The Experts below are selected from a list of 321 Experts worldwide ranked by ideXlab platform
Keith Rayner - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
-
Eye movements reveal no immediate "WOW" ("which one's weird") effect in autism spectrum disorder
Quarterly journal of experimental psychology (2006), 2012Co-Authors: Valerie Benson, Monica S. Castelhano, Sheena K. Au-yeung, Keith RaynerAbstract:Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and typically developed (TD) adult participants viewed pairs of scenes for a simple “spot the difference” (STD) and a complex “which one's weird” (WOW) task. There were no group differences in the STD task. In the WOW task, the ASD group took longer to respond manually and to begin fixating the target “weird” region. Additionally, as indexed by the First-Fixation Duration into the target region, the ASD group failed to “pick up” immediately on what was “weird”. The findings are discussed with reference to the complex information processing theory of ASD (Minshew & Goldstein, 1998).
-
estimating the effect of word predictability on eye movements in chinese reading using latent semantic analysis and transitional probability
Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 2010Co-Authors: Hsuehcheng Wang, Marc Pomplun, Minglei Chen, Keith RaynerAbstract:Latent semantic analysis (LSA) and transitional probability (TP), two computational methods used to reflect lexical semantic representation from large text corpora, were employed to examine the effects of word predictability on Chinese reading. Participants' eye movements were monitored, and the influence of word complexity (number of strokes), word frequency, and word predictability on different eye movement measures (First-Fixation Duration, gaze Duration, and total time) were examined. We found influences of TP on First-Fixation Duration and gaze Duration and of LSA on total time. The results suggest that TP reflects an early stage of lexical processing while LSA reflects a later stage.
-
Preview benefit during eye Fixations in reading for older and younger readers.
Psychology and aging, 2010Co-Authors: Keith Rayner, Monica S. Castelhano, Jinmian YangAbstract:Older and younger readers read sentences as their eye movements were recorded, and the boundary paradigm (Rayner, 1975) was used to present either a valid or an invalid parafoveal preview of a target word. During the saccade to the target word, the preview word changed to the target word. For early measures of processing time (First Fixation Duration and single Fixation Duration), the standard preview benefit effect (shorter Fixation times on the target word with a valid preview than an invalid preview) was obtained for both older and younger readers. However, for gaze Duration and go-past time, the preview benefit was somewhat attenuated in the older readers in comparison to the younger readers, suggesting that on some Fixations older readers obtain less preview benefit from the word to the right of Fixation.
-
Do Chinese readers obtain preview benefit from word n + 2? Evidence from eye movements.
Journal of experimental psychology. Human perception and performance, 2009Co-Authors: Jinmian Yang, Suiping Wang, Keith RaynerAbstract:The boundary paradigm (K. Rayner, 1975) was used to determine the extent to which Chinese readers obtain information from the right of Fixation during reading. As characters are the basic visual unit in written Chinese, they were used as targets in Experiment 1 to examine whether readers obtain preview information from character n + 1 and character n + 2. The results from Experiment 1 suggest they do. In Experiment 2, 2-character target words were used to determine whether readers obtain preview information from word n + 2 as well as word n + 1. Robust preview effects were obtained for word n + 1. There was also evidence from gaze Duration (but not First Fixation Duration), suggesting preview effects for word n + 2. Moreover, there was evidence for parafoveal-on-foveal effects in Chinese reading in both experiments. Implications of these results for models of eye movement control are discussed.
-
The effect of the frequencies of three consecutive content words on eye movements during reading
Memory & Cognition, 2007Co-Authors: Timothy J. Slattery, Alexander Pollatsek, Keith RaynerAbstract:The frequencies of three consecutive content words were simultaneously varied in the First sentence of a two-sentence passage. Various eye movement measures of First-pass processing (First-Fixation Duration, gaze Duration, and go-past time) all revealed frequency effects for all three words. The size of the effect did not differ significantly across the three words on either First-Fixation Duration or gaze Duration, but it increased markedly for go-past time from the First to the second word, possibly indicating an accumulation of the difficulty of processing. In addition, there was a delayed effect of the frequency manipulation: For the sentences with three low-frequency words, processing at the beginning of the next (second) sentence was lengthened. (The beginning of the second sentence was always at least four words from the last of the frequency-manipulated words.) These findings indicate that word frequency has effects beyond initial lexical access in reading. A list of the experimental items and supplemental analyses may be downloaded from www.psychonomic.org/archive.
