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Murad Ghanim - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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the incredible journey of begomoviruses in their whitefly vector
Viruses, 2017Co-Authors: Henryk Czosnek, Aliza Haritonshalev, Iris Sobol, Rena Gorovits, Murad GhanimAbstract:Begomoviruses are vectored in a circulative persistent manner by the whitefly Bemisia tabaci. The insect ingests viral particles with its stylets. Virions pass along the food canal and reach the esophagus and the midgut. They cross the Filter Chamber and the midgut into the haemolymph, translocate into the primary salivary glands and are egested with the saliva into the plant phloem. Begomoviruses have to cross several barriers and checkpoints successfully, while interacting with would-be receptors and other whitefly proteins. The bulk of the virus remains associated with the midgut and the Filter Chamber. In these tissues, viral genomes, mainly from the tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV) family, may be transcribed and may replicate. However, at the same time, virus amounts peak, and the insect autophagic response is activated, which in turn inhibits replication and induces the destruction of the virus. Some begomoviruses invade tissues outside the circulative pathway, such as ovaries and fat cells. Autophagy limits the amounts of virus associated with these organs. In this review, we discuss the different sites begomoviruses need to cross to complete a successful circular infection, the role of the coat protein in this process and the sites that balance between virus accumulation and virus destruction.
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a review of the mechanisms and components that determine the transmission efficiency of tomato yellow leaf curl virus geminiviridae begomovirus by its whitefly vector
Virus Research, 2014Co-Authors: Murad GhanimAbstract:Begomoviruses are a group of icosahedral single stranded DNA viruses exclusively transmitted by the sweet potato whitefly Bemisia tabaci in a persistent, circulative manner. In this mode of transmission, begomoviruses are acquired by their insect vector as intact virions from the plant phloem, move along the food canal, foregut and esophagus and reach the midgut where they are absorbed into the hemolymph via the Filter Chamber. The Filter Chamber is the site where most of the ingested food is Filtered, and the first site where the majority of begomoviruses appear to be translocated into the hemolymph via unknown proteins or receptors. Transport from the Filter Chamber to the hemolymph is aided by a Heat Shock Protein 70. Virus particles not translocated across the Filter Chamber circulate in the midgut loop but it is not known whether absorption into the hemolymph occurs along this loop. Localization studies have confirmed that begomoviruses are not associated with the hindgut and absorption of virions in this organ is unlikely. In the hemolymph, virions have been shown to interact with a GroEL chaperone produced by the whitefly's endosymbiontic bacteria for ensuring their safe journey to the salivary glands. Virions penetrate the primary salivary glands via unknown proteins or receptors and are transported and secreted outside the whitefly to the plant with salivary secretions. Several recent studies have demonstrated the implications of insect and endosymbiont proteins such as the heat shock protein 70 and the bacterial GroEL protein, in the transmission of begomoviruses by B. tabaci. Additional studies attempting to identify other proteins that aid or interact with begomoviruses along their circulation pathway in the whitefly are reviewed in this paper.
Taiyun Wei - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Infection Characteristics of Rice Stripe Mosaic Virus in the Body of the Vector Leafhoppers
Frontiers Media S.A., 2019Co-Authors: Ping Zhao, Taiyun Wei, Xiang Sun, Jiatao Sun, Yue Yue, Jing Wei, Dongsheng JiaAbstract:Rice stripe mosaic virus (RSMV), a novel species of Cytorhabdovirus, is transmitted by the leafhopper Recilia dorsalis in a persistent-propagative manner. In this study, we firstly confirmed that N protein of RSMV is a component of viroplasm and virion in vector culture cells of R. dorsalis. Confocal microscopy revealed that RSMV initially accumulated in epithelial cells of the Filter Chamber of R. dorsalis, from where it proceeded to the visceral muscles surrounding the Filter Chamber. Subsequently, RSMV spread quickly throughout the suspensory ligament to the salivary glands. Meanwhile, RSMV spread from the Filter Chamber to midgut, hindgut, esophagus, hemolymph, and central nervous system. We further observed that RSMV particles displayed as non-enveloped form when propagating in cytoplasm of different tissues, and became enveloped when spread within insect body by electron microscopy. Additionally, we found that the leafhopper Nephotettix virescens was also able to acquire and transmit RSMV. These results clarified the infection characteristics of RSMV in its leafhopper vectors, which will help guide the formulation of RSMV prevention and control strategies
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Table_1_Infection Characteristics of Rice Stripe Mosaic Virus in the Body of the Vector Leafhoppers.DOC
2019Co-Authors: Ping Zhao, Taiyun Wei, Xiang Sun, Jiatao Sun, Yue Yue, Jing Wei, Dongsheng JiaAbstract:Rice stripe mosaic virus (RSMV), a novel species of Cytorhabdovirus, is transmitted by the leafhopper Recilia dorsalis in a persistent-propagative manner. In this study, we firstly confirmed that N protein of RSMV is a component of viroplasm and virion in vector culture cells of R. dorsalis. Confocal microscopy revealed that RSMV initially accumulated in epithelial cells of the Filter Chamber of R. dorsalis, from where it proceeded to the visceral muscles surrounding the Filter Chamber. Subsequently, RSMV spread quickly throughout the suspensory ligament to the salivary glands. Meanwhile, RSMV spread from the Filter Chamber to midgut, hindgut, esophagus, hemolymph, and central nervous system. We further observed that RSMV particles displayed as non-enveloped form when propagating in cytoplasm of different tissues, and became enveloped when spread within insect body by electron microscopy. Additionally, we found that the leafhopper Nephotettix virescens was also able to acquire and transmit RSMV. These results clarified the infection characteristics of RSMV in its leafhopper vectors, which will help guide the formulation of RSMV prevention and control strategies.
