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Delbert J. Eatough - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Source apportionment analysis of winter 2016 Neil Armstrong Academy data (West Valley City, Utah)
Atmospheric Environment, 2019Co-Authors: Paul M. Cropper, Delbert J. Eatough, Devon K. Overson, Jaron C. Hansen, Robert A. Cary, Nitish Bhardwaj, Roman Kuprov, M. BaasandorjAbstract:Abstract A significant need exists to better characterize air pollution and its sources. This especially pertains to Fine Particulate matter (PM2.5). PM2.5 is chemically complex and its sources of emission and secondary production are highly variable. PM2.5 complexity is largely due to the organic fraction, which ranges from 10 to 90% of its total mass. However, the organic compounds in PM2.5 have generally not been monitored in the field due to limitations in available sampling techniques. A source apportionment study was conducted at the Neil Armstrong Academy campus, 5194 Highbury Pkwy, West Valley City, UT 84120, during January and February 2016. Among the objectives of the study was to identify winter-time sources of Fine Particulate Material in West Valley City, Utah. Fine Particulate mass and components, Particulate organic marker and related gas phase species were all measured on an hourly average basis. The following hourly averaged data were used in the Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) analysis, Fine Particulate mass, cations and anions, carbonaceous Material, organic marker compounds, gas phase species including NOX, NO2 and CO and mass spectrometric measurements of gas phase methanol and C8 aromatics. A total of 557 hourly averaged data sets with 23 components were available for an EPA Positive Matrix Factorization (v5.0) analysis of the data set. The data were best described by a solution with 7 factors. Two of the factors were associated with emissions from mobile sources, diesel and automotive. One factor was associated with wood smoke emissions. Three factors were associated with the formation of secondary Fine Particulate Material. The larger of the three was associated with the production of secondary nitrate and accounted for 70% of the PM2.5, while the other two were associated with secondary formation of Particulate organic Material from wood smoke associated gas phase organic compounds but accounted for only 3% of the total PM2.5 mass. The final factor was associated with Fine Particulate sulfate and SO2. Meteorological back-trajectory data clearly indicted the source was associated with emissions from a copper smelter to the west of the sampling site.
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Use of a gas chromatography-mass spectrometry organic aerosol monitor for in-field detection of Fine Particulate organic compounds in source apportionment.
Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association (1995), 2018Co-Authors: Paul M. Cropper, Delbert J. Eatough, Devon K. Overson, Jaron C. Hansen, Fern Caka, Robert A. CaryAbstract:A study was conducted on the Brigham Young University campus during January and February 2015 to identify winter-time sources of Fine Particulate Material in Utah Valley, Utah. Fine Particulate mass and components and related gas-phase species were all measured on an hourly averaged basis. Light scattering was also measured during the study. Included in the sampling was the first-time source apportionment application of a new monitoring instrument for the measurement of Fine Particulate organic marker compounds on an hourly averaged basis. Organic marker compounds measured included levoglucosan, dehydroabietic acid, stearic acid, pyrene, and anthracene. A total of 248 hourly averaged data sets were available for a positive matrix factorization (PMF) analysis of sources of both primary and secondary Fine Particulate Material. A total of nine factors were identified. The presence of wood smoke emissions was associated with levoglucosan, dehydroabietic acid, and pyrene markers. Fine Particulate secondary nitrate, secondary organic Material, and wood smoke accounted for 90% of the Fine Particulate Material. Fine particle light scattering was dominated by sources associated with wood smoke and secondary ammonium nitrate with associated modeled Fine Particulate water. IMPLICATIONS The identification of sources and secondary formation pathways leading to observed levels of PM2.5 (Particulate matter with an aerodynmaic diameter
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Review of Recent Advances in Detection of Organic Markers in Fine Particulate Matter and Their Use for Source Apportionment
Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association (1995), 2010Co-Authors: Lin Lin, Milton L. Lee, Delbert J. EatoughAbstract:Fine Particulate matter is believed to be more toxic than coarse particles and to exacerbate health problems such as respiratory and cardiopulmonary diseases. Specific organic compounds within atmospheric Fine Particulate Material can be used to differentiate specific inputs from various emissions and thus is helpful in identifying the major urban air pollution sources that contribute to these health problems. Particular marker compounds that carry signature information about different emission sources (i.e., gasoline or diesel motor vehicles, wood smoke, meat cooking, vegetative detritus, and cigarette smoke) are reviewed. Aerosol organic types (e.g., from mass spectrometry data, which can also help in elucidation of carbonaceous Material sources) are also discussed. Apportionment of the primary source contributions and atmospheric processes contributing to Fine Particulate matter and Fine Particulate organic Material concentrations are outlined. This review provides an overview of the latest developments in chemical characterization approaches for identification and quantification of compounds in complex organic mixtures associated with Fine atmospheric particles and their use in chemical mass balance (CMB) and positive matrix factorization (PMF) source apportionment models.
