The Experts below are selected from a list of 795 Experts worldwide ranked by ideXlab platform
Dick Whittington Studio - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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County Hospital, General Fireproofing, Los Angeles, CA, 1932
University of Southern California. Libraries, 2012Co-Authors: Dick Whittington StudioAbstract:4 photographs of Fireproofing construction at County Hospital, Los Angeles, CA, 1932. "Subject: County Hospital; Client: General Fireproofing; Original Print Order: 1 ea[ch]; Size: 8 1/2x11; Finish: linen; Year: 1932; Job: 9-29-140" -- on envelope front. "Operator's Report (Name): Frank; 4 Photographs - Size: 8 1/2x11; Amount: 5.00; 2 Ounces Of Flash Powder, 1.70" -- on envelope back
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County Hospital, Los Angeles, CA, 1932
University of Southern California. Libraries, 2012Co-Authors: Dick Whittington StudioAbstract:2 photographs of the interior of a hospital, Los Angeles, CA, 1932. "Subject: County hospital; Client General Fireproofing Co.; Original Print Order: 1 ea[ch]; Size: 8x10; Finish: gl[ossy] linen; Job: 7-24-138; Year: 1932" -- on envelope front. "Operator's Report (Name) Franh; Original Photographs-Size: 2-8 1/2x11; Amount: 3.50, .85" -- on envelope back
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County Hospital, Los Angeles, CA, 1932
University of Southern California. Libraries, 2012Co-Authors: Dick Whittington StudioAbstract:6 photographs of the construction of County Hospital, Los Angeles, CA, 1932. "Subject: County Hospital; Client: General Fireproofing; Original Print Order: 1 ea[ch]; Size: 8 1/2x11; Finish: linen; Job: 6-29-155; Year: 1932" -- on envelope front. Operator's Report (Name): Frank; 6 Original Photographs-Size: 8 1/2x11; 2 Ounces of Flash Powder; Amount: 7.50, 1.70" -- on envelope back
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County Hospital, Los Angeles, CA, 1932
University of Southern California. Libraries, 2012Co-Authors: Dick Whittington StudioAbstract:3 photographs of County Hospital during construction, Los Angeles, CA, 1932. "Subject: County Hospital; Client: General Fireproofing; Agency" 5.35; Original Print Order: 1- ea[ch]; Size: 8 1/2x11; Finish: gl[ossy]; Mount: linen; Job: 5-25-165; Year: 1932" -- on envelope front. "Operator's Report Name: Frank; 3 Original Photographs-Size: 8 1/2x11 linen; Amount: 4.50, .85; 1 Ounces of Flash Powder" -- on envelope back
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County Hospital installations, Los Angeles, CA, 1932
University of Southern California. Libraries, 2012Co-Authors: Dick Whittington StudioAbstract:4 photographs of County Hospital installations, Los Angeles, CA, 1932. "Subject: County Hospital Installations; Client: General Fireproofing Co[mpany]; Original Print OrderL 1 ea[ch]; Size: 8 1/2x11; Finish: gl[ossy] linen; Job: 2-23-146; Year: 1932" -- on envelope front. "Operator's Report Name: Frank; 4 Original Photographs-Size 8 1/2x11; 2 Ounces of Flash Powder; Amount: 5.00, 1.70" -- on envelope back
Alessandro Tugnoli - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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life cycle assessment of a geopolymer mixture for Fireproofing applications
International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment, 2019Co-Authors: Alessandro Dal Pozzo, Lorenza Carabba, Maria Chiara Bignozzi, Alessandro TugnoliAbstract:Alkali-activated materials, also known as geopolymers, are considered promising assets in the sustainable materials industry. Given the excellent properties in terms of thermal stability and low thermal conductivity, geopolymer-based matrices can effectively substitute cementitious binders in the preparation of passive fire protection (PFP) systems. The present study aims at evaluating the environmental footprint of a newly proposed geopolymer-based Fireproofing material. The results are compared to a reference commercial lightweight cement-based coating with equal PFP performance. The boundaries of the system assessed were based on a cradle-to-grave life cycle. A preliminary scale-up of the laboratory protocol allowed the evaluation of the industrial production of the geopolymer-based PFP mix. An ancillary life cycle analysis was performed, comparing the environmental footprint of a geopolymer-based concrete block to the relevant literature studies for the same system in order to validate the approach of the present study. The functional unit of the main study was defined, taking into account the material performance in terms of resistance to heat exposure, allowing a functional