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Image_3_Infection Characteristics of Rice Stripe Mosaic Virus in the Body of the Vector Leafhoppers.JPEG
2019Co-Authors: Ping Zhao, Taiyun Wei, Xiang Sun, Jiatao Sun, Yue Yue, Jing Wei, Dongsheng JiaAbstract:Rice stripe mosaic virus (RSMV), a novel species of Cytorhabdovirus, is transmitted by the leafhopper Recilia dorsalis in a persistent-propagative manner. In this study, we firstly confirmed that N protein of RSMV is a component of viroplasm and virion in vector culture cells of R. dorsalis. Confocal microscopy revealed that RSMV initially accumulated in epithelial cells of the Filter Chamber of R. dorsalis, from where it proceeded to the visceral muscles surrounding the Filter Chamber. Subsequently, RSMV spread quickly throughout the suspensory ligament to the salivary glands. Meanwhile, RSMV spread from the Filter Chamber to midgut, hindgut, esophagus, hemolymph, and central nervous system. We further observed that RSMV particles displayed as non-enveloped form when propagating in cytoplasm of different tissues, and became enveloped when spread within insect body by electron microscopy. Additionally, we found that the leafhopper Nephotettix virescens was also able to acquire and transmit RSMV. These results clarified the infection characteristics of RSMV in its leafhopper vectors, which will help guide the formulation of RSMV prevention and control strategies.
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localization and distribution of wheat dwarf virus in its vector leafhopper psammotettix alienus
Phytopathology, 2014Co-Authors: Yajiao Wang, Taiyun Wei, Qianzhuo Mao, Wenwen Liu, Thithi Mar, Yan Liu, Xifeng WangAbstract:Numerous virus pathogens are transmitted by specific arthropod vectors. Understanding the mechanism of transmission is a critical step in the epidemiology of plant viruses and is crucial for the development of effective disease control strategies. In this study, we describe the localization and distribution of Wheat dwarf virus (WDV), an economically important and widespread single-stranded DNA virus, in its leafhopper vector, Psammotettix alienus. The results suggest that WDV not only can move to the salivary glands from the anterior and middle midgut via the hemocoel but also can pass directly through the sheath of the Filter Chamber and be readily transmitted to healthy wheat plants within 5 min of an acquisition access period on infected plants. When a bacterial-expressed recombinant capsid protein (CP) was incubated with the internal organs of leafhoppers, CP-immunoreactive antigens were found at the anterior and middle midgut. Furthermore, when leafhoppers were fed with an antiserum raised against the CP, the accumulation of WDV in the gut cells, hemocoel, and salivary glands was significantly reduced. These data provide evidence that transmission of WDV is determined by a CP-mediated virion-vector retention mechanism.
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Sequential infection of Rice dwarf virus in the internal organs of its insect vector after ingestion of virus.
Virus research, 2011Co-Authors: Qian Chen, Toshihiro Omura, Tamaki Uehara-ichiki, Taiyun WeiAbstract:Confocal microscopy revealed that Rice dwarf virus (RDV) initially accumulated in epithelial cells of the Filter Chamber of leafhopper vector Nephotettix cincticeps 2 days after acquisition access feeding on diseased plants. Subsequently, RDV accumulation progressed to the anterior midgut, and then spread to the nervous system before infection of other organs. Furthermore, RDV accumulation progressed to the visceral muscles surrounding the anterior midgut. Later, RDV accumulation was detected in other parts of the alimentary canal, salivary glands and the follicular cells of the ovarioles in viruliferous insect vector. Our results suggest that RDV may use the muscle or neural tissues for viral dissemination from the infected vector's midgut into other tissues.