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Source apportionment of 1 h semi-continuous data during the 2005 Study of Organic Aerosols in Riverside (SOAR) using positive matrix factorization
Atmospheric Environment, 2008Co-Authors: Delbert J. Eatough, Russell Long, Norman L. Eatough, Brett D. Grover, Woods R. Woolwine, Robert J. FarberAbstract:Abstract Positive matrix factorization (PMF2) was used to elucidate sources of Fine Particulate Material (PM2.5) for a study conducted during July and August 2005, in Riverside, CA. One-hour averaged semi-continuous measurements were made with a suite of instruments to provide PM2.5 mass and chemical composition data. Total PM2.5 mass concentrations (non-volatile plus semi-volatile) were measured with an R&P filter dynamic measurement system (FDMS TEOM) and a conventional TEOM monitor was used to measure non-volatile mass concentrations. PM2.5 chemical species monitors included a dual-oven Sunset monitor to measure both non-volatile and semi-volatile carbonaceous Material, an ion chromatographic-based monitor to measure sulfate and nitrate and an Anderson Aethalometer to measure black carbon (BC). Gas phase data including CO, NO2, NOx and O3 were also collected during the sampling period. In addition, single-particle measurements were made using aerosol time-of-flight mass spectrometry (ATOFMS). Twenty different single-particle types consistent with those observed in previous ATOFMS studies in Riverside were identified for the PMF2 analysis. Finally, time-of-flight aerosol mass spectrometry (ToF-AMS) provided data on markers of primary and secondary organic aerosol. Two distinct PMF2 analyses were performed. In analysis 1, all the data except for the ATOFMS and ToF-AMS data were used in an initial evaluation of sources at Riverside during the study. PMF2 was able to identify six factors from the data set corresponding to both primary and secondary sources, primarily from automobile emissions, diesel emissions, secondary nitrate formation, a secondary photochemical associated source, organic emissions and Basin transported pollutants. In analysis 2, the ATOFMS and ToF-AMS data were included in the analysis. In the second analysis, PMF2 was able to identify 16 factors with a variety of both primary and secondary factors being identified, corresponding to both primary and secondary Material from both anthropogenic and natural sources. Based on relationships with Basin meteorology, the PMF identified source profiles and diurnal patterns in the source concentrations, sources were identified as being of local origin or resulting from transport of pollutants across the Basin due to onshore flow. Good agreement was observed between the PMF2 predicted mass and the FDMS measured mass for both analyses.
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Source Apportionment of One-Hour Semi-Continuous Data Using Positive Matrix Factorization with Total Mass (Nonvolatile plus Semi-Volatile) Measured by the R&P FDMS Monitor
Aerosol Science and Technology, 2008Co-Authors: Brett D. Grover, Delbert J. EatoughAbstract:Positive matrix factorization (PMF) was used to elucidate sources of Fine Particulate Material (PM 2.5 ) for a study conducted during July 2003 in Rubidoux, CA. One-h averaged semi-continuous measurements were made with a suite of instruments to provide PM 2.5 mass and chemical composition data. Total PM 2.5 mass concentrations (nonvolatile plus semi-volatile) were measured with a R&P filter dynamic measurement system (FDMS) and a conventional TEOM monitor was used to measure nonvolatile mass concentrations. Semi-volatile Material (SVM) was calculated as the FDMS minus the TEOM determined PM 2.5 mass. PM 2.5 chemical species monitors included a R&P 5400 carbon monitor, an Anderson Aethalometer and a R&P 8400N nitrate monitor. Gas phase data including CO, NO 2 , NO x , and O 3 were also collected during the sampling period. Two distinct PMF analysis were performed. In analysis 1, the TEOM was excluded from the analysis and in analysis 2, the SVM was excluded from the analysis. PMF2 was able to identify six...