Eyal M. Reingold - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
-
Cognitive control of Fixation Duration in visual search: The role of extrafoveal processing
Visual Cognition, 2014Co-Authors: Eyal M. Reingold, Mackenzie G. GlaholtAbstract:Participants' eye movements were monitored in two visual search experiments that manipulated target-distractor similarity (high vs. low) as well as the availability of distractors for extrafoveal processing (Free-Viewing vs. No-Preview). The influence of the target-distractor similarity by preview manipulation on the distributions of First Fixation and second Fixation Duration was examined by using a survival analysis technique which provided precise estimates of the timing of the First discernible influence of target-distractor similarity on Fixation Duration. We found a significant influence of target-distractor similarity on First Fixation Duration in normal visual search (Free Viewing) as early as 26–28 ms from the start of Fixation. In contrast, the influence of target-distractor similarity occurred much later (199–233 ms) in the No-Preview condition. The present study also documented robust and fast acting extrafoveal and foveal preview effects. Implications for models of eye-movement control and vi...
-
direct control of Fixation times in scene viewing evidence from analysis of the distribution of First Fixation Duration
Visual Cognition, 2012Co-Authors: Mackenzie G. Glaholt, Eyal M. ReingoldAbstract:Participants' eye movements were monitored in two scene viewing experiments that manipulated the task-relevance of scene stimuli and their availability for extrafoveal processing. In both experiments, participants viewed arrays containing eight scenes drawn from two categories. The arrays of scenes were either viewed freely (Free Viewing) or in a gaze-contingent viewing mode where extrafoveal preview of the scenes was restricted (No Preview). In Experiment 1a, participants memorized the scenes from one category that was designated as relevant, and in Experiment 1b, participants chose their preferred scene from within the relevant category. We examined First Fixations on scenes from the relevant category compared to the irrelevant category (Experiments 1a and 1b), and those on the chosen scene compared to other scenes not chosen within the relevant category (Experiment 1b). A survival analysis was used to estimate the First discernible influence of the task-relevance on the distribution of First-Fixation d...
-
Direct lexical control of eye movements in reading: evidence from a survival analysis of Fixation Durations.
Cognitive psychology, 2012Co-Authors: Eyal M. Reingold, Erik D. Reichle, Mackenzie G. Glaholt, Heather SheridanAbstract:Participants’ eye movements were monitored in an experiment that manipulated the frequency of target words (high vs. low) as well as their availability for parafoveal processing during Fixations on the pre-target word (valid vs. invalid preview). The influence of the word-frequency by preview validity manipulation on the distributions of First Fixation Duration was examined by using ex-Gaussian fitting as well as a novel survival analysis technique which provided precise estimates of the timing of the First discernible influence of word frequency on First Fixation Duration. Using this technique, we found a significant influence of word frequency on Fixation Duration in normal reading (valid preview) as early as 145 ms from the start of Fixation. We also demonstrated an equally rapid non-lexical influence on First Fixation Duration as a function of initial landing position (location) on target words. The time-course of frequency effects, but not location effects was strongly influenced by preview validity, demonstrating the crucial role of parafoveal processing in enabling direct lexical control of reading Fixation times. Implications for models of eye-movement control are discussed.
-
Using puns to study contextual influences on lexical ambiguity resolution: Evidence from eye movements
Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 2009Co-Authors: Heather Sheridan, Eyal M. Reingold, Meredyth DanemanAbstract:Participants’ eye movements were monitored while they read sentences containing biased homographs in either a single-meaning context condition that instantiated the subordinate meaning of the homograph without ruling out the dominant meaning (e.g., “The man with a toothache had a crown made by the best dentist in town”) or a dual-meaning pun context condition that supported both the subordinate and dominant meanings (e.g., “The king with a toothache had a crown made by the best dentist in town”). In both of these conditions, the homographs were followed by disambiguating material that supported the subordinate meaning and ruled out the dominant meaning. Fixation times on the homograph were longer in the single-meaning condition than in the dual-meaning condition, whereas the reverse pattern was demonstrated for Fixation times on the disambiguating region; these effects were observed as early as First-Fixation Duration. The findings strongly support the reordered access model of lexical ambiguity resolution.