comparison with lightweight cement-based PFP. The impact assessment phase used the CML-IA methodology as a characterization method. The ancillary LCA confirmed the alignment of the assumptions of the current study with previous analyses. The analyzed geopolymer-based Fireproofing material exhibited a life cycle impact which is 27% lower than the lightweight concrete reference in terms of the global warming indicator, mainly thanks to the avoided CO2 emissions from the clinker process in cement manufacturing. Therefore, the greenhouse gas reduction described in previous studies on geopolymer application as a strong environmental advantage of the geopolymer technologies is also confirmed in this case. However, the other considered impact categories, such as resource depletion, acidification, eutrophication, and human toxicity, resulted in indicator values higher than the reference, as a consequence of the energy-intensive production process for the alkali activators (in particular, sodium silicate). Though the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions is confirmed, the overall sustainability of geopolymers for PFP applications is hindered by the relevant environmental footprint of the sodium silicate production process. However, a substantial reduction of the impacts could be achieved by selecting the production process of sodium silicate which takes advantage of renewable energy supplies (e.g., hydrothermal route) or by reducing the amount of sodium silicate in the geopolymer recipe in favor of waste-based alkali activators.
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Life cycle assessment of a geopolymer mixture for Fireproofing applications
The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment, 2019Co-Authors: Alessandro Dal Pozzo, Lorenza Carabba, Maria Chiara Bignozzi, Alessandro TugnoliAbstract:PurposeAlkali-activated materials, also known as geopolymers, are considered promising assets in the sustainable materials industry. Given the excellent properties in terms of thermal stability and low thermal conductivity, geopolymer-based matrices can effectively substitute cementitious binders in the preparation of passive fire protection (PFP) systems. The present study aims at evaluating the environmental footprint of a newly proposed geopolymer-based Fireproofing material. The results are compared to a reference commercial lightweight cement-based coating with equal PFP performance.MethodsThe boundaries of the system assessed were based on a cradle-to-grave life cycle. A preliminary scale-up of the laboratory protocol allowed the evaluation of the industrial production of the geopolymer-based PFP mix. An ancillary life cycle analysis was performed, comparing the environmental footprint of a geopolymer-based concrete block to the relevant literature studies for the same system in order to validate the approach of the present study. The functional unit of the main study was defined, taking into account the material performance in terms of resistance to heat exposure, allowing a functional comparison with lightweight cement-based PFP. The impact assessment phase used the CML-IA methodology as a characterization method.Results and discussionThe ancillary LCA confirmed the alignment of the assumptions of the current study with previous analyses. The analyzed geopolymer-based Fireproofing material exhibited a life cycle impact which is 27% lower than the lightweight concrete reference in terms of the global warming indicator, mainly thanks to the avoided CO_2 emissions from the clinker process in cement manufacturing. Therefore, the greenhouse gas reduction described in previous studies on geopolymer application as a strong environmental advantage of the geopolymer technologies is also confirmed in this case. However, the other considered impact categories, such as resource depletion, acidification, eutrophication, and human toxicity, resulted in indicator values higher than the reference, as a consequence of the energy-intensive production process for the alkali activators (in particular, sodium silicate).ConclusionsThough the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions is confirmed, the overall sustainability of geopolymers for PFP applications is hindered by the relevant environmental footprint of the sodium silicate production process. However, a substantial reduction of the impacts could be achieved by selecting the production process of sodium silicate which takes advantage of renewable energy supplies (e.g., hydrothermal route) or by reducing the amount of sodium silicate in the geopolymer recipe in favor of waste-based alkali activators.