Norman L. Eatough - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Source apportionment of 1 h semi-continuous data during the 2005 Study of Organic Aerosols in Riverside (SOAR) using positive matrix factorization
Atmospheric Environment, 2008Co-Authors: Delbert J. Eatough, Russell Long, Norman L. Eatough, Brett D. Grover, Woods R. Woolwine, Robert J. FarberAbstract:Abstract Positive matrix factorization (PMF2) was used to elucidate sources of Fine Particulate Material (PM2.5) for a study conducted during July and August 2005, in Riverside, CA. One-hour averaged semi-continuous measurements were made with a suite of instruments to provide PM2.5 mass and chemical composition data. Total PM2.5 mass concentrations (non-volatile plus semi-volatile) were measured with an R&P filter dynamic measurement system (FDMS TEOM) and a conventional TEOM monitor was used to measure non-volatile mass concentrations. PM2.5 chemical species monitors included a dual-oven Sunset monitor to measure both non-volatile and semi-volatile carbonaceous Material, an ion chromatographic-based monitor to measure sulfate and nitrate and an Anderson Aethalometer to measure black carbon (BC). Gas phase data including CO, NO2, NOx and O3 were also collected during the sampling period. In addition, single-particle measurements were made using aerosol time-of-flight mass spectrometry (ATOFMS). Twenty different single-particle types consistent with those observed in previous ATOFMS studies in Riverside were identified for the PMF2 analysis. Finally, time-of-flight aerosol mass spectrometry (ToF-AMS) provided data on markers of primary and secondary organic aerosol. Two distinct PMF2 analyses were performed. In analysis 1, all the data except for the ATOFMS and ToF-AMS data were used in an initial evaluation of sources at Riverside during the study. PMF2 was able to identify six factors from the data set corresponding to both primary and secondary sources, primarily from automobile emissions, diesel emissions, secondary nitrate formation, a secondary photochemical associated source, organic emissions and Basin transported pollutants. In analysis 2, the ATOFMS and ToF-AMS data were included in the analysis. In the second analysis, PMF2 was able to identify 16 factors with a variety of both primary and secondary factors being identified, corresponding to both primary and secondary Material from both anthropogenic and natural sources. Based on relationships with Basin meteorology, the PMF identified source profiles and diurnal patterns in the source concentrations, sources were identified as being of local origin or resulting from transport of pollutants across the Basin due to onshore flow. Good agreement was observed between the PMF2 predicted mass and the FDMS measured mass for both analyses.
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Measurement of total PM2.5 mass (nonvolatile plus semivolatile) with the Filter Dynamic Measurement System tapered element oscillating microbalance monitor : Particulate matter supersites
Journal of Geophysical Research, 2005Co-Authors: Brett D. Grover, Russell Long, Norman L. Eatough, Delbert J. Eatough, William E. Wilson, Michael Kleinman, Philip K. Hopke, Michael Meyer, Jeffrey L. AmbsAbstract:Field studies have been performed in Lindon, Utah (February 2003) and Rubidoux, California (July 2003) to determine if the Rupprecht and Patashnick (R&P) Filter Dynamic Measurement System (FDMS) determines total Fine Particulate mass, including the semivolatile ammonium nitrate and organic Material. Collocated measurements were made with the FDMS, a conventional tapered element oscillating microbalance (TEOM) monitor with a heated filter, an R&P differential TEOM monitor, the Brigham Young University (BYU) Real-Time Total Ambient Mass Sampler (RAMS), the BYU particle concentrator-organic sampling system (PC-BOSS), a PM 2.5 Federal Reference Method (FRM), a PM 2.5 speciation sampler, an R&P continuous nitrate monitor, and two Sunset continuous carbon monitors (one to measure quartz filter-retained Particulate carbon and one to measure Particulate semivolatile carbonaceous Material lost from the particles on a filter during sampling). The RAMS and PC-BOSS samplers have been shown to determine Fine Particulate Material, including both the semivolatile and the nonvolatile components. Linear regression analysis at the Lindon site between the FDMS (X) and the PC-BOSS (Y), and the FDMS (X) and the RAMS (Y), resulted in zero-intercept slopes of 1.01 ± 0.06 (r2 = 0.63) and 1.00 ± 0.01 (r2 = 0.69), respectively. At the Rubidoux sampling site, linear regression analysis between the PC-BOSS (X) and the FDMS (Y) gave a zero-intercept slope of 0.96 ± 0.02 (r2 = 0.90). Linear regression analysis between the FDMS (X) and the RAMS (Y) resulted in a zero-intercept slope of 0.99 ± 0.01 (r2 = 0.80). Measurements made at the two sites indicate that the FDMS and the R&P differential TEOM monitors do measure total Fine Particulate mass, including the semivolatile ammonium nitrate and organic Material. Both the heated TEOM monitor and PM 2.5 FRM did not measure the semivolatile Material. The difference between the FDMS and a heated TEOM monitor was explained by the semivolatile ammonium nitrate and organic Material measured by the various chemical composition monitors.
