand grown cultivars by LC-MS and HS-SPME-GC-O-MS.
Food research international (Ottawa Ont.), 2019Co-Authors: Yaoyao Peng, Karen S. Bishop, Jingying Zhang, Donglin Chen, Siew Young QuekAbstract:Abstract The phenolic compounds and aroma active compounds in Feijoa (Acca sellowiana (O.Berg) Burret) juice from four New Zealand grown cultivars (Apollo, Unique, Opal Star, and Wiki Tu) were investigated. A high total phenolic content (maximum 1.89 mg GAE/mL juice) and significant antioxidant activities (maximum 14.66 mM Trolox/mL juice) were determined in Feijoa juices. A total of 7 phenolic compounds from the screening of 29 standards were identified and quantified by LC-MS, with procyanidin B1 (209.78–511.07 μg/mL) and (+)-catechin (121.80–472.75 μg/mL) being the most abundant. Procyanidin B2 and quercetin-3-galactoside were reported in Feijoa samples for the first time. The volatile compounds in Feijoa juice were identified by HS-SPME-GC–MS, and 17 of the 63 identified compounds were not previously reported in Feijoa samples. A total of 25 aroma active compounds were further identified by the olfactory test, and the esters and terpenes were the dominant compounds contributing to the aroma of Feijoa juice. Methyl benzoate showed the characteristic “Feijoa-like” aroma with a concentration of 13.62–52.62 μg/g juice. The aroma profile of Feijoa juice from the four selected cultivars was established, and the “fruity” and “green, grassy & herbal” notes were the predominant attributes. Among the four selected cultivars, the Unique cultivar had the highest total phenolic content and antioxidant activities, while the Wiki Tu was the most aroma intensive. This study, first report on the phenolics and aroma compounds in Feijoa juice with comparison of four cultivars, could be fundamental and essential to natural fruit juice industry and Feijoa fruit investigation, as well as provided scientific evidence to local Feijoa market and growers regarding cultivar selection.
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Compositional Analysis and Aroma Evaluation of Feijoa Essential Oils from New Zealand Grown Cultivars
MDPI AG, 2019Co-Authors: Yaoyao Peng, Karen S. Bishop, Siew Young QuekAbstract:Feijoa is an aromatic fruit and the essential oil from Feijoa peel could be a valuable by-product in the juicing industry. An initial comparison of the essential oil extraction methods, steam-distillation and hydro-distillation, was conducted. The volatile compounds in the essential oils from four Feijoa cultivars were identified and semi-quantified by GC-MS and the aroma active compounds in each essential oil were characterized using SPME-GC-O-MS. Hydro-distillation, with a material to water ratio of 1:4 and an extraction time of 90 min, was the optimized extraction method for Feijoa essential oil. The Wiki Tu cultivar produced the highest essential oil yield among the four selected cultivars. A total of 160 compounds were detected, among which 90 compounds were reported for the first time in Feijoa essential oils. Terpenes and esters were dominant compounds in Feijoa essential oil composition and were also major contributors to Feijoa essential oil aroma. Key aroma active compounds in Feijoa essential oils were α-terpineol, ethyl benzoate, (Z)-3-hexenyl hexanoate, linalool, (E)-geraniol, 2-undecanone, 3-octanone, α-cubebene, and germacrene D. This is the first report on the optimization of the extraction method and the establishment of the aroma profile of Feijoa essential oils, with a comparison of four New Zealand grown cultivars
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Screening of Cytotoxicity and Anti-Inflammatory Properties of Feijoa Extracts Using Genetically Modified Cell Models Targeting TLR2, TLR4 and NOD2 Pathways, and the Implication for Inflammatory Bowel Disease
MDPI AG, 2018Co-Authors: Yaoyao Peng, Karen S. Bishop, Lynnette R. Ferguson, Siew Young QuekAbstract:Feijoa has been increasingly studied in the recent decade, while investigations into its bioactivities including anti-inflammatory activity are lacking. In this article, the cytotoxicity and anti-inflammatory properties of Feijoa extracts, from flesh, peel and whole fruit, from four cultivars namely APOLLO, UNIQUE, OPAL STAR and WIKI TU are presented. Three inflammatory pathways, Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2), TLR4 and nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-containing protein 2 (NOD2), were investigated using genetically modified cell models namely HEK-Blue™ hTLR2, HEK-Blue™ hTLR4, NOD2-WT and NOD2-G908R. Results show that Feijoa peel extract induced higher cytotoxicity than flesh and whole fruit extracts, and the APOLLO cultivar was the most anti-inflammatory among the four tested cultivars. The anti-inflammatory activity of Feijoa flesh was detected only through the TLR2 pathway, and the activity of Feijoa peel and whole fruit was evident mainly through the TLR2 and NOD2 pathways. Most notably, Feijoa anti-inflammatory activity was superior to ibuprofen particularly through the TLR2 pathway, with significantly lower secreted embryonic alkaline phosphatase IC50 concentrations (7.88, 12.81, 30.84 and 442.90 μg/mL for APOLLO flesh, peel, whole fruit extract and ibuprofen respectively). These findings indicate that Feijoa has great potential to be used in the treatment and prevention of inflammation-related diseases including inflammatory bowel disease
Lynnette R Ferguson - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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extracts of Feijoa inhibit toll like receptor 2 signaling and activate autophagy implicating a role in dietary control of ibd
PLOS ONE, 2015Co-Authors: Noha Ahmed Nasef, Sunali Mehta, Penny P Powell, Gareth Marlow, Thomas Wileman, Lynnette R FergusonAbstract:Background Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a heterogeneous chronic inflammatory disease affecting the gut with limited treatment success for its sufferers. This suggests the need for better understanding of the different subtypes of the disease as well as nutritional interventions to compliment current treatments. In this study we assess the ability of a hydrophilic Feijoa fraction (F3) to modulate autophagy a process known to regulate inflammation, via TLR2 using IBD cell lines. Method Mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEF) deleted for ATG5, and two intestinal epithelial cells HCT15 and HCT116, were used to test the anti-inflammatory effect of F3 after stimulating the cells with a TLR2 specific ligand PAM3CSK4. Results F3 was able to reduce TLR2 specific inflammation and stimulate autophagy in MEFs and HCT15 cells but not in HCT116 cells. The anti-inflammatory effect was reduced in the MEF cells deleted for ATG5. In addition, the activation of autophagy by F3 was enhanced by PAM3CSK4. Conclusion F3 of Feijoa can interact with cells via a TLR2 specific mechanism and reduce Nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) activation in part due to stimulation of autophagy. These results suggest that there is potential benefit in using Feijoa extracts as part of dietary interventions to manage IBD in patients.