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Performance Assessment of Passive Fire Protection Materials
2016Co-Authors: Mercedes Gomez-mares, Alessandro Tugnoli, Gabriele Landucci, Valerio CozzaniAbstract:The performance of Fireproofing materials in providing effective protection from fire strongly depends on the thermophysical properties and on the behavior of the material during fire exposure. Not only active insulators but also nonactive coatings may undergo significant changes in their structure and properties when exposed to high temperatures. The present study focused on the measurement of some key properties for a set of three reference Fireproofing materials of different nature. The changes in morphology and in the physical properties during fire exposure were investigated and they were dramatic for the case of active Fireproofing materials. For these materials, the time required to reach a steady-state condition in the heat transfer may be significant. The use of a simple heat-transfer model, based on the experimental data obtained for the reference materials studied, demonstrated the importance of accounting for changes in the physical properties, paving the way to further applications in advanced studies of the Fireproofing performance in complex geometries and critical scenarios
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Investigating the Properties of Fireproofing Materials for an Advanced Design of Equipment Protection
Chemical engineering transactions, 2015Co-Authors: R. Moricone, Alessandro TugnoliAbstract:Fire scenarios in process industry have a high potential to cause severe asset damage. Fireproofing is a consolidated technique for passive fire protection for units and supporting structures. Since several materials are available for passive fire protection, it is important to choose the best solution for the protected equipment and critical fire scenarios. Current practice in rating Fireproofing materials does not provide sufficient information about the protection granted to process equipment: for example, the ‘time-to-failure’ of pressurized vessels protected by Fireproofing materials cannot be predicted from the results of standardized fire tests. This study investigates the key properties (e.g. density, geometrical structure, thermal degradation and thermal conductivity) of representative Fireproofing materials, in order to better understand the elements underlying the actual protection performance. An experimental activity was focused on the definition of fundamental models to describe the thermo-physical properties of the materials. The investigation cast the foundations of a better understanding of the dynamics underlying the effective design for passive fire protection, identifying the criticalities and limits of the alternative Fireproofing options. The changes in the physical properties of materials during fire exposure were confirmed to play a major role on the protection performance. Such effects could not be accounted for complex geometries by conventional simplified approaches alone: thus, the proposed approach paves the way for a safer and more cost effective design of passive fire protection systems.
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Performance analysis of inorganic materials for fire protection of industrial equipment
'Informa UK Limited', 2014Co-Authors: F. Argenti, Alessandro Tugnoli, G Landucci, V. CozzaniAbstract:Fires may impact on process and storage equipment causing severe damages and potential accident escalation. Passive protections, based on the application of Fireproofing coatings, are usually implemented in order to prevent or mitigate such events. The choice and the design of this type of barriers is a critical task due to the extreme heat exposure conditions. Besides, the behaviour of the protective material may significantly change during the fire exposure and relevant thermal properties (thermal conductivity and density) are subjected to strong modifications. In the present study, a methodological approach, integrating experimental and modelling activities, was proposed for the assessment of inorganic Fireproofing materials. The typical coating materials, applied in both industrial and transport units were selected. The variation of the most relevant thermal properties of the coatings were derived obtaining detailed correlation models for their description. A Finite Element Model (FEM) was developed in order to reproduce the behaviour of real scale insulated equipment exposed to fire. Specific Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) allowed optimizing the design of the Fireproofing material
Genserik Reniers - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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application of dynamic bayesian network to performance assessment of fire protection systems during domino effects
Reliability Engineering & System Safety, 2017Co-Authors: Nima Khakzad, Gabriele Landucci, Genserik ReniersAbstract:The propagation of fire in chemical plants – also known as fire domino effects - largely depends on the performance of add-on passive and active protection systems such as sprinkler systems, water deluge systems, emergency shut down and emergency blow down systems, Fireproofing, and emergency response. Although such safety barriers are widely employed to prevent or delay the initiation or escalation of fire domino effects, their inclusion in the modeling and risk assessment of fire domino effects has hardly been taken into account. In the present study, the dynamic evolution of fire protection systems has been investigated qualitatively using event tree analysis. To quantify the temporal changes and their impact on the escalation of fire domino effects, a dynamic Bayesian network methodology has been developed. The application of the methodology has been demonstrated using an illustrative case study, considering a variety of fire scenarios, target installations, and firefighting systems.