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One– and Three–Hour PM2.5 Characterization, Speciation, and Source Apportionment Using Continuous and Integrated Samplers
Aerosol Science and Technology, 2005Co-Authors: Russell Long, Rachel Smith, Norman L. Eatough, Delbert J. Eatough, William K. Modey, Phillip S. Smith, Cristina Merrill, Joshua Pratt, Andrew Stubbs, William C. MalmAbstract:Ammonium nitrate and semivolatile organic compounds (SVOC) are significant components of Fine particles in many urban atmospheres. These components, however, are not properly measured by current EPA accepted methods, such as the R&P TEOM monitor, due to loss of semivolatile Material (SVM) from particles in the heated environment of the filter during sampling. The accurate determination of semivolatile Material is important due to the possible effects of these species on human health, visibility, and global climate change. The concentration and composition of Fine Particulate Material were determined using a combination of continuous and integrated samplers at the Brigham Young University–EPA Environmental Monitoring for Public Access and Community Tracking (BYU–EPA EMPACT) monitoring site in Salt Lake City, Utah over a six–day sampling period (30 January to 4 February) during the winter of 2001. Continuous samples were collected using a RAMS (total PM2.5 mass), a TEOM monitor (nonvolatile PM2.5 mass), an ...
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Semivolatile Particulate organic Material in southern Africa during SAFARI 2000
Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 2003Co-Authors: Delbert J. Eatough, Norman L. Eatough, Yanbo Pang, S. Sizemore, T. W. Kirchstetter, T. Novakov, Peter V. HobbsAbstract:[1] During August and September 2000, the University of Washington's (UW) Cloud and Aerosol Research Group (CARG) with its Convair-580 research aircraft participated in the Southern African Fire-Atmosphere Research Initiative (SAFARI) 2000 field study in southern Africa. Aboard this aircraft was a Particle Concentrator-Brigham Young University Organic Sampling System (PC-BOSS), which was used to determine semivolatile Particulate Material with a diffusion denuder sampler. Denuded quartz filters and sorbent beds in series were used to measure nonvolatile and semivolatile Materials, respectively. Results obtained with the PC-BOSS are compared to those obtained with conventional quartz–quartz and Teflon–quartz filter pack samplers. Various 10–120 min integrated samples were collected during flights through the free troposphere, in the atmospheric boundary layer, and in plumes from savanna fires. Significant Fine Particulate semivolatile organic compounds (SVOC) were found in all samples. The SVOC was not collected by conventional filter pack samplers and therefore would not have been determined in previous studies that used only filter pack samplers. The SVOC averaged 24% of the Fine Particulate mass in emissions from the fires and 36% of the Fine Particulate mass in boundary layer samples heavily impacted by aged emissions from savanna fires. Concentrations of Fine Particulate Material in the atmospheric mixed layer heavily impacted by aged savanna fire emissions averaged 130 μg m−3. This aerosol was 85% carbonaceous Material.
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Semivolatile Particulate organic Material in southern Africa during SAFARI 2000 : SAFARI 2000-Southern African Regional Science Initiative
Journal of Geophysical Research, 2003Co-Authors: Delbert J. Eatough, Norman L. Eatough, Yanbo Pang, S. Sizemore, T. W. Kirchstetter, T. Novakov, Peter V. HobbsAbstract:During August and September 2000, the University of Washington's (UW) Cloud and Aerosol Research Group (CARG) with its Convair-580 research aircraft participated in the Southern African Fire-Atmosphere Research Initiative (SAFARI) 2000 field study in southern Africa. Aboard this aircraft was a Particle Concentrator-Brigham Young University Organic Sampling System (PC-BOSS), which was used to determine semivolatile Particulate Material with a diffusion denuder sampler. Denuded quartz filters and sorbent beds in series were used to measure nonvolatile and semivolatile Materials, respectively. Results obtained with the PC-BOSS are compared to those obtained with conventional quartz-quartz and Teflon-quartz filter pack samplers. Various 10-120 min integrated samples were collected during flights through the free troposphere, in the atmospheric boundary layer, and in plumes from savanna fires. Significant Fine Particulate semivolatile organic compounds (SVOC) were found in all samples. The SVOC was not collected by conventional filter pack samplers and therefore would not have been determined in previous studies that used only filter pack samplers. The SVOC averaged 24% of the Fine Particulate mass in emissions from the fires and 36% of the Fine Particulate mass in boundary layer samples heavily impacted by aged emissions from savanna fires. Concentrations of Fine Particulate Material in the atmospheric mixed layer heavily impacted by aged savanna fire emissions averaged 130 μg m -3 . This aerosol was 85% carbonaceous Material.