Mackenzie G. Glaholt - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
-
Cognitive control of Fixation Duration in visual search: The role of extrafoveal processing
Visual Cognition, 2014Co-Authors: Eyal M. Reingold, Mackenzie G. GlaholtAbstract:Participants' eye movements were monitored in two visual search experiments that manipulated target-distractor similarity (high vs. low) as well as the availability of distractors for extrafoveal processing (Free-Viewing vs. No-Preview). The influence of the target-distractor similarity by preview manipulation on the distributions of First Fixation and second Fixation Duration was examined by using a survival analysis technique which provided precise estimates of the timing of the First discernible influence of target-distractor similarity on Fixation Duration. We found a significant influence of target-distractor similarity on First Fixation Duration in normal visual search (Free Viewing) as early as 26–28 ms from the start of Fixation. In contrast, the influence of target-distractor similarity occurred much later (199–233 ms) in the No-Preview condition. The present study also documented robust and fast acting extrafoveal and foveal preview effects. Implications for models of eye-movement control and vi...
-
direct control of Fixation times in scene viewing evidence from analysis of the distribution of First Fixation Duration
Visual Cognition, 2012Co-Authors: Mackenzie G. Glaholt, Eyal M. ReingoldAbstract:Participants' eye movements were monitored in two scene viewing experiments that manipulated the task-relevance of scene stimuli and their availability for extrafoveal processing. In both experiments, participants viewed arrays containing eight scenes drawn from two categories. The arrays of scenes were either viewed freely (Free Viewing) or in a gaze-contingent viewing mode where extrafoveal preview of the scenes was restricted (No Preview). In Experiment 1a, participants memorized the scenes from one category that was designated as relevant, and in Experiment 1b, participants chose their preferred scene from within the relevant category. We examined First Fixations on scenes from the relevant category compared to the irrelevant category (Experiments 1a and 1b), and those on the chosen scene compared to other scenes not chosen within the relevant category (Experiment 1b). A survival analysis was used to estimate the First discernible influence of the task-relevance on the distribution of First-Fixation d...
-
Direct lexical control of eye movements in reading: evidence from a survival analysis of Fixation Durations.
Cognitive psychology, 2012Co-Authors: Eyal M. Reingold, Erik D. Reichle, Mackenzie G. Glaholt, Heather SheridanAbstract:Participants’ eye movements were monitored in an experiment that manipulated the frequency of target words (high vs. low) as well as their availability for parafoveal processing during Fixations on the pre-target word (valid vs. invalid preview). The influence of the word-frequency by preview validity manipulation on the distributions of First Fixation Duration was examined by using ex-Gaussian fitting as well as a novel survival analysis technique which provided precise estimates of the timing of the First discernible influence of word frequency on First Fixation Duration. Using this technique, we found a significant influence of word frequency on Fixation Duration in normal reading (valid preview) as early as 145 ms from the start of Fixation. We also demonstrated an equally rapid non-lexical influence on First Fixation Duration as a function of initial landing position (location) on target words. The time-course of frequency effects, but not location effects was strongly influenced by preview validity, demonstrating the crucial role of parafoveal processing in enabling direct lexical control of reading Fixation times. Implications for models of eye-movement control are discussed.
Alexander Pollatsek - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
-
The effect of the frequencies of three consecutive content words on eye movements during reading
Memory & Cognition, 2007Co-Authors: Timothy J. Slattery, Alexander Pollatsek, Keith RaynerAbstract:The frequencies of three consecutive content words were simultaneously varied in the First sentence of a two-sentence passage. Various eye movement measures of First-pass processing (First-Fixation Duration, gaze Duration, and go-past time) all revealed frequency effects for all three words. The size of the effect did not differ significantly across the three words on either First-Fixation Duration or gaze Duration, but it increased markedly for go-past time from the First to the second word, possibly indicating an accumulation of the difficulty of processing. In addition, there was a delayed effect of the frequency manipulation: For the sentences with three low-frequency words, processing at the beginning of the next (second) sentence was lengthened. (The beginning of the second sentence was always at least four words from the last of the frequency-manipulated words.) These findings indicate that word frequency has effects beyond initial lexical access in reading. A list of the experimental items and supplemental analyses may be downloaded from www.psychonomic.org/archive.
-
Morphological parafoveal preview benefit effects in reading: Evidence from Hebrew
Language and Cognitive Processes, 2005Co-Authors: Avital Deutsch, Alexander Pollatsek, Ram Frost, Keith RaynerAbstract:Hebrew words are composed of two interwoven morphemes: a three-consonantal root and a word-pattern (a nominal or a verbal pattern). Previous research has revealed that a parafoveal preview of a word derived from the same root morpheme as the foveal target word facilitated First-pass reading (as indexed by First Fixation Duration and gaze Duration). In the current study we extended our research on parafoveal preview effects to other derivational morphemes in Hebrew and also examined whether context has an influence on these early morphological effects. We found that a parafoveal preview which had a common verbal pattern with a target word facilitated processing, but a preview with a common nominal pattern did not. These results are similar to previous results obtained using the masked priming paradigm with single words, and suggest that masked priming and parafoveal preview tap similar cognitive processes in word recognition. Furthermore, a preview of a verbal form (that was syntactically incongruent with ...