Valerio Cozzani - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Performance Assessment of Passive Fire Protection Materials
2016Co-Authors: Mercedes Gomez-mares, Alessandro Tugnoli, Gabriele Landucci, Valerio CozzaniAbstract:The performance of Fireproofing materials in providing effective protection from fire strongly depends on the thermophysical properties and on the behavior of the material during fire exposure. Not only active insulators but also nonactive coatings may undergo significant changes in their structure and properties when exposed to high temperatures. The present study focused on the measurement of some key properties for a set of three reference Fireproofing materials of different nature. The changes in morphology and in the physical properties during fire exposure were investigated and they were dramatic for the case of active Fireproofing materials. For these materials, the time required to reach a steady-state condition in the heat transfer may be significant. The use of a simple heat-transfer model, based on the experimental data obtained for the reference materials studied, demonstrated the importance of accounting for changes in the physical properties, paving the way to further applications in advanced studies of the Fireproofing performance in complex geometries and critical scenarios
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Safety performace of Fireproofing materials for oil&gas off-shore applications
AIDIC Associazione Italiana Di Ingegneria Chimica, 2013Co-Authors: Alessandro Tugnoli, Gabriele Landucci, Giacomo Antonioni, Gigliola Spadoni, Valerio CozzaniAbstract:Fire scenarios in off-shore installations have a high potential of asset damage, also due to possible escalation resulting in domino scenarios. Fireproofing materials are a consolidated technique for passive fire protection of equipment units and of support structures. However, the current practice in rating Fireproofing materials does not provide sufficient information for safety management purposes (e.g. they can not be used to predict ‘time-to-failure’ of pressurized units, which is fundamental in planning adequate egress and emergency procedures). The current contribution presents the results of a study aimed at a better understanding of the performance of Fireproofing materials in the protection of critical equipment. Fundamental models were defined to describe the thermo-physical properties of different Fireproofing materials of industrial relevance. The results were validated by labscale experimental runs. Finite Element Model (FEM) simulation allowed for the description of the expected behaviour of process equipment exposed to different fire conditions. The FEM model was validated using available results from large scale tests on storage vessels. The results allowed the identification of criticalities and limits of use of the alternative Fireproofing options. As such, the proposed approach paves the way for a safer and more cost effective design of passive fire protection systems in off-shore facilities
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Assessing the safety performace of Fireproofing materials for equipment protection
s.n., 2013Co-Authors: Giacomo Antonioni, Alessandro Tugnoli, Valerio Cozzani, Gigliola Spadoni, Gabriele LanducciAbstract:Fire scenarios in off-shore installations have a high potential to cause severe asset damage. Moreover, cascading events triggered by fire may further escalate the magnitude of the accident, in particular if equipment units containing significant inventories of flammable materials (e.g. separators) are involved. Fireproofing is a consolidated technique for passive fire protection of units and supporting structures. However current practice in rating Fireproofing materials does not provide sufficient information about the protection granted to process equipment: for example, the ‘time-to-failure’ of pressurized vessels protected by Fireproofing materials, which is fundamental in planning adequate egress and emergency procedures, can not be predicted from the results of standardized fire tests. The current contribution presents the results of a study aimed at a better understanding of the performance of Fireproofing materials in the protection of critical equipment. The study integrated experimental and simulation techniques. Different Fireproofing materials (inorganic fiber, lightweight concrete, intumescent resin) were considered as a reference. The experimental activity was aimed at the definition of fundamental models to describe the thermo-physical properties of the materials. Since some Fireproofing materials (e.g. intumescent resins) undergo significant structural changes during fire exposure, appropriate models to predict material behaviour and to link material conversion with thermo-physical properties were developed. Specific simulation models were used to describe heat transfer through the material. Finite Element Model (FEM) simulation allowed for the description of the expected behaviour of process equipment exposed to different fire conditions. The results were validated by available large scale tests on storage vessels. The study led to a better understanding of the dynamics underlying the effective design for passive fire protection. While the current practice in application of Fireproofing materials was proved adequate in delaying vessel failure for most practical cases, the safety margins actually present in the design were thoughtfully explored by the application of the current simulation procedure. The criticalities and limits of use of the alternative Fireproofing options were identified. The results showed as the time transients required to reach a steady-state condition in the heat transfer are significantly long in many cases. The changes in the physical properties of materials during fire exposure may play a major role on the protection performance. Such effects could not be accounted for complex geometries by traditional simplified approaches alone. Thus, the proposed approach paves the way for a safer and more cost effective design of passive fire protection systems in off-shore facilities
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mitigation of fire damage and escalation by Fireproofing a risk based strategy
Reliability Engineering & System Safety, 2012Co-Authors: Alessandro Tugnoli, Annamaria Di Padova, T Barbaresi, Valerio Cozzani, F TalloneAbstract:Passive fire protection by the application of Fireproofing materials is a crucial safety barrier in the prevention of the escalation of fire scenarios. Fireproofing improves the capacity of process items and of support structures to maintain their structural integrity during a fire, preventing or at least delaying the collapse of structural elements. Maintenance and cost issues require, however, to apply such protection only where an actual risk of severe fire scenarios is present. Available methodologies for Fireproofing application in on-shore installation do not consider the effect of jet-fires. In the present study, a risk-based methodology aimed at the protection from both pool fire and jet fire escalation was developed. The procedure addresses both the prevention of domino effect and the mitigation of asset damage due to the primary fire scenario. The method is mainly oriented to early design application, allowing the identification of Fireproofing zones in the initial phases of lay-out definition.