Yanbo Pang - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Semivolatile Particulate Organic Material Southern Africa during SAFARI 2000
2005Co-Authors: Delbert J. Eatough, Yanbo Pang, N. L. Eatough, S. Sizemore, T. W. Kirchstetter, T. NovakovAbstract:During August and September 2000, the University of Washington's Cloud and Aerosol Research Group (CARG) with its Convair-580 research aircraft participated in the Southern African Fire-Atmosphere Research Initiative (SAFARI) 2000 field study in southern Africa. Aboard this aircraft was a Particle Concentrator-Brigham Young University Organic Sampling System (PC-BOSS), which was used to determine semivolatile Particulate Material with a diffusion denuder sampler. Denuded quartz filters and sorbent beds in series were used to measure nonvolatile and semivolatile Materials, respectively. Results obtained with the PC-BOSS are compared to those obtained with conventional quartz-quartz and Teflon-quartz filter pack samplers. Various 10-120 min integrated samples were collected during flights through the h e troposphere, in the atmospheric boundary layer, and in plumes from savanna fires. Significant Fine Particulate semivolatile organic compounds (SVOC) were found in all samples. The SVOC was not collected by conventional filter pack samplers and therefore would not have been determined in previous studies that used only filter pack samplers. The SVOC averaged 24% of the Fine Particulate mass in emissions from the fires and 36% of the Fine Particulate mass in boundary layer samples heavily impacted by aged emissions from savanna fires. Concentrations of Fine Particulate Material in the atmospheric mixed layer heavily impacted by aged savanna frre emissions averaged 130 micrograms per cubic meter. This aerosol was 85% carbonaceous mated.
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Semivolatile Particulate organic Material in southern Africa during SAFARI 2000
Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 2003Co-Authors: Delbert J. Eatough, Norman L. Eatough, Yanbo Pang, S. Sizemore, T. W. Kirchstetter, T. Novakov, Peter V. HobbsAbstract:[1] During August and September 2000, the University of Washington's (UW) Cloud and Aerosol Research Group (CARG) with its Convair-580 research aircraft participated in the Southern African Fire-Atmosphere Research Initiative (SAFARI) 2000 field study in southern Africa. Aboard this aircraft was a Particle Concentrator-Brigham Young University Organic Sampling System (PC-BOSS), which was used to determine semivolatile Particulate Material with a diffusion denuder sampler. Denuded quartz filters and sorbent beds in series were used to measure nonvolatile and semivolatile Materials, respectively. Results obtained with the PC-BOSS are compared to those obtained with conventional quartz–quartz and Teflon–quartz filter pack samplers. Various 10–120 min integrated samples were collected during flights through the free troposphere, in the atmospheric boundary layer, and in plumes from savanna fires. Significant Fine Particulate semivolatile organic compounds (SVOC) were found in all samples. The SVOC was not collected by conventional filter pack samplers and therefore would not have been determined in previous studies that used only filter pack samplers. The SVOC averaged 24% of the Fine Particulate mass in emissions from the fires and 36% of the Fine Particulate mass in boundary layer samples heavily impacted by aged emissions from savanna fires. Concentrations of Fine Particulate Material in the atmospheric mixed layer heavily impacted by aged savanna fire emissions averaged 130 μg m−3. This aerosol was 85% carbonaceous Material.
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Semivolatile Particulate organic Material in southern Africa during SAFARI 2000 : SAFARI 2000-Southern African Regional Science Initiative
Journal of Geophysical Research, 2003Co-Authors: Delbert J. Eatough, Norman L. Eatough, Yanbo Pang, S. Sizemore, T. W. Kirchstetter, T. Novakov, Peter V. HobbsAbstract:During August and September 2000, the University of Washington's (UW) Cloud and Aerosol Research Group (CARG) with its Convair-580 research aircraft participated in the Southern African Fire-Atmosphere Research Initiative (SAFARI) 2000 field study in southern Africa. Aboard this aircraft was a Particle Concentrator-Brigham Young University Organic Sampling System (PC-BOSS), which was used to determine semivolatile Particulate Material with a diffusion denuder sampler. Denuded quartz filters and sorbent beds in series were used to measure nonvolatile and semivolatile Materials, respectively. Results obtained with the PC-BOSS are compared to those obtained with conventional quartz-quartz and Teflon-quartz filter pack samplers. Various 10-120 min integrated samples were collected during flights through the free troposphere, in the atmospheric boundary layer, and in plumes from savanna fires. Significant Fine Particulate semivolatile organic compounds (SVOC) were found in all samples. The SVOC was not collected by conventional filter pack samplers and therefore would not have been determined in previous studies that used only filter pack samplers. The SVOC averaged 24% of the Fine Particulate mass in emissions from the fires and 36% of the Fine Particulate mass in boundary layer samples heavily impacted by aged emissions from savanna fires. Concentrations of Fine Particulate Material in the atmospheric mixed layer heavily impacted by aged savanna fire emissions averaged 130 μg m -3 . This aerosol was 85% carbonaceous Material.