J E Polston - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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location of geminiviruses in the whitefly bemisia tabaci homoptera aleyrodidae
Plant Disease, 1998Co-Authors: Wayne B Hunter, Ernest Hiebert, Susan E Webb, James H Tsai, J E PolstonAbstract:The location of tomato mottle virus (ToMoV) and cabbage leaf curl virus (CabLCV) (Geminiviridae, genus Begomovirus) in the whitefly vector Bemisia tabaci B-biotype (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae) was elucidated using a novel technique incorporating indirect immunofluorescent labeling in freshly dissected whiteflies. Begomoviruses were visualized in the whitefly by indirect-fluorescent-microscopy. Polyclonal and monoclonal primary antibodies were used to successfully detect both ToMoV and CabLCV. Both begomoviruses were located in the anterior region of the midgut and Filter-Chamber of adult whiteflies, with ToMoV detected in the salivary glands. CabLCV was detected at a greater frequency than ToMoV, with a positive detection of 16% (89 out of 560) for CabLCV and 3% (25 out of 840) for ToMoV. Possible sites involved in geminivirus transport from the gut lumen of whiteflies into the hemocoel were located in the Filter-Chamber and anterior portion of the midgut. The location of these begomoviruses suggests a possible scenario of virus movement through the whitefly, which is discussed.
Michel Peterschmitt - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Large accumulations of maize streak virus in the Filter Chamber and midgut cells of the leafhopper vector Cicadulina mbila
Archives of Virology, 2009Co-Authors: Eldesouky Ammar, Jean-michel Lett, Daniel Gargani, Michel PeterschmittAbstract:Maize streak virus (MSV, Mastrevirus, Geminiviridae ) is persistently transmitted by Cicadulina mbila , apparently without propagation in its leafhopper vector. MSV was shown earlier by quantitative PCR to accumulate in the alimentary canal of C. mbila . We examined the alimentary canals of C. mbila leafhoppers that acquired MSV from diseased plants for various acquisition access periods (AAP) by immunofluorescence confocal laser scanning microscopy (iCLSM) and by immunogold labelling transmission electron microscopy (iTEM). Following a 7-day AAP and a 7-day inoculation period (IP) on healthy seedlings, MSV was detected by iCLSM mainly in the Filter Chamber and anterior midgut. Using iTEM, large accumulations of MSV particles, usually enclosed in membranous vesicles, were detected only in cells of the midgut, inside and outside the Filter Chamber, following 14- or 30-day AAPs, and also following 7-day AAP and 7-day IP on healthy plants. No virus was detected in the control non-vector species C. chinaï . Coated pits or vesicles, typical of clathrin-mediated endocytosis, were not observed. We discuss an alternative endocytosis pathway and suggest that the MSV accumulations are stored in endosomes in the midgut epithelial cells.
Wayne B Hunter - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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An Animated Detailing of the Alimentary Canal of the Asian Citrus Psyllid, with Special Reference to the Configuration and Function of the Filter Chamber
2019Co-Authors: Joseph M. Cicero, Wayne B Hunter, Surya Saha, Liliana M. Cano, Susan J. BrownAbstract:The high volume of water present in the citrus phloem-derived foodstream would be toxic to the Asian citrus psyllid were it not for a complexation of alimentary canal that forms a kidney of sorts, called the Filter Chamber. This, and other digestive system organs are heavily laden with Ca. Liberibacter asiaticus, causal agent of citrus greening disease. Certain members of the deprecated order Homoptera have a highly modified alimentary canal wherein the esophagus, anterior midgut, posterior midgut and hindgut are collocated and complexed into an apparently paraphyletic structure called the Filter Chamber that acts as a kidney, removing the high volume of water from the hostplant foodstream and shunting it directly to the anus. This organ, and the mesal length of the midgut, are of very similar construction in the potato psyllid and the Asian citrus psyllid, and both are mobbed by their respective Liberibacter species. The presentation herein is an animation crafted to allow for broad scientific audiences to understand basic alimentary canal anatomy and functionality of, in particular, the Asian citrus psyllid
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location of geminiviruses in the whitefly bemisia tabaci homoptera aleyrodidae
Plant Disease, 1998Co-Authors: Wayne B Hunter, Ernest Hiebert, Susan E Webb, James H Tsai, J E PolstonAbstract:The location of tomato mottle virus (ToMoV) and cabbage leaf curl virus (CabLCV) (Geminiviridae, genus Begomovirus) in the whitefly vector Bemisia tabaci B-biotype (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae) was elucidated using a novel technique incorporating indirect immunofluorescent labeling in freshly dissected whiteflies. Begomoviruses were visualized in the whitefly by indirect-fluorescent-microscopy. Polyclonal and monoclonal primary antibodies were used to successfully detect both ToMoV and CabLCV. Both begomoviruses were located in the anterior region of the midgut and Filter-Chamber of adult whiteflies, with ToMoV detected in the salivary glands. CabLCV was detected at a greater frequency than ToMoV, with a positive detection of 16% (89 out of 560) for CabLCV and 3% (25 out of 840) for ToMoV. Possible sites involved in geminivirus transport from the gut lumen of whiteflies into the hemocoel were located in the Filter-Chamber and anterior portion of the midgut. The location of these begomoviruses suggests a possible scenario of virus movement through the whitefly, which is discussed.