-
The role of morphological constituents in reading Finnish compound words.
Journal of experimental psychology. Human perception and performance, 2000Co-Authors: Alexander Pollatsek, Jukka Hyönä, Raymond BertramAbstract:The processing of transparent Finnish compound words was investigated in 2 experiments in which eye movements were recorded while sentences were read silently. The frequency of the second constituent had a large influence (95 ms) on gaze Duration on the target words, but its influence was relatively late in processing: A clear effect only occurred on the probability of a third Fixation. The frequency of the whole compound word had a similar influence on gaze Duration (82 ms) and influenced eye movements at least as rapidly as did the frequency of the second constituent. These results, together with an earlier finding that the frequency of the First constituent affected the First Fixation Duration, indicate that the identification of these compound words involves parallel processing of both morphological constituents and whole-word representations.
-
The processing of derived and inflected suffixed words during reading
Language and Cognitive Processes, 2000Co-Authors: Elizabeth Niswander, Alexander Pollatsek, Keith RaynerAbstract:The encoding of suffixed words (both derivations and inflections) was assessed by monitoring eye movements during reading English sentences in which the target words were embedded. The target words were derived words in Experiment 1 and inflected words in Experiment 2. In each experiment, whole-word frequency and root frequency were independently manipulated, where pairs of words differing on one variable and matched on the other were inserted into the same sentence frame. For derived words, root morpheme frequency affected processing earlier than did whole-word frequency: it affected the Duration of the First Fixation, whereas whole-word frequency affected processing only beginning on the second Fixation. In contrast, for (the regular) inflected words, word frequency had significant effects beginning on the First Fixation, whereas root frequency had significant effects beginning with the First Fixation Duration only for plural nouns and not for inflected verbs. Subsequent regression analyses on the infle...
Lori A. Brotto - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
-
Visual Attention to Sexual Stimuli in Women With Clinical, Subclinical, and Normal Sexual Functioning: An Eye-Tracking Study.
The journal of sexual medicine, 2020Co-Authors: Julia Velten, Sonia Milani, Jürgen Margraf, Lori A. BrottoAbstract:Abstract Background Visual attention to sexual stimuli is an important means to facilitate sexual arousal and is thereby relevant for healthy sexual functioning. Experimental studies suggest that sexual dysfunction is associated with less attention toward sexual stimuli. Aim The goal of this study was to use an eye-tracking-based free-viewing paradigm to investigate whether women in the clinical range of sexual function attend to a genital area in visual sexual stimuli differently than women with subclinical sexual function or those with normal sexual functioning. Methods Toward this goal, 69 women (Mage = 27.77, SD = 8.00, range = 19–54) with clinical (n = 30), subclinical (n = 23), and normal (n = 16) levels of sexual functioning watched a series of 10 pictures depicting heterosexual couples during vaginal intercourse while their eye movements were recorded. Each picture was presented twice—once with a distracting object (eg, a to-do list or household appliance) present in the picture and once without—for 8 seconds, each. Outcomes 5 eye-tracking measures indicative of different aspects of initial and sustained attention were analyzed. Results As hypothesized, 3 out of 5 eye-tracking measures (ie, First Fixation Duration, number of First Fixations, and total Fixation Duration) indicated that women in the clinical group attended less to the genital area in the pictures than women with normal sexual functioning. For 2 indices (ie, First Fixation Duration and total Fixation Duration), women with subclinical (vs normal) sexual functioning also attended less to the genital area. In contrast to our hypothesis, the presence of a distracting object did not influence attention to the genital area in either of the sexual function groups. Clinical Implications This study provides further evidence of the role of attentional biases in sexual dysfunction in women. Strengths and Limitations Eye-tracking methodology allows for a continuous measurement of visual attention; this is one of the First studies using this methodology to assess differences in visual attention in women with and without sexual dysfunction. However, the cross-sectional nature of this study prevents causal interpretation of findings. Conclusion Future studies should use experimental paradigms to determine the causal role of visual attention for the development or maintenance of sexual dysfunction. Velten J, Milani S, Margraf J, et al. Visual Attention to Sexual Stimuli in Women With Clinical, Subclinical, and Normal Sexual Functioning: An Eye-Tracking Study. J Sex Med 2021;18:144–155.