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Effect of Semivolatile Material on PM 2.5 Measurement by the PM 2.5 Federal Reference Method Sampler at Bakersfield, California
Aerosol Science and Technology, 2002Co-Authors: Yanbo Pang, Norman L. Eatough, Jason Wilson, Delbert J. EatoughAbstract:The chemical composition of Fine Particulate Material was determined for samples collected in Bakersfield, CA, during February-March, 1998 using several diffusion denuder samplers, including the PC-BOSS, which measures both semivolatile Fine Particulate nitrate and organic Material. An average of 56% of the Fine Particulate carbonaceous Material was lost from the filters of the Particle Concentrator-Brigham Young University Organic Sampling System (PC-BOSS). A comparable amount of Fine Particulate semivolatile organic Material was also lost from collected particles with single filter samplers, such as the PM 2.5 Federal Reference Method. The fraction of nitrate lost from collected particles was a function of temperature and humidity, with the biggest effect being due to temperature. The fraction of nitrate lost was comparable for conventional annular denuder samplers and the PM 2.5 FRM, averaging 33%. The nitrate loss from particles for the PC-BOSS was smaller, averaging 11%, possibly due to the concentra...
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Evaluation of the RAMS Continuous Monitor for Determination of PM2.5 Mass Including Semi-Volatile Material in Philadelphia, PA
Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association (1995), 2002Co-Authors: Yanbo Pang, Norman L. Eatough, William K. Modey, Delbert J. EatoughAbstract:The real-time ambient mass sampler (RAMS) is a continuous monitor based on particle concentrator, denuder, drier, and tapered element oscillating microbalance (TEOM) monitor technology. It is designed to measure PM2.5 mass, including the semi-volatile species NH4NO3 and semi-volatile organic Material, but not to measure PM2.5 water content. The performance of the RAMS in an urban environment with high humidity was evaluated during the July 1999 NARSTO-Northeast Oxidant and Particles Study (NEOPS) intensive study at the Baxter water treatment plant in Philadelphia, PA. The results obtained with the RAMS were compared to mass measurements made with a TEOM monitor and to constructed mass obtained with a Particle Concentrator-Brigham Young University Organic Sampling System (PC-BOSS) sampler designed to determine the chemical composition of Fine particles, including the semi-volatile species. An average of 28% of the Fine Particulate Material present during the study was semi-volatile organic Material lost from a filter during particle collection, and 1% was NH4NO3 that was also lost from the particles during sampling. The remaining mass was dominantly nonvolatile (NH4)2SO4 (31%) and organic Material (37%), with minor amounts of soot, crustal Material, and nonvolatile NH4NO3. Comparison of the RAMS and PC-BOSS results indicated that the RAMS correctly monitored for Fine Particulate mass, including the semivolatile Material. In contrast, the heated filter of the TEOM monitor did not measure the semi-volatile Material. The comparison of the RAMS and PC-BOSS data had a precision of +/-4.1 microg/m3 (+/-9.6%). The precision of the RAMS data was limited by the uncertainty in the blank correction for the reversible adsorption of water by the charcoal-impregnated cellulose sorbent filter of the RAMS monitor. The precision of the measurement of Fine Particulate components by the PC-BOSS was +/-6-8%.