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behavior of intumescent epoxy resins in Fireproofing applications
Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis, 2012Co-Authors: Mercedes Gomezmares, Alessandro Tugnoli, Gabriele Landucci, Federica Barontini, Valerio CozzaniAbstract:Abstract The thermal degradation process of a commercial intumescent epoxy resin for Fireproofing applications was investigated. The changes in the morphology of the material during exposure to fire-like conditions were interpreted in the light of the degradation of single material components and of the overall swelling mechanism. An apparent kinetic model was developed to describe the thermally activated conversion and the weight loss of the material. The dramatic change in the key properties of the material (thermal conductivity, volume swelling, and apparent density) was investigated and linked with the thermal degradation phenomena governing the swelling process. Models were developed to describe material properties as a function of temperature and material conversion. The models provide the simulation of the fire-triggered degradation of the sample material at the heating rates of interest, allowing a detailed analysis of Fireproofing performance.
Gabriele Landucci - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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application of dynamic bayesian network to performance assessment of fire protection systems during domino effects
Reliability Engineering & System Safety, 2017Co-Authors: Nima Khakzad, Gabriele Landucci, Genserik ReniersAbstract:The propagation of fire in chemical plants – also known as fire domino effects - largely depends on the performance of add-on passive and active protection systems such as sprinkler systems, water deluge systems, emergency shut down and emergency blow down systems, Fireproofing, and emergency response. Although such safety barriers are widely employed to prevent or delay the initiation or escalation of fire domino effects, their inclusion in the modeling and risk assessment of fire domino effects has hardly been taken into account. In the present study, the dynamic evolution of fire protection systems has been investigated qualitatively using event tree analysis. To quantify the temporal changes and their impact on the escalation of fire domino effects, a dynamic Bayesian network methodology has been developed. The application of the methodology has been demonstrated using an illustrative case study, considering a variety of fire scenarios, target installations, and firefighting systems.