Peter V. Hobbs - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Semivolatile Particulate organic Material in southern Africa during SAFARI 2000
Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 2003Co-Authors: Delbert J. Eatough, Norman L. Eatough, Yanbo Pang, S. Sizemore, T. W. Kirchstetter, T. Novakov, Peter V. HobbsAbstract:[1] During August and September 2000, the University of Washington's (UW) Cloud and Aerosol Research Group (CARG) with its Convair-580 research aircraft participated in the Southern African Fire-Atmosphere Research Initiative (SAFARI) 2000 field study in southern Africa. Aboard this aircraft was a Particle Concentrator-Brigham Young University Organic Sampling System (PC-BOSS), which was used to determine semivolatile Particulate Material with a diffusion denuder sampler. Denuded quartz filters and sorbent beds in series were used to measure nonvolatile and semivolatile Materials, respectively. Results obtained with the PC-BOSS are compared to those obtained with conventional quartz–quartz and Teflon–quartz filter pack samplers. Various 10–120 min integrated samples were collected during flights through the free troposphere, in the atmospheric boundary layer, and in plumes from savanna fires. Significant Fine Particulate semivolatile organic compounds (SVOC) were found in all samples. The SVOC was not collected by conventional filter pack samplers and therefore would not have been determined in previous studies that used only filter pack samplers. The SVOC averaged 24% of the Fine Particulate mass in emissions from the fires and 36% of the Fine Particulate mass in boundary layer samples heavily impacted by aged emissions from savanna fires. Concentrations of Fine Particulate Material in the atmospheric mixed layer heavily impacted by aged savanna fire emissions averaged 130 μg m−3. This aerosol was 85% carbonaceous Material.
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Semivolatile Particulate organic Material in southern Africa during SAFARI 2000 : SAFARI 2000-Southern African Regional Science Initiative
Journal of Geophysical Research, 2003Co-Authors: Delbert J. Eatough, Norman L. Eatough, Yanbo Pang, S. Sizemore, T. W. Kirchstetter, T. Novakov, Peter V. HobbsAbstract:During August and September 2000, the University of Washington's (UW) Cloud and Aerosol Research Group (CARG) with its Convair-580 research aircraft participated in the Southern African Fire-Atmosphere Research Initiative (SAFARI) 2000 field study in southern Africa. Aboard this aircraft was a Particle Concentrator-Brigham Young University Organic Sampling System (PC-BOSS), which was used to determine semivolatile Particulate Material with a diffusion denuder sampler. Denuded quartz filters and sorbent beds in series were used to measure nonvolatile and semivolatile Materials, respectively. Results obtained with the PC-BOSS are compared to those obtained with conventional quartz-quartz and Teflon-quartz filter pack samplers. Various 10-120 min integrated samples were collected during flights through the free troposphere, in the atmospheric boundary layer, and in plumes from savanna fires. Significant Fine Particulate semivolatile organic compounds (SVOC) were found in all samples. The SVOC was not collected by conventional filter pack samplers and therefore would not have been determined in previous studies that used only filter pack samplers. The SVOC averaged 24% of the Fine Particulate mass in emissions from the fires and 36% of the Fine Particulate mass in boundary layer samples heavily impacted by aged emissions from savanna fires. Concentrations of Fine Particulate Material in the atmospheric mixed layer heavily impacted by aged savanna fire emissions averaged 130 μg m -3 . This aerosol was 85% carbonaceous Material.
William E. Wilson - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Measurement of total PM2.5 mass (nonvolatile plus semivolatile) with the Filter Dynamic Measurement System tapered element oscillating microbalance monitor : Particulate matter supersites
Journal of Geophysical Research, 2005Co-Authors: Brett D. Grover, Russell Long, Norman L. Eatough, Delbert J. Eatough, William E. Wilson, Michael Kleinman, Philip K. Hopke, Michael Meyer, Jeffrey L. AmbsAbstract:Field studies have been performed in Lindon, Utah (February 2003) and Rubidoux, California (July 2003) to determine if the Rupprecht and Patashnick (R&P) Filter Dynamic Measurement System (FDMS) determines total Fine Particulate mass, including the semivolatile ammonium nitrate and organic Material. Collocated measurements were made with the FDMS, a conventional tapered element oscillating microbalance (TEOM) monitor with a heated filter, an R&P differential TEOM monitor, the Brigham Young University (BYU) Real-Time Total Ambient Mass Sampler (RAMS), the BYU particle concentrator-organic sampling system (PC-BOSS), a PM 2.5 Federal Reference Method (FRM), a PM 2.5 speciation sampler, an R&P continuous nitrate monitor, and two Sunset continuous carbon monitors (one to measure quartz filter-retained Particulate carbon and one to measure Particulate semivolatile carbonaceous Material lost from the particles on a filter during sampling). The RAMS and PC-BOSS samplers have been shown to determine Fine Particulate Material, including both the semivolatile and the nonvolatile components. Linear regression analysis at the Lindon site between the FDMS (X) and the PC-BOSS (Y), and the FDMS (X) and the RAMS (Y), resulted in zero-intercept slopes of 1.01 ± 0.06 (r2 = 0.63) and 1.00 ± 0.01 (r2 = 0.69), respectively. At the Rubidoux sampling site, linear regression analysis between the PC-BOSS (X) and the FDMS (Y) gave a zero-intercept slope of 0.96 ± 0.02 (r2 = 0.90). Linear regression analysis between the FDMS (X) and the RAMS (Y) resulted in a zero-intercept slope of 0.99 ± 0.01 (r2 = 0.80). Measurements made at the two sites indicate that the FDMS and the R&P differential TEOM monitors do measure total Fine Particulate mass, including the semivolatile ammonium nitrate and organic Material. Both the heated TEOM monitor and PM 2.5 FRM did not measure the semivolatile Material. The difference between the FDMS and a heated TEOM monitor was explained by the semivolatile ammonium nitrate and organic Material measured by the various chemical composition monitors.
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Sources of Fine Particulate Material along the Wasatch Front
Energy & Fuels, 2002Co-Authors: Russell Long, Rachel Smith, Scott M. Smith, Norman L. Eatough, And Nolan F. Mangelson, Delbert J. Eatough, C. Arden Pope, William E. WilsonAbstract:The concentration and composition of PM2.5 has been measured with a variety of continuous and integrated samplers at the Hawthorne EPA Environmental Monitoring for Public Awareness and Community Tracking (EMPACT) sampling site in Salt Lake City, UT, and at an EPA Science to Achieve Results (STAR) sampling site in Bountiful, UT. Data are considered at both sites during a 10-day winter period with high PM2.5 concentrations due to winter inversions, and at the Hawthorne site only during a fourteen day summer period when the site was impacted by smoke from wildfires in the Wasatch Mountains. The PM2.5 was dominated by organic Material and ammonium nitrate in the winter and by organic Material in the summer. In both cases, substantial amounts of sem-volatile Material, SVM, was present which was not measured by a Tapered Element Oscillating Microbalance (TEOM) monitor but was detected by a Real-Time Ambient Mass Sampler (RAMS). The PM2.5 data have been combined with concentrations of Particulate soot and soil c...
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Integrated and real-time diffusion denuder sample for PM2.5
Atmospheric Environment, 1999Co-Authors: Delbert J. Eatough, Norman L. Eatough, Yiming Ding, Yanbo Pang, Fida Obeidi, William E. WilsonAbstract:Abstract Particulate matter (PM) is a complex mixture of stable condensed phases, adsorbed or dissolved gases, and semi-volatile Materials, i.e. compounds that transfer between the gas and condensed phases. Fine particles in both rural and urban environments contain substantial quantities of semi-volatile Material that can be lost from the particles during sample collection on a filter and during subsequent handling, storage and conditioning (or equilibration). These include ammonium nitrate, semi-volatile organic compounds and particle bound water. In addition, gas phase organic compounds can also be absorbed by a quartz filter. As a result, the concentrations of these species are often significantly in error for results obtained with a conventional single filter sampler. The accurate measurement of the mass and chemical components of Fine particles will become more important as a result of the recent promulgation of Fine particle standards by the US Environmental Protection Agency and the additional monitoring that will be required for implementation of those standards as well as for additional research on the sources and effects of PM. Past organic compound diffusion denuder samplers developed by us (BOSS, BYU Organic Sampling System) are not amenable to routine field use because of the need to independently determine the gas phase semi-volatile organic Material breakthrough of the denuder for each sample. This problem has been eliminated in the Particle Concentrator–Brigham Young University Organic Sampling System (PC–BOSS) using a combined virtual impactor, particle-concentrator inlet to provide a concentrated stream of 0.1–2.5 μm particles. This is followed by a BOSS diffusion denuder and filter packs containing particle collecting and sorbent filters to collect particles, including any semi-volatile organic Material or ammonium nitrate lost from the particles during sampling. The PC–BOSS contains a sequential sampler to allow for the routine collection of several samples. A second sampler, the Real-time Total Ambient Mass Sampler (RAMS), has been developed by combining the PC–BOSS with TEOM technology. In this sampler, a diffusion dryer to remove gas phase water follows the diffusion denuder. The dried aerosol stream is then sampled with a “sandwich” (TX40 and sorbent) filter on the TEOM tapered element to collect particles, including any semi-volatile species. Laboratory and field validation data indicate that the precision of determination of Fine Particulate Material, including ammonium nitrate and semivolatile organic Material is better than ±10%.