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Performance Assessment of Passive Fire Protection Materials
2016Co-Authors: Mercedes Gomez-mares, Alessandro Tugnoli, Gabriele Landucci, Valerio CozzaniAbstract:The performance of Fireproofing materials in providing effective protection from fire strongly depends on the thermophysical properties and on the behavior of the material during fire exposure. Not only active insulators but also nonactive coatings may undergo significant changes in their structure and properties when exposed to high temperatures. The present study focused on the measurement of some key properties for a set of three reference Fireproofing materials of different nature. The changes in morphology and in the physical properties during fire exposure were investigated and they were dramatic for the case of active Fireproofing materials. For these materials, the time required to reach a steady-state condition in the heat transfer may be significant. The use of a simple heat-transfer model, based on the experimental data obtained for the reference materials studied, demonstrated the importance of accounting for changes in the physical properties, paving the way to further applications in advanced studies of the Fireproofing performance in complex geometries and critical scenarios
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Experimental and numerical methodology for the analysis of Fireproofing materials
'Elsevier BV', 2014Co-Authors: Francesca Argenti, Gabriele LanducciAbstract:In this study, a methodology for the assessment of Fireproofing materials performance is presented. The methodology is based on a combined experimental and numerical approach. A modified version of the ASTM E162 standard fire test was used to expose specimens of steel board protected with different types of Fireproofing materials to a steady radiation source. The temperature of the steel board was recorded with an infrared camera in order to evaluate the heat up due to the fire and characterize the protective performance. Experimental results were used to validate a simplified mono-dimensional model which allowed simulating more severe conditions and different protection configurations. A specific key performance indicator (KPI) was used for the quantitative assessment of Fireproofing effectiveness. Finally, the professional career of Menso Molag, safety pioneer in the framework of hazardous materials transportation, was outlined. © 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved
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Safety performace of Fireproofing materials for oil&gas off-shore applications
AIDIC Associazione Italiana Di Ingegneria Chimica, 2013Co-Authors: Alessandro Tugnoli, Gabriele Landucci, Giacomo Antonioni, Gigliola Spadoni, Valerio CozzaniAbstract:Fire scenarios in off-shore installations have a high potential of asset damage, also due to possible escalation resulting in domino scenarios. Fireproofing materials are a consolidated technique for passive fire protection of equipment units and of support structures. However, the current practice in rating Fireproofing materials does not provide sufficient information for safety management purposes (e.g. they can not be used to predict ‘time-to-failure’ of pressurized units, which is fundamental in planning adequate egress and emergency procedures). The current contribution presents the results of a study aimed at a better understanding of the performance of Fireproofing materials in the protection of critical equipment. Fundamental models were defined to describe the thermo-physical properties of different Fireproofing materials of industrial relevance. The results were validated by labscale experimental runs. Finite Element Model (FEM) simulation allowed for the description of the expected behaviour of process equipment exposed to different fire conditions. The FEM model was validated using available results from large scale tests on storage vessels. The results allowed the identification of criticalities and limits of use of the alternative Fireproofing options. As such, the proposed approach paves the way for a safer and more cost effective design of passive fire protection systems in off-shore facilities
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Assessing the safety performace of Fireproofing materials for equipment protection
s.n., 2013Co-Authors: Giacomo Antonioni, Alessandro Tugnoli, Valerio Cozzani, Gigliola Spadoni, Gabriele LanducciAbstract:Fire scenarios in off-shore installations have a high potential to cause severe asset damage. Moreover, cascading events triggered by fire may further escalate the magnitude of the accident, in particular if equipment units containing significant inventories of flammable materials (e.g. separators) are involved. Fireproofing is a consolidated technique for passive fire protection of units and supporting structures. However current practice in rating Fireproofing materials does not provide sufficient information about the protection granted to process equipment: for example, the ‘time-to-failure’ of pressurized vessels protected by Fireproofing materials, which is fundamental in planning adequate egress and emergency procedures, can not be predicted from the results of standardized fire tests. The current contribution presents the results of a study aimed at a better understanding of the performance of Fireproofing materials in the protection of critical equipment. The study integrated experimental and simulation techniques. Different Fireproofing materials (inorganic fiber, lightweight concrete, intumescent resin) were considered as a reference. The experimental activity was aimed at the definition of fundamental models to describe the thermo-physical properties of the materials. Since some Fireproofing materials (e.g. intumescent resins) undergo significant structural changes during fire exposure, appropriate models to predict material behaviour and to link material conversion with thermo-physical properties were developed. Specific simulation models were used to describe heat transfer through the material. Finite Element Model (FEM) simulation allowed for the description of the expected behaviour of process equipment exposed to different fire conditions. The results were validated by available large scale tests on storage vessels. The study led to a better understanding of the dynamics underlying the effective design for passive fire protection. While the current practice in application of Fireproofing materials was proved adequate in delaying vessel failure for most practical cases, the safety margins actually present in the design were thoughtfully explored by the application of the current simulation procedure. The criticalities and limits of use of the alternative Fireproofing options were identified. The results showed as the time transients required to reach a steady-state condition in the heat transfer are significantly long in many cases. The changes in the physical properties of materials during fire exposure may play a major role on the protection performance. Such effects could not be accounted for complex geometries by traditional simplified approaches alone. Thus, the proposed approach paves the way for a safer and more cost effective design of passive fire protection systems in off-shore facilities